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Court music in Scotland

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The interior of the Chapel Royal, Stirling Castle, a major focus for liturgical court music

Court music in Scotland is all music associated with the Royal Court of Scotland, between its origins in the tenth century, until its effective dissolution in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries with the Union of Crowns 1603 and Acts of Union 1707.

Sources for Ireland suggest that there would have been filidh in early Medieval Scotland, who acted as poets, musicians and historians, often attached to the court of a lord or king. At least from the accession of David I a less highly regarded order of bards took over their functions. They probably accompanied their poetry on the harp and harpists are recorded in the reign of Alexander III. James I may have introduced English and continental styles and musicians to the Scottish court. James III's founded a new large hexagonal Chapel Royal at Restalrig near Holyrood and lutenists began to appear in the royal household accounts from this point. James IV refounded the Chapel Royal within Stirling Castle and is said to be constantly accompanied by music.

Scotland followed the trend of Renaissance courts for instrumental accompaniment and playing. James V was a talented lute player and introduced French chansons and consorts of viols to his court. The outstanding Scottish composer of the first half of the sixteenth century was Robert Carver. The king's household contained two dozen musicians, including trumpeters, drummers and string players. The return of Mary, Queen of Scots from France in 1561 gave a new lease of life to the choir of the Chapel Royal. She brought French musical influences with her, employing lutenists and viol players in her household. James VI rebuilt the Chapel Royal at Stirling. He followed the tradition of employing lutenists for his private entertainment, as did other members of his family. When James VI went south to take the throne of England in 1603 as James I, he removed one of the major sources of patronage in Scotland. The Chapel Royal now began to fall into disrepair, and the court in Westminster would be the only major source of royal musical patronage. Holyrood Abbey was remodelled as a chapel for Charles I's royal visit in 1633, but musical worship in the palace came to an end after the chapel was sacked by a mob. Holyrood would be reclaimed by Charles II and became a centre of worship again during the future James VII's residency in the early 1680s, but was sacked by an anti-papist mob during the Glorious Revolution in 1688.

Middle Ages

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See also: Scotland in the Middle Ages
The Queen Mary Harp, one of three surviving Medieval Celtic harps, preserved in the National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh

Early Medieval Scotland and Ireland shared a common culture and language. There are much fuller historical sources for Ireland, which suggest that there would have been filidh in Scotland, who acted as poets, musicians and historians, often attached to the court of a lord or king, and who passed on their knowledge and culture in Gaelic to the next generation.[1][2] At least from the accession of David I (r. 1124–53), as part of a Davidian Revolution that introduced French culture and political systems, Gaelic ceased to be the main language of the royal court and was probably replaced by French. After this "de-gallicisation" of the Scottish court, a less highly regarded order of bards took over the functions of the filidh and they would continue to act in a similar role in the courts of lords in the Highlands and Islands into the eighteenth century.[3] They probably accompanied their poetry on the harp.[4] When Alexander III (r. 1249–86) met Edward I in England he was accompanied by a Master Elyas, described as "the king of Scotland's harper".[5] The same accounts indicate that the Scottish king was also accompanied by trumpeters and other minstrels.[6]

The captivity of James I in England from 1406 to 1423, where he earned a reputation as a poet and composer, may have led him to take English and continental styles and musicians back to the Scottish court on his release.[7] Walter Bower, abbot of Inchcolm praised him as "another Orpheus", including mastery of the organ, drum, flute and lyre.[8] James II also demonstrated some musical ability.[9] His marriage to Mary of Guelders, who had been educated in the Burgundian court, meant that she brought the latest ideas of music to the Scottish court.[10]

The story of the execution of James III's favourites by his enemies, including the English musician William Roger, at Lauder Bridge in 1482, may indicate his interest in music. Renaissance monarchs often used chapels to impress visiting dignitaries. James III founded a new large hexagonal Chapel Royal at Restalrig near Holyrood that was probably designed for a large number of choristers.[11] Lutenists began to appear in the royal household accounts from the reign of James III, with the earliest reference in 1474.[12]

