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Cora (fungus)

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Cora
Cora pavonia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Hygrophoraceae
Genus: Cora
Fr. (1825)
Type species
Cora pavonia
(Weber & D.Mohr) Fr. (1825)
Synonyms[1]

Cora is a large genus of basidiolichens in the family Hygrophoraceae. Modern molecular phylogenetics research has revealed a rich biodiversity in this largely tropical genus.

Taxonomy

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Cora was originally circumscribed by the Swedish "Father of Mycology", Elias Magnus Fries, in 1825. He included a single species, until then known as Thelephora pavonia Weber & D.Mohr.[2] Until relatively recently, Cora was thought to contain one species,[3] or was placed into synonymy with Dictyonema.[4] Cora was recognized as an independent genus separate from Dictyonema in 2013.[5][6]

Molecular phylogenetic analysis using DNA barcoding of the internal transcribed spacer region has improved the understanding of the diversity of Cora. In 2016, a landmark study identified and formally described 70 new species, bringing the total number of recognised Cora species to 189. This represented a dramatic increase from the single species recognized until about a decade prior. The study employed a "turbo-taxonomy" approach, combining international collaboration, rigorous quantitative phylogenetic methods, and standardised protocols for phenotype description to efficiently describe and catalog the new species.[7] Cora species can be distinguished by a combination of morphological, anatomical, and ecogeographical features. This work established Cora as one of the most species-rich lichen genera, with estimates suggesting the existence of almost 200 species, and about 450 species predicted to exist.[6][8][7][9]

Studies using the PhyloKey tool, which employs a technique called morphology-based phylogenetic binning, have help to elucidate the diversity within Cora. Phylogenetic binning involves mapping morphological characters onto a molecular reference tree and calculating weights for their consistency. This approach has confirmed the identification of species with high accuracy even with incomplete character data, revealing numerous previously unrecognized species. PhyloKey has also facilitated the restudy of herbarium samples, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the genus's diversity and aiding in the discovery of new species.[10]

Habitat and distribution

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Mexico and (at least formerly) Florida are the northernmost distribution points for the genus Cora, while its southernmost locale is southern Chile.[9] It has its highest biodiversity in the northern Andes.[9] Biogeographic data suggests that Cora originated in South America and expanded eastward.[11] The vast majority (95%) of the known species are found in the Americas, but the genus has also been recorded from tropical Africa, tropical Asia, and South Atlantic islands. Twelve species and subspecies have been described from Mexico;[12] the only species known to have occurred north of Mexico is the possibly extinct Cora timucua, which is known to have formerly existed in Florida.[13]

Species

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As of May 2024, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 98 species in genus Cora.[14]

