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Cottagecore

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Watercolour painting of a cottage garden by Lilian Stannard
Cottage gardens typify the cottagecore aesthetic.

Cottagecore (sometimes referred to as countrycore or farmcore)[1][2] is an internet aesthetic idealising rural life. Originally based on a rural European life,[3] it was developed throughout the 2010s and was first named cottagecore on Tumblr in 2018.[4] The aesthetic centres on traditional rural clothing, interior design, and crafts such as drawing, baking, and pottery, and is related to similar aesthetic movements such as grandmacore, goblincore, gnomecore, and fairycore.

Some sources describe cottagecore as a subculture of Millennials and Generation Z. Economic forces and other challenges facing these young people may be a significant driver of this trend, along with these generations' emphasis on sustainability, and the trend to work from home (initially during the COVID-19 pandemic).

Aesthetic and lifestyle elements

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An embroidery design with colorful floral prints (2016)

The tenets of cottagecore can help its proponents satisfy a desire for "an aspirational form of nostalgia" as well as an escape from many forms of stress and trauma.[5] The New York Times described it as a reaction to hustle culture and the advent of personal branding.[5] The Guardian called it a "visual and lifestyle movement designed to fetishize the wholesome purity of the outdoors."[6] Cottagecore emphasizes simplicity and the soft peacefulness of the pastoral life as an escape from the dangers of the modern world.[7] It became highly popular on social media during the COVID-19 pandemic.[8][6][9]

Fashion

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An early inspiration for cottagecore fashion is mori girl, which reached popularity in Japan in the late 2000s.[10][11] Lolita fashion, another Japanese street fashion with a soft silhouette and a Victorian-inspired look might have been another early inspiration. While homemade clothing is a feature of cottagecore,[12] products including the 'strawberry dress', a $490 tea dress by Lirika Matoshi, are also associated with the aesthetic.[13][14] Due to the high price of the Matoshi dress, a number of people produced their own versions of the product.[13] Cottagecore clothing often includes long layered dresses.[14]

Analytics company Edited identified that besides floral prints and stripes, "Old-world, feminine shapes and details are integral to this aesthetic—milkmaid necklines, puff sleeves, ruffles and prairie-inspired midi dresses."[15][16] Marketing commentators noted that the trend fits with already available 1970s-inspired dresses, lace trim, and denim, and complemented the slow fashion trend.[16] Brands like Batsheva, Doen, and the Vampire's Wife became popular for their frilly, whimsical flowy dresses that fit the cottagecore aesthetic.[17]

Food and gardening

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Self-sufficiency, such as baking one's own bread, is integral to cottagecore.

Growing one's own food in one's own garden and baking one's own bread all reflect the philosophy of self-sufficiency of cottagecore, though the aesthetic does not demand living in the countryside.[9][18] Cottagecore gardening is intended to be environmentally friendly, often including permacultural farming practices.[19][20] For example, the cultivation of a variety of perennial and annual native plants (i.e. plants endemic to the areas near one's home) helps attract insects, including bees, and as such promotes biodiversity and increases pollination of food-producing crops.[20]

Other aspects

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The aesthetic also encourages taking care of oneself physically and mentally.[9] Followers of cottagecore typically purchase secondhand or vintage furniture.[18][21] They may take up hobbies including knitting, crochet, painting, and reading.[22]

Antecedents and cultural context

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Arts and Crafts design for Trellis wallpaper (1862) by William Morris
Pastoral Recreation (1868) by William-Adolphe Bouguereau

While cottagecore arose as a named aesthetic in 2018, similar aesthetics and ideals existed prior to its inception. The ancient Greeks characterised Arcadia as a representation of an idyllic pastoral setting. The Greek poet Theocritus wrote poems about shepherds and shepherdesses in the third century BC, leading to him being often cited as the inventor of pastoral poetry.[23] The market for Theocritus’ work was primarily the educated urban class of Alexandria, Egypt, seeking an escape from the filth, crowding, and disease associated with city life. In the first century BC the Roman poet Virgil’s pastoral poetry was written in response to the violence and chaos of war. However, he expanded the genre by acknowledging contemporary moral and political issues such as war whilst maintaining a distance through the pastoral trope.[23] Pastoral escapism continued to be produced for the courtly audience of the Roman Empire in the format of novels such as Daphnis and Chloe from the second century AD.[23]

The fourteenth-century Italian Renaissance poet Petrarch was known for his hill-walking and gardening as well as his pastoral poetry.[23] English playwright William Shakespeare wrote two pastoral plays: As You Like It and A Winter’s Tale. Christopher Marlowe’s renowned poem The Passionate Shepherd to His Love inspired a poetic response written by Walter Raleigh, The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd, in which the speaker observes that Arcadian ideas were fallacies.[23]

In eighteenth-century Europe it was fashionable to build follies, ornamental structures often built in the style of classical architecture or to mimic rustic villages.[24] Marie Antoinette's Hameau de la Reine, a rustic model village, is a primary example of a folly in a pastoral style.