In 1501 his son James IV refounded the Chapel Royal within Stirling Castle, with a new and enlarged choir meant to emulate St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle and it became the focus of Scottish liturgical music. Burgundian and English influences were probably reinforced when Henry VII's daughter Margaret Tudor married James IV in 1503.[13] No piece of music can be unequivocally identified with these chapels, but the survival of a Mass based on the Burgundian song L'Homme armé in the later Carver Choirbook may indicate that this was part of the Chapel Royal repertoire. James IV was said to be constantly accompanied by music, but very little surviving secular music can be unequivocally attributed to his court.[11] An entry in the accounts of the Lord Treasurer of Scotland indicates that when James IV was at Stirling on 17 April 1497, there was a payment "to twa fithalaris [fiddlers] that sang Greysteil to the king, ixs". Greysteil was an epic romance and the music survives, having been placed in a collection of lute airs in the seventeenth century.[14] In the early sixteenth century there are records of the monarch being entertained in their privy chambers by musicians, among them singers and other musicians including an English cornet player.[15] James IV had stands of French and Italian musicians.[16] His musicians also included the first recorded Africans in Scotland.[17] He employed an African drummer, noted in his accounts as the "More taubronar", playing a drum called a "tabor".[18] James IV employed a blind lutenist, and helped a lutenist called Jacob redeem his pawned lute in March 1500.[19] The king was also a lute player, serenading his bride Margaret Tudor on their wedding night and she had learned to play the lute and clavichords.[12][20]

Early Modern Era

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See also: Scotland in the early modern era
A 1564 portrait of David Rizzio, who arrived at the court of Mary, Queen of Scots as a musician

Scotland followed the trend of Renaissance courts for instrumental accompaniment and playing. James V was a talented lute player and introduced French chansons and consorts of viols to his court, although almost nothing of this secular chamber music survives.[21] The first indication of the use of viols is an entry in the Treasurer's accounts for 1535 for the making of viols. By 1538 there were four viol players in the household, dressed in red and yellow liveries. They were led by Jacques Collumbell, who seems to have been brought to Scotland to train the newly formed consort.[22] James V's household contained two dozen musicians, including trumpeters, drummers and string players.[16] These included Thomas de Avarencia, whose services were begged from the Duke of Milan.[9]

The outstanding Scottish composer of the first half of the sixteenth century was Robert Carver (c. 1488-1558), a canon of Scone Abbey. His complex polyphonic music could only have been performed by a large and highly trained choir such as the one employed in the Scottish Chapel Royal. James V was also a patron to figures including David Peebles (c. 1510–79?), whose best known work "Si quis diligit me" (text from John 14:23), is a motet for four voices. These were probably only two of many accomplished composers from this era, whose work has largely only survived in fragments.[23] Also known to be active in this period is John Fethy (c. 1480-c. 1568), who introduced the new five-fingered organ playing technique to the country and was Precentor or Chanter of the Chapel Royal from 1545-66.[24]

Regent Arran, who ruled from 1543 to 1554, employed trumpeters and four viol players, and was entertained by a fool called Robesoun.[25] The return of Mary, Queen of Scots from France in 1561 to begin her personal reign, and her position as a Catholic, gave a new lease of life to the choir of the Chapel Royal, but the destruction of Scottish church organs meant that instrumentation to accompany the mass had to employ bands of musicians with trumpets, drums, fifes, bagpipes and tabors. Like her father she played the lute and virginals, while unlike her father she was a fine singer.[26] She brought French musical influences with her, employing lutenists and viol players in her household.[27] She sent Adrian Lefeau to France to buy lutes and viols.[28]

Mary had a stand of musicians for singing part works. These included French, Italian and English musicians. Among these was David Rizzio, later her private secretary until his murder in 1566. Her marriage to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley in 1565 has the first references to members of the English Hudson family, with at least five members, who would be violers and singers at the court of James VI.[29][30] Other named musicians included Scotsman James Lauder (b. c. 1535), who had studied music in France and returned with the queen from France. He later served her in her imprisonment in England, as did his illegitimate son John Lauder, who played the bass viol.[31]

James VI and the Union of the Crowns

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The ruins of Holyrood Abbey, briefly refurbished as a centre of royal worship in the seventeenth century

James VI (r. 1566-1625) was a major patron of the arts in general. In January 1580 the Hudson brothers performed in a masque at Holyrood Palace. The Navigatioun of Alexander Montgomerie was the spoken prologue. The masque involved the torchlit entrance at Holyrood Palace of the narrator and his companions, a "Turk, the More, and the Egyptien".[32] The court musicians were bought "mask claithis" comprising red and yellow taffeta with swords and daggers. Montgomerie's prologue alludes to the Magi and Epiphany to flatter James VI as the Northern Star, and he was also characterised as Solomon. The masque was followed by dancing.[33]