Cora glabrata, Chile
Cora species growing as an epiphyte in Machu Picchu, Peru

References

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  1. ^ "Synonymy: Cora Fr". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  2. ^ Fries, E.M. (1825). Systema Orbis Vegetabilis (in Latin). p. 300.
  3. ^ Luis Chaves, José; Lücking, Robert; Sipman, Harrie J. M.; Umaña, Loengrin; Navarro, Enia (2004). "A first assessment of the ticolichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica: The genus Dictyonema (Polyporales: Atheliaceae)". The Bryologist. 107 (2): 242–249. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2004)107[0242:AFAOTT]2.0.CO;2.
  4. ^ Kirk, Paul M.; Cannon, Paul F.; Minter, David W.; Stalpers, Joost A., eds. (2008). "Cora". Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  5. ^ Dal-Forno, Manuela; Lawrey, James D.; Sikaroodi, Masoumeh; Bhattarai, Smriti; Gillevet, Patrick M.; Sulzbacher, Marcelo; Lücking, Robert (2013). "Starting from scratch: Evolution of the lichen thallus in the basidiolichen Dictyonema (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae)". Fungal Biology. 117 (9): 584–598. Bibcode:2013FunB..117..584D. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.05.006. PMID 24012299.
  6. ^ a b c d Lücking et al. 2013.
  7. ^ a b c Lücking et al. 2016.
  8. ^ Lucking, R.; Dal-Forno, M.; Sikaroodi, M.; Gillevet, P. M.; Bungartz, F.; Moncada, B.; Yanez-Ayabaca, A.; Chaves, J. L.; Coca, L. F.; Lawrey, J. D. (2014). "A single macrolichen constitutes hundreds of unrecognized species". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (30): 11091–11096. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11111091L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1403517111. PMC 4121827. PMID 24982168.
  9. ^ a b c Moncada, Pérez-Pérez & Lücking 2019, p. 393.
  10. ^ Lücking, Robert; Moncada, Bibiana; Dal Forno, Manuela (2023). "PhyloKey: a novel method to rapidly and reliably identify species in complex, species-rich genera, and an opportunity for 'non-molecular museomics'". The Lichenologist. 55 (5): 181–192. doi:10.1017/S0024282923000415.
  11. ^ a b c Lücking, Robert; Cáceres, Marcela E.S.; Silva, Nílber G.; Alves, Ruy J. V. (2015). "The genus Cora in the South Atlantic and the Mascarenes: Two novel taxa and inferred biogeographic relationships". The Bryologist. 118 (3): 293–303. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-118.3.293.
  12. ^ Moncada, Pérez-Pérez & Lücking 2019, pp. 393–394.
  13. ^ a b Lücking, Robert; Kaminsky, Laurel; Perlmutter, Gary B.; Lawrey, James D.; Forno, Manuela Dal (2020). "Cora timucua (Hygrophoraceae), a new and potentially extinct, previously misidentified basidiolichen of Florida inland scrub documented from historical collections". The Bryologist. 123 (4): 657–673. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-123.4.657.
  14. ^ "Cora". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  15. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 147.
  16. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 152.
  17. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 153.
  18. ^ Lücking et al. 2013, p. 6.
  19. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 154.
  20. ^ Lücking et al. 2013, p. 8.
  21. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 155.
  22. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 157.
  23. ^ Ariyawansa, Hiran A.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jayasiri, Subashini C.; Buyck, Bart; Chethana, K.W. Thilini; Dai, Dong Qin; Dai, Yu Cheng; Daranagama, Dinushani A.; Jayawardena, Ruvishika S.; Lücking, Robert; et al. (2015). "Fungal diversity notes 111–252—taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 75 (1): 27–274. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0346-5. OSTI 1485175.
  24. ^ Moncada, Pérez-Pérez & Lücking 2019, p. 399.
  25. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 158.
  26. ^ Moncada, Pérez-Pérez & Lücking 2019, p. 400.
  27. ^ Lücking et al. 2013, p. 11.
  28. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 159.
  29. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 160.
  30. ^ a b c d Vargas, Leidy Yasmín; Moncada, Bibiana; Lücking, Robert (2014). "Five new species of Cora and Dictyonema (Basidiomycota: Hygrophoraceae) from Colombia: chipping away at cataloging hundreds of unrecognized taxa". The Bryologist. 117 (4): 368–378. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-117.4.368.
  31. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 161.
  32. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 163.
  33. ^ Lücking, Robert; Grall, Aurelie; Thüs, Holger (2014). "Typification of Thelephora pavonia Sw. and reinstatement of Cora ciferrii (Tomas.) comb. nov". The Lichenologist. 46 (6): 825–828. doi:10.1017/S0024282914000401.
  34. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 164.
  35. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 165.
  36. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 166.
  37. ^ Lücking et al. 2013, p. 12.
  38. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 167.
  39. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 168.
  40. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 170.
  41. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 171.
  42. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 172.
  43. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 173.
  44. ^ Dal Forno, Manuela; Bungartz, Frank; Yánez-Ayabaca, Alba; Lücking, Robert; Lawrey, James D. (2017). "High levels of endemism among Galapagos basidiolichens". Fungal Diversity. 85 (1): 45–73. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0380-6.
  45. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 174.
  46. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 176.
  47. ^ Moncada, Pérez-Pérez & Lücking 2019, p. 402.
  48. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 177.
  49. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 178.
  50. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 179.
  51. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 180.
  52. ^ Lücking et al. 2013, p. 14.
  53. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 182.
  54. ^ Moncada, Pérez-Pérez & Lücking 2019, p. 404.
  55. ^ Moncada, Pérez-Pérez & Lücking 2019, p. 405.
  56. ^ Moncada, Pérez-Pérez & Lücking 2019, p. 406.
  57. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 183.
  58. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 184.
  59. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 185.
  60. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 186.
  61. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 188.
  62. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 189.
  63. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 190.
  64. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 191.
  65. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 192.
  66. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 193.
  67. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 195.
  68. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 196.
  69. ^ Lücking et al. 2013, p. 16.
  70. ^ Lücking et al. 2013, p. 18.
  71. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 197.
  72. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 198.
  73. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 200.
  74. ^ Moncada, Pérez-Pérez & Lücking 2019, p. 408.
  75. ^ a b Lücking et al. 2016, p. 201.
  76. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 202.
  77. ^ Lücking et al. 2016, p. 203.
  78. ^ Moncada, Pérez-Pérez & Lücking 2019, p. 409.

