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Coldwater River (British Columbia)

Coordinates: 50°06′52″N 120°48′15″W / 50.11444°N 120.80417°W / 50.11444; -120.80417
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Coldwater River
Ntstlatko
Coldwater River near Merritt, 2012
Coldwater River (British Columbia) is located in British Columbia
Coldwater River (British Columbia)
EtymologyShuswap for "cold water"
Location
CountryCanada
ProvinceBritish Columbia
Regional districtThompson–Nicola
Physical characteristics
SourceZupkios Peak
 • locationCascade Mountains
 • coordinates49°37′34″N 121°8′52″W / 49.62611°N 121.14778°W / 49.62611; -121.14778
 • elevation1,344 m (4,409 ft)[1]
MouthNicola River
 • location
Merritt, Nicola Valley
 • coordinates
50°06′52″N 120°48′15″W / 50.11444°N 120.80417°W / 50.11444; -120.80417
 • elevation
583 m (1,913 ft)[1]
Length94 km (58 mi)
Basin size915 km2 (353 sq mi)

The Coldwater River is in south central British Columbia, Canada.[2] The river is the largest tributary of the Nicola River, which is joined at Merritt.

Name origin

[edit]

Tsillatko (or alternative spellings), the Shuswap name for the river, translates to "cold water".[2][3] The earliest known documented use of the Coldwater River name is 1875.[4] G.M. Dawson's Southern Interior of B.C. map (1877) is the earliest map adopting this name.[5]

Course and environment

[edit]

From west of the Coquihalla Lakes[6] on the northeastern slopes of the North Cascades, the river flows northeastward, before entering the Nicola at Merritt.[7] The length is about 94 kilometres (58 mi) and channel width is 10 to 25 metres (33 to 82 ft).[8] Water temperature does not rise above 10 °C (50 °F) until early July, whereas in the Nicola, water exceeds that by early June.[9] The average gradient of the lower 90 kilometres (56 mi) is 0.6 per cent. The watershed area covers 915 square kilometres (226,000 acres).[10] Annual precipitation in the upper watershed is 1,000 millimetres (39 in) and at Merritt is 255 millimetres (10 in).[7]

The watershed is snow dominated with summer low flows occurring late August–September and late winter. Commercial and industrial land use, which is primarily in Merritt, impacts about 1.0 per cent on both banks of the river. Upstream, agricultural land use occupies 3.7 per cent of both banks. Rural land use occurs along about 11.2 per cent of the left bank, and 23 per cent of the right bank. Infrastructure accounts for about 3.2 per cent and 4.4 per cent of the left and right banks respectively, which is largely a result of the 24 bridges along the river.[11]

Along the cobble-bedded, irregularly meandering river, abandoned channels have created low-lying areas of wetland. Valley walls are primarily formed of till overlying bedrock.[12] The installation of revetments over the past century has restricted the meandering.[13] The river passes through two biogeoclimatic zones. In the upper reaches, it passes through the Interior Douglas Fir Zone. On entering the Coldwater Valley bottom, the region changes to the drier Ponderosa Pine/Bunch Grass Zone.[7] The route includes the Coldwater River Park (near Juliet)[10] and only one canyon (7-kilometre (4 mi) length, north of Brodie).[14]

Discharge

[edit]

Daily discharge tables for the Coldwater River at:
Brook Creek mouth for 1965–2022.[15]
Merritt for 1913–2022.[16]

Tributaries

[edit]

Mapped tributaries total 85.[7]

