Constitution of Zimbabwe
| Constitution of Zimbabwe | |
|---|---|
 Front page of the 2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe | |
| Overview | |
| Jurisdiction | Zimbabwe |
| Presented | 5 February 2013 |
| Ratified | 22 May 2013 |
| Date effective | 22 August 2013 |
| System | Unitary presidential republic |
| Government structure | |
| Branches | 3 |
| Chambers | Bicameral |
| Executive | President |
| Judiciary | Constitutional Court of Zimbabwe, Supreme, High Court of Zimbabwe |
| Federalism | No |
| Electoral college | No |
| Entrenchments | 0 |
| History | |
| First legislature | 22 August 2013 |
| First executive | 22 August 2013 |
| Amendments | 2 |
| Last amended | 7 May 2021 |
| Citation | Constitution of Zimbabwe, as amended up to 20th June 2023 (PDF), 20 June 2023 |
| Commissioned by | 2008–2009 Zimbabwean political negotiations |
| Author(s) | Parliamentary Select Committee |
| Signatories | Robert Mugabe |
| Supersedes | Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 19) Act, 2008 |
 |
|---|
The Constitution of Zimbabwe is the supreme law of Zimbabwe. The independence constitution of 1980 was the result of the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement and is sometimes called the Lancaster Constitution.[1] A proposed constitution, drafted by a constitutional convention, was defeated by a constitutional referendum during 2000.
In practice, the 2008 power-sharing deal provided the structure for much of the government. The three political parties in Zimbabwe, ZANU-PF, MDC-T and MDC-N negotiated a new proposed constitution after a constitutional outreach program.[2]
The new constitution was presented to Parliament on 5 February 2013 and subsequently approved in the referendum of 16 March 2013.[3][4] Parliament approved it on 9 May 2013 and President Robert Mugabe gave it his assent on 22 May 2013.
Certain provisions of the Constitution (principally the Declaration of Rights and provisions for presidential and parliamentary elections) came into operation on 22 May 2013, when Act 1 of 2013 was published. That date was the “publication day” as defined in paragraph 1 of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution. The provisions that came into operation then are set out in paragraph 3 of that Schedule.
The rest of the Constitution came into operation on 22 August 2013, when the President was sworn in after the first elections following the Act's assent; this date is the “effective date” as defined in paragraph 1 of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution. Some of the new constitution's clauses, however, do not take effect for 10 years.[5]
In 2021, disability rights were codified into the Constitution through the National Disability Policy, which was drafted by Senator Rejoice Timire and the United Nations Partnership on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.[6][7]
Presidential succession
[edit]Sch 6, par 14 of the Constitution states: - "Special provision for election and tenure of first President and appointment of Vice-Presidents"
- "...[C]andidates for election as President do not nominate persons ... to stand for election as Vice-Presidents."
- "Without delay the person elected as President ... must appoint not more than two Vice-Presidents, who hold office at his or her pleasure." - in other words, the President can dismiss the Vice-Presidents.
- "Where--
- a. one Vice-President is appointed in terms of subparagraph (2), that person is the first Vice-President for the purposes of this Constitution;
- b. two Vice-Presidents are appointed in terms of subparagraph (2), the President may from time to time nominate one of them to act as President whenever he or she is absent from Zimbabwe or is unable exercise his or her official functions through illness or any other cause."
- "...[S]ubject to subparagraphs (5) and (6), if the person elected President ... dies, resigns or is removed from office--
- a. the Vice-President or, where there are two Vice-Presidents, the Vice-President who was last nominated to act in terms of subparagraph (3)(b), acts as President until a new President assumes office in terms of subparagraph (5); and
- b. the vacancy in the office of President must be filled by a nominee of the political party which the President represented when he or she stood for election.
- "A political party which is entitled to nominate a person in terms of subparagraph (4)(b) must notify the Speaker of the nominee's name within ninety days after the vacancy occurred in the office of President, and thereupon the nominee assumes office as President after taking the oath of President ..., which oath the nominee must take within forty-eight hours after the Speaker was notified of his or her name."
Section 97 of the Constitution states (NB references to Vice-Presidents omitted, as they currently serve at the President's pleasure): - "Removal of President ... from office
- "The Senate and the National Assembly, by a joint resolution passed by at least one-half of their total membership, may resolve that the question whether or not the President ... should be removed from office for—
- (a) serious misconduct;
- (b) failure to obey, uphold or defend this Constitution;
- (c) wilful violation of this Constitution; or
- (d) inability to perform the functions of the office because of physical or mental incapacity; should be investigated in terms of this section."
- "Upon the passing of a resolution in terms of subsection (1), the Committee on Standing Rules and Orders must appoint a joint committee of the Senate and the National Assembly consisting of nine members reflecting the political composition of Parliament, to investigate the removal from office of the President ..."
- "If—
- (a) the joint committee appointed in terms of subsection (2) recommends the removal from office of the President ...; and
- (b) the Senate and the National Assembly, by a joint resolution passed by at least two-thirds of their total membership, resolve that the President ... should be removed from office; the President ... thereupon ceases to hold office."
References
[edit]- ^ "Zimbabwe's Lancaster Constitution No Longer An Option". The Zimbabwean. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
- ^ Thornycroft, Peta. "Zimbabwe's Constitutional Outreach Program Ends". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
- ^ "Zimbabwe approves new constitution". Bbc.co.uk. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
- ^ "Zimbabwe: The Battle for Credible Polls in Zimbabwe Intensifies". AllAfrica. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
- ^ Allison, Simon (26 March 2013). "Zimbabwe's new constitution is waiting for Mugabe to 'pass power - or pass away'". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
- ^ "Addressing Inequalities in Parliament - Senator Rejoice Timire". United Nations Development Programme. 28 June 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ^ Machivenyika, Farirai (12 June 2021). "People Living With Disabilities Hail New Policy". The Herald. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ^ Chifera, Irwin (25 March 2016). "Experts Say Zimbabwe Constitution Can't Address Mugabe Succession". Voice of America. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
- ^ Matyszak, Derek (1 October 2014). "Succession and the new Constitution". New Zimbabwe. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Further reading
[edit]- Hatchard, John (1991). "The Constitution of Zimbabwe: Towards a Model for Africa?". Journal of African Law. 35 (1–2): 79–101. doi:10.1017/s0021855300008378. JSTOR 745495.
- ——— (2001). "Some Lessons on Constitution-Making from Zimbabwe". Journal of African Law. 45 (2): 210–216. doi:10.1017/s0221855301001705. JSTOR 3558956. S2CID 146687877.
- Sithole, Masipula (2001). "Fighting Authoritarianism in Zimbabwe". Journal of Democracy. 12 (1): 160–169. doi:10.1353/jod.2001.0015. S2CID 144918292.