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Communist Party Marxist Kenya

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Communist Party Marxist - Kenya
AbbreviationCPMK
National ChairpersonMwaivu Kaluka
National Vice ChairpersonMitchelle Anyango
General SecretaryBooker Omole
Founded2024 (2024)
HeadquartersNairobi
NewspaperItikadi
Ideology
Political positionFar-left
Party flag
Website
www.communistpartyofkenya.org

The Communist Party Marxist - Kenya (CPMK) is a political party[1] [2] in Kenya that emerged from a split within the Communist Party of Kenya (CPK) in 2024. The split was a result of ongoing ideological divisions within the Communist Party of Kenya itself[3] and also wider ongoing strategic differences within the Kenyan left, particularly particularly regarding approaches to socialism and the party's engagement with the political landscape of Kenya.[4]

History and Background

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Formation and early years (1992–2019)

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The Communist Party of Kenya (CPK) was originally founded as the Social Democratic Party of Kenya (SDP) in 1992 by Johnstone Makau, initially positioning itself as a centre-left political force during the first wave of multi-party elections in Kenya. The Party gained national prominence during the 1997 general elections, where its presidential candidate, Charity Ngilu, secured a notable 5th position with 7.9% of the national votes.[5] The party also won 15 seats in the National Assembly. However, after the presidential falg bearer, Ngilu left the party in 2001, its performance in the 2002 elections was poor under the leadership James Orengo. Orengo, who took over as the party's chairman and presidential candidate received just 0.4% [6]of the vote in the presidential elections and the party also lost all 15 seats in the National Assembly. The same poor performance continued in the 2007 general elections where the party received just 0.4% of the national vote and all the 24 candidates who were fielded were unable to secure a win in the National Assembly.[7] After the third repeated failure in the 2013 elections, where the party only received 0.15% of the vote with seven candidates, the party leadership took measures to rectify its dismal performance.

Transition to Communism (2011–2019)

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After encountering setbacks in the general elections of 2002, 2007, and 2013, the party underwent a transformative phase in 2011. This was not out of the blue because, over time, the party experienced significant ideological transformations adapting its ideological orientation from social democracy to communism and political positioning.[8] By the late 2000s, a Marxist-Leninist faction, led by prominent figures such as Mwandawiro Mghanga, Benedict Wachira and Booker Ngesa Omole, began to steer the party towards a socialist trajectory. The faction called for a transformation in Kenya’s political landscape, emphasising the need for revolutionary change to address class inequalities, imperialist exploitation, and capitalist oppression in Kenya.[9]

Members of the Young Socialist League, including future leaders Booker Ngesa and Benedict Wachira, led a shift towards embracing a fully socialist ideology grounded in Marxism-Leninism in 2013.The SDP leadership of the time, Mutahi Kagwe and Njeri Ndwiga, was replaced. Mwandawiro Mghanga assumed the role of National Chairman, with Booker Ngesa and Benedict Wachira assuming the key positions of National Vice Chairperson and Secretary General, respectively.

In 2019, the party officially changed its name from Social Democratic Party, SDP to the Communist Party of Kenya, CPK[10], solidifying its commitment to socialist principles after obtaining full registration as a Communist Party.[9] As a registered socialist political party, CPK took its place in history as the first socialist party in Kenya since the literal 1965 constitutional ban by the government of Kenya under sessional paper number 10.[11]

Internal crisis of 2022

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In April 2022, senior party leaders Benedict Wachira and Mwandawiro Mghanga joined the Kenya Kwanza Alliance[12], leading to an internal crisis.[3] [13]The Kenya Kwanza faction[14] resolved to expel Booker Omole, the national vice chairman and organising secretary as he was the most prominent of the senior leaders who questioned and opposed the decision to join the coalition.[15] The national vice chairman appealed the duo's unilateral decision[16] with the Political Parties Dispute Tribunal, and the court blocked it.[16] [17]

The youth league also took the matter to the Political Parties Tribunal,[18] citing Mwandawiro's illegitimacy as chairman. Mwandawiro's chairmanship was in question since he was a government employee in the County Government of Taita Taveta[19] at the time of taking the party to join the Kenya Kwanza Coalition. The youth presented that he could not be the chairman as it was contrary to the Constitution of Kenya, which forbids state officials from holding political office.[20] The Youth League wanted the Tribunal to nullify his position, which would then nullify his authority to sign up the party into the Kenya Kwanza Coalition. The matter, which remains unresolved, resulted in the effective splintering of the party.