Cited literature

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  • Lücking, Robert; Dal-Forno, Manuela; Lawrey, James D.; Bungartz, Frank; Rojas, María E. Holgado; Hernández M., Jesús E.; Marcelli, Marcelo P.; Moncada, Bibiana; Morales, Eduardo A.; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Paz, Elias; Salcedo, Luis; Spielmann, Adriano A.; Wilk, Karina; Will-Wolf, Susan; Yánez-Ayabaca, Alba (2013). "Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade". Phytotaxa. 139 (1): 1–38. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.139.1.1.
  • Lücking, Robert; Forno, Manuela Dal; Moncada, Bibiana; Coca, Luis Fernando; Vargas-Mendoza, Leidy Yasmín; Aptroot, André; Arias, Laura Juliana; Besal, Betty; Bungartz, Frank; Cabrera-Amaya, Diego Mauricio; Cáceres, Marcela E. S.; Chaves, José Luis; Eliasaro, Sionara; Gutiérrez, Martha Cecilia; Hernández Marin, Jesús E.; de los Ángeles Herrera-Campos, María; Holgado-Rojas, María E.; Jonitz, Harald; Kukwa, Martin; Lucheta, Fabiane; Madriñán, Santiago; Marcelli, Marcelo Pinto; de Azevedo Martins, Suzana Maria; Mercado-Díaz, Joel A.; Molina, Jorge Alberto; Morales, Eduardo A.; Nelson, Peter R.; Nugra, Freddy; Ortega, Francisco; Paredes, Telma; Patiño, Ayda Lucía; Peláez-Pulido, Rouchi Nadine; Pérez, Rosa Emilia Pérez; Perlmutter, Gary B.; Rivas-Plata, Eimy; Robayo, Javier; Rodríguez, Camilo; Simijaca, Diego Fernando; Soto-Medina, Edier; Spielmann, Adriano Afonso; Suárez-Corredor, Alejandra; Torres, Jean-Marc; Vargas, Carlos Alberto; Yánez-Ayabaca, Alba; Weerakoon, Gothamie; Wilk, Karina; Pacheco, Marcela Celis; Diazgranados, Mauricio; Brokamp, Grischa; Borsch, Thomas; Gillevet, Patrick M.; Sikaroodi, Masoumeh; Lawrey, James D. (2016). "Turbo-taxonomy to assemble a megadiverse lichen genus: seventy new species of Cora (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), honouring David Leslie Hawksworth's seventieth birthday". Fungal Diversity. 84 (1): 139–207. doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0374-9.
  • Moncada, Bibiana; Pérez-Pérez, Rosa Emilia; Lücking, Robert (2019). "The lichenized genus Cora (Basidiomycota: Hygrophoraceae) in Mexico: high species richness, multiple colonization events, and high endemism". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 64 (2): 393–411. doi:10.2478/pfs-2019-0026.
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