The Arts and Crafts movement of the nineteenth century was an approach to art, architecture, and design that embraced 'folk' styles and techniques as a critique of industrial production.[6]

The counterculture of the 1960s provides perhaps the most significant source of influence for the contemporary cottagecore movement. Many of the subcategories of cottagecore directly invoke the aesthetic of environmentally conscious architectural projects and communes of the era such as Drop City, and embody the radically sustainable, hands-on ethos of publications such as the Whole Earth Catalog. Thrifted furniture and art pieces from the 1960s and 1970s are often used to create a comforting, cozy interior space, as are patterns of the era such as paisley and mushroom prints.[25]

There have been similar aesthetics in specific countries, such as iki, or detached elegance, from Japan, fernweh, or longing to be somewhere far away and mysterious, from Germany, or hygge, or satisfying comfort, from Denmark.[26]

Contemporary popularity

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Prior to the Great Recession, Thomas Kinkade sold millions of copies of his paintings of idyllic cottages.[27]

Cottagecore is an ideal. It creates a warm feeling when one thinks about how wonderful it would be to live a simpler, more bucolic existence. I started thumbing through my book on Thomas Kinkade, poring over his paintings of cottages and small-town life. I think his tremendous success was related to the feelings these paintings evoke in us.

— Corky Pickering, "The cottagecore dream during the pandemic"[27]

The movement gained further traction in many online spheres and on social media in 2020 due to the mass quarantining in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[8][6][28] Networks such as the blogging site Tumblr had a 150% increase in cottagecore posts in the three months from March to May 2020.[16] It spread on Pinterest, a platform for sharing visual ideas.[29] It became popular on TikTok as well,[3][30] with numerous cottagecore enthusiasts sharing videos of themselves living in rural areas, bathing in the forest, or baking bread.[31]

On TikTok, the LGBTQIA+ community has been particularly fond of cottagecore, especially lesbians.[32] Many young women have found a sense of femininity through dressing in a cottagecore aesthetic while still feeling aligned with a modern, in-control woman archetype.[33] The New Yorker asserted that such videos had "evoked a mood of calm, enlightened, prettified productivity."[26] Vox characterized the trend as "the aesthetic where quarantine is romantic instead of terrifying."[4]

Living in the style of cottagecore or simply looking at others doing the same on the Internet was seen as something that could help people de-stress.[34] Speaking to CNN, psychologist Krystine Batcho noted that it should be no surprise nostalgia in general and cottagecore in particular was in vogue during such a stressful time. "Longing for simpler situations, simpler time periods or simpler ways of living is an effort to balance out and to counteract the effects of high intense stress," she said.[9] This was a period when many urban residents questioned whether it was worth living in the cities, and rural life stood up as an appealing alternative.[31]

Taylor Swift enhanced the popularity of cottagecore in 2020 with her eighth studio album, Folklore.

A New York Times article compared cottagecore to the social simulation video game series Animal Crossing being acted out in real life, coinciding with the success of the then-newest entry in the franchise Animal Crossing: New Horizons.[5][6] In July 2021 The Sims 4 released an expansion pack called "Cottage Living", which focuses on floral prints, gardening and tending to animals like chickens and llamas.[35]

In July 2020, American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift released her eighth studio album, Folklore, a critical and commercial success.[36][37] It features songs written during the lockdown.[30] The album's use of cottagecore in its visuals and lyrics has been credited with increasing the aesthetic's popularity.[38][39][40] She continued the aesthetic with its follow-up record, Evermore (2020),[41][42] and applied it to her performance at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards.[43] The music videos for "Cardigan" and "Willow" both incorporate cottagecore imagery.[44] Other public figures who embraced this style include British actress Millie Bobby Brown,[45] American musician Hayley Kiyoko,[46] American model Hailey Bieber,[47] and English footballer David Beckham.[48]

In the United States cottagecore became a decorating trend for the 2020 holiday season while the sales of needlework kits skyrocketed.[12] According to the Royal Horticultural Society of the United Kingdom, cottage gardening is a trend for 2021.[20]