Majority Faction: Acknowledging the split as against party policy going into the 2022 elections and citing the ex-chairman's alleged illegitimacy of Mghanga,[3] the central committee reconstituted in September 2022, electing new leaders.[21] The majority reconstituted, and Kinuthia Ndung’u was elected as the national chairman; Booker Ngesa was reinstated as the national vice chairman and organising secretary; and Sefu Sani as the Secretary General.[21]

Minority Faction: The Kenya Kwanza-aligned members led by Mghanga and Wachira were declared the minority faction by the majority faction. The faction, unable to take control of the Party instruments, created its own website[22] and constituted its own party leadership.

Recrification Programme

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Following the publications of the party's internal reflections in October, 2022[3], the majority faction resolved to address the struggle against revisionism and opportunism that had emerged within the Party’s leadership during the 2022 general elections.[22] Guided by Marxist-Leninist principles, the Party had resolved to maintain its independence, rejecting alliances with bourgeois coalitions dominated by comprador interests. However, a reactionary clique led by Mwandawiro Mghanga and Benedict Wachira violated this line[13] by collaborating with the Kenya Kwanza coalition[23], betraying the Party’s revolutionary mission. This opportunistic manoeuvre exposed the destructive influence of revisionism, leading to a principled split. Through a rigorous rectification programme,[24] the revolutionary majority faction declared they had rooted out the counter-revolutionary tendencies and re-established unity in thought and action. This process served to reaffirm the party's commitment to the revolutionary path and to address the historical struggle and as a means to reinvigorate the members and the vanguard dedicated to achieving a People’s Democratic Revolution and constructing a socialist Kenya.[25]

Formation of CPMK

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Following the 2022 split, the majority faction of the Communist Party of Kenya, under the leadership of the interim central commitee, underwent significant changes[26]. These changes were advanced and ratified during the party's Second National Congress held on November 2024.[27] The congress was themed "Advancing the National Democratic Revolution for a Truly Independent Socialist Kenya,"[28] emphasizing a commitment to socialism and the fight against exploitation[29] and imperialism. This event marked a pivotal moment for the party as it officially rebranded itself to the Communist Party Marxist Kenya (CPM-K)[30].

The reconstitution of the party as CPM-K was ratified during the congress, alongside the introduction of new symbols, including a red star, hammer and sickle with the colours red and gold for the flag.[31] The Party also adopted the Swahili version of the Internationale, Wimbo wa Kimataifa as the official Anthem[32]. This new identity symbolizes the party's dedication to its revolutionary heritage[33] and its mission on deepening Marxist-Leninist ideology and mobilizing support among the working class and the oppressed majority[34]. The establishment of the Pio Gama Pinto Ideological School was also part of the party’s initiative aiming to enhance ideological training and discipline among party members.[35] With a renewed identity, leadership structure, and ideological commitment[30], CPMK aims to play a pivotal role in advancing Kenya's revolutionary agenda[36] by enhancing its engagement with the working class and addressing historical injustices[37] rooted in colonialism and neo-colonialism in pursuit of socialism in Kenya.[38]

Ideological Framework

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Ideological Position

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CPMK positions itself within the Marxist-Leninist tradition, advocating for a revolutionary and class-based struggle[39] to dismantle the capitalist system[40] in Kenya. The party's primary focus is on grassroots mobilization among Kenya’s workers and the oppressed,[41] exploited majority.[42] CPMK has continually underscored issues such as economic inequality[43], land reform[44], and anti-imperialism, [45]viewing these as key pillars in the fight against the capitalist state.[28]