Major Tributaries
Creek Name   Upstreama   Flows        Length[8]        Width[8] Gradient[8]                         Comments                         Ref.
From To
Midday 25 km (16 mi) southwest 11.1 km (6.9 mi) 8 m
(26 ft)		 12 m
(39 ft)		       2.8% runs almost dry in Aug and Sep. [17]
Voght 35 km (22 mi) west 23.5 km (14.6 mi) 8 m
(26 ft)		 12 m
(39 ft)		       2.1% impassable waterfall at .85 km (0.53 mi) [17]
Brook 38 km (24 mi) west 19.2 km (11.9 mi) 2 m
(7 ft)		 8 m
(26 ft)		       5.3% possesses two distinct reaches. [17]
Bottletop 58 km (36 mi) southeast 4.0 km (2.5 mi) 1 m
(3 ft)		 4 m
(13 ft)		       3.0% impassable culvert at 125 m (410 ft) [18]
Juliet 61 km (38 mi) southeast 14.0 km (8.7 mi) 2 m
(7 ft)		 6 m
(20 ft)		       3.9% one of the largest tributaries. [18]
July 61 km (38 mi) southeast 8.5 km (5.3 mi) 1 m
(3 ft)		 4 m
(13 ft)		       7.5% flows into Juliet [18]
Mine 67 km (42 mi) east 7.0 km (4.3 mi) 1 m
(3 ft)		 2 m
(7 ft)		       7.4% impassable waterfalls from 2 km (1.2 mi) [18]
Godey 4 km (2 mi) northwest 5.6 km (3.5 mi)       7.1% [18]
Kwinshatin 12 km (7 mi) northwest 3.1 km (1.9 mi)       3.8% [18]
Castillon 18 km (11 mi) northwest 4.5 km (2.8 mi)     11.5% [19]
Salem 25 km (16 mi) west 5.0 km (3.1 mi) 1 m
(3 ft)		 2 m
(7 ft)		     14.8% [19]
Gillis 32 km (20 mi) east 4.0 km (2.5 mi) 1 m
(3 ft)		 2 m
(7 ft)		       8.5% flows from Gillis Lake. [19]
Kingsvale 33 km (21 mi) east 6.5 km (4.0 mi) 1 m
(3 ft)		 2 m
(7 ft)		     12.3% [19]
Fig Lake 35 km (22 mi) northeast 3.4 km (2.1 mi) 1 m
(3 ft)		 2 m
(7 ft)		       9.4% flows from Fig Lake. [19]
Shouz 36 km (22 mi) west 3.6 km (2.2 mi) 1 m
(3 ft)		 2 m
(7 ft)		       8.3% [19]
LIttle Douglas 79 km (49 mi) north 2.8 km (1.7 mi) 1 m
(3 ft)		 2 m
(7 ft)		       4.3% flows from Little Douglas Lake. [20]

^a . Distance upstream from the mouth of the Coldwater River.

Fish species

[edit]
Main Species
Distribution Ideal Conditions Immigrate Spawn Develop Migrate Ref.
Coho
salmon		 principally upstream of Midday Creek low velocity sidechannels, backchannels, and ponds mid-Sep–early Dec Oct–Dec full year May–Jun [21]
Chinook salmon throughout Coldwater system low velocity backwaters May–Jul Jul–Sep full year May–Jul [22]
Steelhead lower Coldwater (below KIngsvale) high velocity with course cobble/boulder substrate Apr–Jun May–Jun 2–3 years May–Jun [23]
Bull trout upstream of Midday Creek Aug–Sep [24]
Mountain whitefish throughout Coldwater system [24]
Bridgelip sucker lower reaches of the Coldwater system [24]
Longnose dace lower reaches of the Coldwater system [24]
Prickly sculpin throughout Coldwater system [24]

Other species include Pacific lamprey, river lamprey, and Western brook lamprey.[25]

First Nations

[edit]

Nlaka'pamux First Nations have inhabited the Coldwater valley at least since the early 1800s.[26] The main reserve of the Coldwater Band is Coldwater 1. Paul's Basin IR 2 is southwest of IR 1 and Gwen Lake 3 is on Gwen Lake, which feeds Kwinshatin Creek.[27][28]

Roads and trails

[edit]

In 1848 and 1849, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) tried a new Kamloops–Yale trail, which was ultimately rejected as overly arduous and hazardous. This Hudson's Bay Brigade Trail was via Nicola Lake, the Coldwater River, the mountains, Chapmans, and the Fraser River.[29]

Developed during 1872–1876, a 2-metre (6 ft) wide upgraded cattle trail, which connected Hope and Merritt via the Coquihalla Pass, was destroyed in the 1910s by the Kettle Valley Railway (KV) construction.[30]