China has its own version of cottagecore. Even though the country is rapidly urbanising as part of economic development, many young people have decided to leave the cities after their university studies for their hometowns in the countryside, where the quality of life has improved thanks to, among other things, the availability of fast Internet access, new roads, and high-speed railways.[49] Among the returning youths are cottagecore-minded architects.[50]

Critiques

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According to critics, cottagecore offers an unrealistic, romanticised view of rural life.[5][18][21][51] Critics note the contrast between idyllic depictions of rural life constructed by the aesthetic and some of the realities of such spaces, such as the effects of rural poverty[9] or sanitation.[21] Lara Prendergast of The Spectator said "[P]rivileged humans have always hankered for the simple and rustic", and recalled that Marie Antoinette reportedly wanted to be a milkmaid.[52]

Rebecca Jennings of Vox magazine described cottagecore and dark academia as "historical aesthetics that evoke conservative values and gender roles".[53] Jennings and others also noted themes of Eurocentrism and heteronormativity.[53][54]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ McGrath, Meadhbh (April 14, 2020). "Back to nature: Why cottagecore is the perfect escapism". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on September 17, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2023. ... dubbed "cottagecore" (also "countrycore" and "farmcore"), it offers a romanticised vision of country life.
  2. ^ Edwards, Rachel (January 19, 2023). "How to achieve an authentic cottagecore aesthetic direct from the countryside". Country Living. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2023. Occasionally referred to as farmcore or countrycore, cottagecore romanticises the idea of living off the land ...
  3. ^ a b Tiffany, Kaitlyn (February 5, 2021). "Cottagecore Was Just the Beginning". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  4. ^ a b Jennings, Rebecca (August 3, 2020). "Cottagecore, Taylor Swift, and our endless desire to be soothed". Vox. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d Slone, Isabel (March 10, 2020). "Escape Into Cottagecore, Calming Ethos for Our Febrile Moment". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e Hall, Amelia (April 15, 2020). "Why is 'cottagecore' booming? Because being outside is now the ultimate taboo". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 18, 2022. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  7. ^ Bergado, Gabe (April 22, 2020). "Cottagecore Offers an Escape From Today's Stressful World". Teen Vogue. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  8. ^ a b Sunder, Kalpana (September 21, 2020). "Pie, flowers, pottery, knitting: why Taylor Swift loves cottagecore and how it's taking over social media during Covid-19". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d e Marples, Megan (February 7, 2021). "Cottagecore has us yearning for a bygone era that never was". CNN. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  10. ^ "Mori Girl vs Cottagecore". Gloomth & the cult of melancholy. March 10, 2020. Archived from the original on May 2, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  11. ^ "Everything you need to know about Japanese fashion". Queerty. February 20, 2022. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  12. ^ a b Cook, Kim (December 1, 2020). "Cottagecore holidays: Decorations with a homespun vibe". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  13. ^ a b Slone, Isabel (August 18, 2020). "The Strawberry Dress That Ate TikTok". Style. The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
  14. ^ a b Spellings, Sarah (August 12, 2020). "How Did This Dress Get So Popular in a Pandemic?". Vogue. Archived from the original on December 29, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  15. ^ "How to Choose Cottagecore Outfits". Nvuvu. May 30, 2021. Archived from the original on June 4, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
  16. ^ a b c Velasquez, Angela (June 10, 2020). "In Times of Crisis, Gen Z Embraces Escapist Fashion". Sourcing Journal. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  17. ^ Slone, Isabel (March 10, 2020). "Escape Into Cottagecore, Calming Ethos for Our Febrile Moment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
  18. ^ a b c "What's it like to be 'cottagecore'?". BBC Bitesize. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  19. ^ Crisfield, Max (April 17, 2021). "How to nail the cottagecore look in your garden in one day". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  20. ^ a b c "What's the buzz? Why the cottagecore garden trend is great for bees and biodiversity". The Guardian. April 5, 2021. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  21. ^ a b c Judkis, Maura (September 13, 2021). "Cottagecore, cluttercore, goblincore — deep down, it's about who we think we are". Style. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 13, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  22. ^ Slone, Isabel (March 10, 2020). "Escape Into Cottagecore, Calming Ethos for Our Febrile Moment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2022.