The CPMK also emphasizes the unfinished goals of Kenya’s original struggle for independence[46], especially those espoused by Dedan Kimathi, the leader of the Mau Mau Rebellion against British colonial rule.[47] For CPMK, the issues land[48], food, and freedom[49] have not been adequately addressed since independence[50], with many Kenyans continuing to suffer[51] from dispossession[52], hunger[53], and exploitation.[54] Dedan Kimathi was thus adopted as a symbol of CPMK's struggle[55] for completing Kenya’s liberation[56], particularly concerning land redistribution[57] and sovereignty.

Political Activities

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Since its formation, CPMK has engaged in various political activities aimed at raising awareness[58] about socialism and mobilising disillusioned Kenyans.[59] The party has organized demonstrations[60], published documents[61] and songs[32] outlining its ideology, and participated in international forums[62] advocating for socialism and anti-imperialism.[63]

One of the CPMK’s key mass organizations is its Revolutionary Youth Wing[4], which mobilises young people[64] around socialist causes, focusing on education, labour rights, and anti-imperialist struggles. The Revolutionary Women’s League is another significant structure within the party, addressing gender inequalities and advocating for women’s roles in the revolutionary process.[65]

Party publications

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The party publishes "Itikadi: Socialism, Theory, and Practice," its official magazine, which articulates the CPK's ideological perspective on various social, economic, political, and cultural issues.[66] The magazine aims to advance progressive and revolutionary ideals while challenging capitalist narratives[67].[68] During the 23rd International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties (IMCWP) in Ismir, Turkey, CPK joined SolidNet, a leftist editorial archive.[69] The aim was for the CPK to amplify its unyielding dedication to dismantling imperialist strongholds and solidify its role as a staunch defender of the majority against the minority.

Political activism

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CPK has been actively involved in various social and political movements, championing the rights of workers, peasants, and marginalised communities.[70] Vocal on issues such as land reform, anti-imperialism[71], corruption[72], and the struggle against neocolonialism[73], CPK maintains a distinctive voice in the Kenyan political landscape.[74]

Leadership

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Central Organising Commitee

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Curing the Party's Second National Congress in November, 2024, the CPMK delegates elected new leadership under its Central Organising Committee.[24] The leadership team was tasked with guiding the party's political and organizational direction which includes revitalizing party structures and enhancing grassroots engagement, ensuring that the voices of ordinary Kenyans are heard in the fight for socialism - while upholding Marxist-Leninist principles.[30]The leadership structure is as follows:

  • General Secretary: Booker Omole
  • National Chairperson: Mwaivu Kaluka
  • National Vice-Chairperson: Mitchelle Anyango
  • National Organizing Secretary: Kinuthia Ndung’u
  • National Treasurer: Wesley Wagumba
  • Secretary of Urban Mass Mobilization: Clinton Ouma Ojiambo
  • Secretary of Rural Organizing and Peasants’ Organizations: Leon Munala
  • Secretary of Ideology: Walter Nyaluogo
  • Secretary of International Affairs: Ashlyn Ajiambo
  • National Chairperson of Revolutionary Youth League (RYL): Armani Kibet
  • General Secretary of RYL: Kiritu Chege
  • Secretary of Propaganda: Kirowo George
  • Secretary of Women’s League: Winnie Obiero

In the restructured party leadership, Booker Omole,[31] previously the National Vice-Chairperson, was elected as the new General Secretary. Under his leadership, a Politburo[75] was formed, which will serve as the highest decision-making body between Central Organizing Committee meetings.