James VI inherited a number of musicians from his mother's court, including James Lauder[31] and members of the Hudson family. Robert Hudson became treasurer of the Chapel Royal in 1587 before retiring to Dunfermline about 1593. Thomas Hudson was an important member of the Castalian Band of poets that gathered around the king and became Master of the Chapel Royal in 1586. William Hudson acted as the young king's dancing master in 1579, indicating that dance music like the pavan and galliards, common in the English Court, had reached Scotland. James Hudson moved on to being an envoy, travelling for the king to London and back. No music can be unequivocally attributed to the family, but several later pieces may be reworkings of their compositions.[30]

He also employed trumpeters, and one was given new clothes to serve on the ship, the James that took him to Norway to meet his bride Anne of Denmark. William the English trumpeter was given a similar fine costume and a new trumpet in 1599 and sent to Denmark with a gift of hunting hounds.[34] James and Anne participated in masques at courtiers' weddings, performing and dancing in costume.[35]

In 1594 James VI rebuilt the Chapel Royal at Stirling for state occasions like the baptism of his son Henry.[36] He followed the tradition of employing lutenists for his private entertainment.[37] Anne of Denmark employed an English lutenist John Norlie.[38]

When in 1603 James VI went south to take the throne of England as James I, an event known as the Union of the Crowns, he removed one of the major sources of patronage in Scotland. The Chapel Royal now began to fall into disrepair, and the court in Westminster would be the only major source of royal musical patronage.[36] Holyrood Abbey was remodelled as a chapel for Charles I's royal visit in 1633.[39] William Laud as Dean of the Chapel Royal attempted to impose the English liturgy on the chapel. The Director of the Scottish Chapel was ordered to London in 1630, where he spent five months copying out twelve part books. He returned to Scotland where he was able to report in 1631/32 that Holyrood was now served by 16 men, six boys and an organist. Members of the Scottish Council and other departments of state were ordered to attend the palace for communion, which was accompanied by the sound of trumpets. This situation was then in place for the king's arrival for his coronation, for which the English chapel royal joined them. However, the attempt to impose an English style liturgy on Scotland that resulted in the National Covenant (1638) and Bishop's Wars (1638-40) meant that musical worship in the palace came to an end after the chapel was sacked by a mob.[40] Holyrood would be reclaimed by Charles II after the Restoration, becoming a centre of worship again during the future James VII's residency in the early 1680s, but was sacked by an anti-papist mob during the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and never repaired.[39]