  23. ^ a b c d e Frey, Angelica (November 11, 2020). "Cottagecore debuted 2300 years ago". JSTOR Daily. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  24. ^ Casid, Jill H. (Spring 1997). "Queer(y)ing Georgic: Utility, Pleasure, and Marie-Antoinette's Ornamented Farm". Eighteenth-Century Studies. 30 (3). Johns Hopkins University Press: 304–318. doi:10.1353/ecs.1997.0015. JSTOR 30054251. S2CID 162216322.
  25. ^ Heathcote, Edwin (March 20, 2021). "What is cottagecore? 'Your grandma but, like, hip'". Financial Times. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
  26. ^ a b Chayka, Kyle (April 26, 2021). "TikTok and the Vibes Revival". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
  27. ^ a b Pickering, Corky (September 9, 2020). "The cottagecore dream during the pandemic". Red Bluff Daily News. MediaNews Group, Inc. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  28. ^ Bowman, Emma (August 9, 2020). "The Escapist Land Of 'Cottagecore,' from Marie Antoinette to Taylor Swift". NPR. Archived from the original on August 31, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
  29. ^ Alterman, Liz (August 21, 2020). "What Is 'Cottagecore'? A Hot Decor Trend Thanks to COVID-19 and Taylor Swift". Real Estate. SF Gate. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  30. ^ a b Malbon, Abigail (July 24, 2020). "What is cottagecore? TikTok's latest aesthetic explained". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  31. ^ a b AFP (August 3, 2020). "Cottagecore, the new lifestyle aesthetic that could dethrone hygge". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  32. ^ White, Ro (September 30, 2020). "What Is Cottagecore and Why Do Young Queer People Love It?". Autostraddle. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  33. ^ Knowles, Samantha (September 9, 2020). "Cottagecore: a modern twist on a traditional feminine aesthetic". The Shorthorn. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  34. ^ Schnalzer, Rachel (August 14, 2020). "Cottagecore is all over the internet. Here's where to experience it in California". Travel. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  35. ^ Carpenter, Nicole (July 8, 2021). "Cottage Living dragged my Sims outside to meet their neighbors". Polygon. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
  36. ^ Kashi, Anita Rao (December 8, 2020). "'Cottagecore' and the rise of the modern rural fantasy". BBC. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  37. ^ Bruner, Raisa (July 24, 2020). "Let's Break Down Taylor Swift's Tender New Album Folklore". Time. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  38. ^ Corr, Julieanne (January 17, 2021). "Taylor photo sparks Swift sales jump for Aran sweaters". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
  39. ^ "A brief history of the cardigan, from Coco Chanel to Taylor Swift". RTÉ. July 27, 2020. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  40. ^ Satran, Rory (January 9, 2021). "Taylor Swift's 'Evermore' Braid Is More Than Just a Braid". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  41. ^ Ryan, Charlotte (December 16, 2020). "Cottagecore: The trend that defined Taylor Swift's new album". RTÉ. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  42. ^ Rao, Sonia (December 11, 2020). "How Taylor Swift and indie rock band the National became unlikely collaborators". Pop Culture. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
  43. ^ Amatulli, Jenna (March 14, 2021). "Taylor Swift Serves Cottagecore Perfection With Medley During Grammys Performance". HuffPost. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  44. ^ Lefevre, Jules (December 11, 2020). "Taylor Swift's New Album Is Out And The First Video Is Cottagecore Heaven". Junkee. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  45. ^ Nesvig, Kara (May 18, 2020). "Millie Bobby Brown Jumped on the Cottagecore Bandwagon". Teen Vogue. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  46. ^ "Hayley Kiyoko's New Video Is the Cottagecore Love Story of Our Dreams". Pride.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  47. ^ Dupes, Abby (July 26, 2022). "Hailey Bieber's Baby Blue Bikini and Tank Combo Is Peak Cottagecore — Shop the Look Here". Seventeen. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  48. ^ Elan, Priya (July 3, 2020). "David Beckham leads the way as men flock to 'cottagecore' look". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  49. ^ "The gap between China's rural and urban youth is closing". The Economist. January 23, 2021. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
  50. ^ Wainwright, Oliver (March 24, 2021). "China's rural revolution: the architects rescuing its villages from oblivion". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
  51. ^ Klotz, Harper (March 22, 2021). "Cottagecore, a beautiful aesthetic with issues to address". The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on March 20, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
  52. ^ Prendergast, Lara (April 29, 2021). "The curious rise of cottagecore". The Spectator. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
  53. ^ a b Jennings, Rebecca (July 7, 2020). "This week in TikTok: Are you cottagecore or more "dark academia"?". Vox. Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
  54. ^ Martinez, Anna J. (September 20, 2021). "The Problems & Potential of Loving Cottagecore as a Woman of Color". Dismantle Magazine. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
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