Booker Ngesa Omole's tenure as General Secretary has been characterized by his unwavering commitment to revolutionary tactics and international solidarity with leftist movements worldwide. Omole has been a vocal critic[76] of the Kenyan government and capitalist systems[77], particularly the administration of President William Ruto, which he has accused of perpetuating authoritarianism[78] [79], neoliberalism[80], and capitalist exploitation[81] of the working class.[82]

Politburo Composition

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The Politburo is tasked with ensuring that CPMK remains aligned with its revolutionary principles while advancing its objectives for a national democratic revolution.[75] The Politburo's responsibilities include strategic leadership, policy development, and ensuring ideological unity within the party.[83]

The members of the CPMK Politburo:

  • Walter Nyaluogo – Chair
  • Booker Ngesa Omole
  • Kaluka Mwaivu
  • George Kirowe
  • Armani Kibet
  • Kiritu Chege
  • Ashlyn Ajiambo

Challenges and achievements

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Achievements

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Despite challenges such as government suppression[27], internal divisions[15], and limited electoral success, the CPK has made significant contributions to the discourse[84] on social justice and socialism in Kenya.[85] The Communist Party of Kenya, with its rich history[54], ideological evolution, political engagement, and internal challenges, remains a distinctive force in the socio-political fabric of Kenya.[86] The ongoing commitment to socialist principles and active participation in global leftist movements[87] reinforce CPK's unique position in the Kenyan political landscape.[88][89]

Challenges

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Like many leftist movements, CPMK faces substantial challenges, including:

  • State Repression: The Kenyan government has historically suppressed leftist movements, often using legal measures such as arrests, intimidation, and harassment to stifle dissent.[90] Booker Omole’s 2024 arrest is just one example of the state's hostility toward CPMK and its members.[91] [92]
  • Limited Electoral Success: Given the dominance of mainstream political parties[93] and Kenya’s capitalist system[40], CPMK has struggled to gain significant electoral traction.[13] Its revolutionary approach and uncompromising stance on socialism often limit its appeal in Kenya’s political landscape.[86]
  • Internal Divisions: The ideological split[3] that led to the formation of CPMK highlights ongoing divisions within Kenya’s socialist movement. Maintaining unity within the party and preventing further fractures is a constant challenge for the leadership[12].
  • Marginalization in a Capitalist Society: Operating in a capitalist-dominated society presents a significant challenge for any communist party.[94] CPMK must navigate a political environment that is hostile to socialist ideals[95] and heavily influenced by neoliberal policies.[96]

Political participation

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The CPK has actively participated in national elections, strategically engaging in the democratic process. Despite criticism for participating in a system that is fully capitalistic[97], the party justifies its involvement as a means to actively engage with the masses[98], promote socialist ideas, and critique the existing capitalist system.[3]

This participation is perceived as a strategic manoeuvre to access crucial financial resources for the party's growth and organisational development. The party continues to unveil societal contradictions, encourage democratic participation, and work towards achieving political power. The ultimate goal is to achieve political power and establish a socialist state in Kenya.[38] While CPMK has largely focused on mass mobilization[99] and grassroots activities, it has not ruled out forming alliances or coalitions with other progressive forces in Kenya, particularly those that align with its socialist agenda.[30]

1992 and 1997 general elections

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Following its formation in 1992, the party did not nominate a presidential candidate and received only 177 votes in the National Assembly elections during the 1992 general elections.

The party experienced a notable moment during the 1997 general elections when Charity Ngilu was nominated as the presidential candidate. Ngilu finished 5th among the presidential candidates with 7.9% of the national votes, and the party won 15 seats in the National Assembly.

2002, 2007, 2013 , 2017 and 2022 elections

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The party's performance in subsequent elections, under James Orengo in the 2002 general elections and subsequent elections, was poor. Challenges with party recognition in national elections and fluctuations in performance in local elections[100] led to several decisions. The first was the decision by the youth wing and revolutionaries within the party to adopt socialist ideology in 2013 and the decision to ultimately change from SDP to CPK in 2019[9], fully embracing communism inside out. In 2022,[26] the central committee made a significant decision not to field a presidential candidate or support any coalition leaders in the 2022 presidential race. The party cited ideological conflict and declared both leading coalitions anti-people.[13]

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