Counter-insurgency aircraft
Counter-insurgency aircraft or COIN aircraft are a specialized variety of military light attack aircraft, armed with aircraft artillery and/or portable rockets and designed for counter-insurgency operations,[1] armed reconnaissance, air escort of ground forces, and ground support against "low-intensity engagements"; usually irregular groups of insurgents.
Roles
[edit]Some of the roles carried out by counter-insurgency aircraft include:
- Transportation in support of combatants and civilians alike, including casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).
- Intelligence gathering, surveillance, and reconnaissance.
- Psychological operations (PSYOPs) through leaflet drops, loudspeakers, and radio broadcasts.
- Air-to-ground attack against soft targets.[2]
For an aircraft—whether fixed-wing or rotary—to effectively carry out all these roles, it should have specification characteristics such as low loitering speed, long endurance, simplicity in maintenance, and the capability to perform short or vertical take-offs and landings from makeshift and roughly constructed runways.
History
[edit]
Colonial times
[edit]The first use of counter-insurgency aircraft was in the 1920s and 1930s during some of the colonial wars, in nations like Ethiopia and Iraq. The benefits offered by even a single aircraft in tasks such as reconnaissance or strafing small groups of individuals proved immeasurable.
As the British found in Iraq in the 1920s and from some encounters within the frontiers of Pashtunistan, aircraft stripped away many of the advantages that traditional insurgents had held. It also offered a way of inflicting direct and cost-effective retaliation on the communities that supported the guerrilla. Britain was the first to use Counter-Insurgency (COIN) aircraft as one of Royal Air Force missions was policing British Empire by air. This solution was cheaper and quicker than using British Army troops to deal with trouble spots.
No special plane was developed. Regular military aircraft were used. It was not unusual for many air forces to field dual role planes: bomber and transport.
Post colonial wars
[edit]The British Empire faced guerrillas in Africa, Malaya and the Middle East. Royal Air Force had a wide range of capable aircraft available to be used, making the development of new COIN aircraft types unnecessary. Interest in the export market did result in a few COIN aircraft like the Strikemaster.
By the late 1950s, French air operations in the Algerian War was decidedly counter-insurgent in nature, with helicopters such as the Piasecki H-21 being used not only to carry infantry, but also machine guns and rocket launchers on an ad hoc basis, to reach FLN guerilla positions on otherwise inaccessible mountain ridges and peaks. France created Potez 75 ground support and counter-insurgency aircraft. It proved its worth in a combat evaluation in Algerian War and Potez received orders for 100 from the French Army, but the Potez 75 didn't survive budget cuts.[3]
In the early 1960s, it was clear enough for US planners a plane would be needed for guerrilla wars in Asia or Africa. As a consequence the U.S. Army tested an armed version of the T-37 Tweet, the A4D-2N Skyhawk and Fiat G.91. The tests were good but the Army was prohibited from operating fixed-wing aircraft in combat. As late as the Vietnam War, counter-insurgency missions were flown by existing aeroplanes and helicopters, sometimes hastily adapted for the role, notable examples being the North American T-28 Trojan and Douglas A-1 Skyraider. Eventually, as the US budget allowed it, dedicated specialized counter-insurgency aircraft began to be produced for Vietnam war. Other countries adapted existing training planes to COIN and light attack. Examples including:
A new approach of COIN were the gunships created by the US. A gunship is an aircraft having laterally-mounted[5] heavy armaments (i.e. firing to the side) to attack ground or sea targets.[6] These gunships were configured to circle the target instead of performing strafing runs. Such aircraft have their armament on one side harmonized to fire at the apex of an imaginary cone formed by the aircraft and the ground when performing a pylon turn (banking turn).[5][6]
In the Vietnam War,[5] the old Douglas C-47 Skytrain transport was successfully modified by the United States Air Force with side-firing Miniguns for circling attacks. It was the later and larger Lockheed AC-130 that became a notable gunship in US military aviation. These heavily armed aircraft used a variety of weapon systems, including 7.62 mm GAU-2/A Miniguns, 20 mm (0.787 in) M61 Vulcan six-barrel rotary cannons, 25 mm (0.984 in) GAU-12/U Equalizer five-barreled rotary cannons, 30 mm Mk44 Bushmaster II chain guns, 40 mm (1.58 in) L/60 Bofors autocannons, and 105 mm (4.13 in) M102 howitzers. The Douglas AC-47 Spooky, the Fairchild AC-119,[7] and the AC-130 Spectre/Spooky,[8] were vulnerable, and meant to operate only after achieving air superiority.[5] Smaller gunship designs such as the Fairchild AU-23 Peacemaker and the Helio AU-24 Stallion were also designed by the United States during the Vietnam War. These aircraft were meant to be cheap and easy to fly and maintain, and were to be given to friendly governments in Southeast Asia to assist with counter-insurgency operations, eventually seeing service with the Khmer National Air Force, Royal Thai Air Force, and Republic of Vietnam Air Force as well as limited use by the United States Air Force.
See also
[edit]- Dive bomber
- Emergency fighter
- Gunship
- Light Attack/Armed Reconnaissance (LAAR) Program
References
[edit]- ^ Wragg, David W. (1973). A Dictionary of Aviation (first ed.). Osprey. p. 99. ISBN 9780850451634.
- ^ Sagraves, Robert D. "The Indirect Approach: The Role of Aviation Foreign Internal Defense in Combating Terrorism in Weak and Failing States" (Portable Document Format (PDF)). Air Command and Staff College. p. 46. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ Tom Cooper. "Algerian War, 1954 - 1962". www.acig.info/CMS/. Air Combat Information Group. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ "OVIM AVIONOM SU CRVENE BERETKE NASERU ORIĆU UTERIVALE STRAH U SREBRENICI: Legendarni avion Soko J-20 Kraguj napravljen je 60-tih za gerilsku borbu, ALI SE U BOSNI I NA KOSOVU POKAZAO KAO PAKLENA MAŠINA!".
- ^ a b c d Ballard 1982, p. 9.
- ^ a b Hamlin 1970.
- ^ "The AC-119 Gunships". Archived from the original on 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2018-01-07.
- ^ "AC-130H Spectre, AC-130U Spooky". FAS.org. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2018-01-07.
Works cited
[edit]- Ballard, Jack S. (1982). "Development and Employment of Fixed-Wing Gunships, 1962–1972" (PDF). Air Force Historical Studies Office. p. 9. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- Hamlin, Ross E. (1970). "Side-Firing Weapon Systems: A New Application of an Old Concept" (PDF). Air University Review. Retrieved 16 December 2016.