Notes

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  1. ^ R. Crawford, Scotland's Books: A History of Scottish Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), ISBN 019538623X.
  2. ^ R. A. Houston, Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity: Illiteracy and Society in Scotland and Northern England, 1600–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), ISBN 0521890888, p. 76.
  3. ^ K. M. Brown, Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), ISBN 0748612998, p. 220.
  4. ^ W. McLeod, Divided Gaels: Gaelic Cultural Identities in Scotland and Ireland, C.1200-c.1650 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), ISBN 0199247226, p. 102.
  5. ^ K. Sanger and A. Kinnaird, Tree of Strings (Kinmor Music, 1992), ISBN 0951120441, p. 78.
  6. ^ G. Chalmers, Caledonia, Or an Account, Historical and Topographical, of North Britain; from the Most Ancient to the Present Times, with a Dictionary of Places, Chrorographical and Philological (London: T. Cadell & W. Davies, 1807), p. 766.
  7. ^ K. Elliott and F. Rimmer, A History of Scottish Music (London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1973), ISBN 0563121920, pp. 8–12.
  8. ^ M. Brown, James I (East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 1994), ISBN 1-86232-105-1, p. 2.
  9. ^ a b C. Eddington, "Royal Court: 1 to 1542", in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 535-7.
  10. ^ P. J. Potter, Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens (McFarland, 2012), ISBN 0786491035, p. 125.
  11. ^ a b J. R. Baxter, "Music, ecclesiastical", in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 431–2.
  12. ^ a b M. Spring, The Lute in Britain: A History of the Instrument and Its Music (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), ISBN 0195188381, p. 451.
  13. ^ M. Gosman, A. A. MacDonald, A. J. Vanderjagt and A. Vanderjagt, Princes and Princely Culture, 1450–1650 (Brill, 2003), ISBN 9004136908, p. 163.
  14. ^ R. Chambers, Chambers Book of Days (The Book of Days: A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in Connection with the Calendar, Including Anecdote, Biography, & History, Curiosities of Literature and Oddities of Human Life and Character) (W. and R. Chambers, London and Edinburgh, 1864).
  15. ^ J. G. Dunbar, Scottish Royal Palaces: The Architecture of the Royal Residences During the Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Periods (Dundurn, 1999), ISBN 186232042X, p. 134.
  16. ^ a b J. G. Dunbar, Scottish Royal Palaces: The Architecture of the Royal Residences During the Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Periods (Dundurn, 1999), ISBN 186232042X, p. 114.
  17. ^ R. Crawford, Scotland's Books : A History of Scottish Literature: A History of Scottish Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), ISBN 0199727678, p. 95.
  18. ^ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 329.
  19. ^ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 86.
  20. ^ B. J. Harris, English Aristocratic Women, 1450-1550: Marriage and Family, Property and Careers: Marriage and Family, Property and Careers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), ISBN 0198034490, p. 231.
  21. ^ J. Patrick, Renaissance and Reformation (London: Marshall Cavendish, 2007), ISBN 0761476504, p. 1264.
  22. ^ I. Woodfield, The Early History of the Viol (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), ISBN 0521357438, p. 209.
  23. ^ J. E. A. Dawson, Scotland Re-Formed, 1488-1587 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), ISBN 0748614559, p. 118.
  24. ^ T. van Heijnsbergen, "The Scottish Chapel Royal as cultural intermediary between town and court", in H. J. W. Drijvers and A. A. MacDonald, Centres of Learning: Learning and Location in Pre-Modern Europe and the Near East (Brill, 1995), ISBN 9004101934, p. 303.
  25. ^ Melanie Schuessler Bond, Dressing the Scottish Court 1543-1553: Clothing in the Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland (Boydell, 2019), p. 589.
  26. ^ A. Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots (London: Book Club Associates, 1969), pp. 206–7.
  27. ^ M. Spring, The Lute in Britain: A History of the Instrument and Its Music (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), ISBN 0195188381, p. 452.
  28. ^ Gordon Donaldson, Thirds of Benefices (SHS: Edinburgh, 1949), p. 100.
  29. ^ A. Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots (London: Book Club Associates, 1969), p. 133.
  30. ^ a b H. M. Shire, Song, Dance and Poetry of the Court of Scotland Under King James VI (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969, reissue 2010), ISBN 0521148294, pp. 72-3.
  31. ^ a b H. M. Shire, Song, Dance and Poetry of the Court of Scotland Under King James VI (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969, reissue 2010), ISBN 0521148294, pp. 76-77.
  32. ^ David J. Parkinson, Alexander Montgomerie Poems, vol. 1 (Scottish Text Society Edinburgh, 2000), pp. 90, 97.
  33. ^ David J. Parkinson, Alexander Montgomerie Poems, vol. 2 (Scottish Text Society Edinburgh, 2000), pp. 72-4, 78: Charles Thorpe McInnes, Accounts of the Treasurer, 1574-1580, vol. 13 (Edinburgh, 1978), p. 301.
  34. ^ Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts', Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI (Woodbridge, 2020), p. 34: NRS E23/10.
  35. ^ Michael Pearce, 'Maskerye Claythis for James VI and Anna of Denmark', Medieval English Theatre 43, 2021 (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2022), pp. 110-111.
  36. ^ a b P. Le Huray, Music and the Reformation in England, 1549–1660 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), ISBN 0521294185, pp. 83–5.
  37. ^ T. Carter and J. Butt, The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), ISBN 0521792738, pp. 280, 300, 433 and 541.
  38. ^ Jemma Field, Anna of Denmark: The Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts (Manchester, 2020), p. 107.
  39. ^ a b D. J. Smith, "Keyboard music in Scotland: genre, gender, context", in J. Porter, ed., Defining Strains: The Musical Life of Scots in the Seventeenth Century (Peter Lang, 2007), ISBN 3039109480, p. 99.
  40. ^ D. Baldwin, Royal Prayer: a Surprising History (Continuum, 2010), ISBN 0826423035, pp. 44-5.
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