In 1910, a new wagon road was built along the Voght Valley,[31] which included the corresponding part along the east shore of the Coldwater from Merritt.[32]

By 1931, a minor road headed westward to Brookmere.[33]

By 1956, the road along the east shore had been extended to Brookmere.[34]

In 1960, Trans Mountain Pipeline bought the Brodie–Jessica right-of-way.[35] and built a private road north from Portia largely upon the former rail bed.[30] In summer 1963, a passenger vehicle convoy made a promotional public use of the Brookmere–Portia route, which comprised the private pipeline road and logging roads.[36] The tenth such annual excursion in 1973 appears to have been the last.[37] By the mid-1970s, the public use of this road was increasing.[38] Consequently, petitioning for the long promised highway intensified.[39]

In May 1985, a tanker spilled about 500 litres (110 imp gal; 132 US gal) of diesel fuel, which flowed into the river. The respective Coquihalla Highway contractor was later acquitted on a charge of negligence.[40] By that summer, the public could use the highway while earthmovers developed the grade.[41] Opened in May 1986, the highway parallels the river for almost 39 kilometres (24 mi). Construction required six bridges and three river diversions. The lower reaches of Juliet and Mine creeks were also impacted. The Ministry of Transportation and Highways installed several compensating river channels for spawning.[42]

Pipelines

[edit]

In 1953, the Trans Mountain Oil Pipe Line was installed along the river.[43] In 1955, a pipeline easement through the reserve was granted to Trans-Mountain Oil Pipeline Ltd.[26]

The Westcoast Pipeline, which carries natural gas, was completed through the Coldwater and Coquihalla valleys in 1957 and expanded in 1979.[44]

In April 1971, a washout left 61 metres (200 ft) of pipeline suspended. On fracturing, the pipe leaked crude oil, which was contained behind a quickly prepared earth dam. During repairs, the greater part of the 950,000 litres; 250,000 US gallons (210,000 imp gal) of released oil entered the dam, but none reached the river.[45] Over the decades, the pipeline companies modified extensive sections of the Coldwater River to protect the buried pipe from river scour.[46]

The Trans Mountain Expansion Project route was revised in 2021 when the Coldwater Band claimed that the original proposal might potentially damage the reserve aquifer. The change added about 4 kilometres (2 mi), necessitated two crossings of the Coldwater River where none were needed before, and raised further concerns about the local environmental impact.[47] By February 2024, the project was almost complete along the river between Merritt and the Coquihalla Summit.[48]

Flooding

[edit]

During May–June 1948, the rising river at the Collettsville Bridge flooded residences.[49]

In February 1962, a blockage from broken ice caused the river to flood basements.[50]

In late December 1980, the largest recorded floods to that time changed the river channel morphology, which prompted revisions of the draft study examining the expected impact upon the river of the proposed Coquihalla Highway.[51] The flooding caused extensive damage to roads and bridges and the loss of farmland.[52]

The river flooded parts of Merritt due to very high water in 1995[53] and an ice jam in 2005.[54]

During the 2021 Pacific Northwest floods, the river damaged the Merritt wastewater treatment plant, about 600 residences, and several commercial properties. The entire community of 7,100 residents had to be evacuated.[55] Upstream, workers were able to save the highway bridge at Brodie by dumping rock to protect an abutment.[56] Along a 30-kilometre (19 mi) stretch south of Merritt, the 14 exposed sections of the existing oil pipeline cost tens of millions of dollars to repair[57] and route revisions were required for the expansion project where river channels had altered.[58]

Former railway trackage

[edit]

The KV, a Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) subsidiary, operated standard gauge trackage, which followed the Coldwater River (via the Brodie junction) and the Coquihalla River through the North Cascades.

CP Train Timetables (Regular stop or Flag stop)
Mile 1916 1919 1929 1932 1935 1939 1943 1948 1954 1959
[59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [59] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68]
Coquihalla 126.1 Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. 0a Reg. Both Flag Flag
Juliet 118.1 Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag
Brodie 112.4 Reg. Flag Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Flag Flag Flag
Brookmere 108.3 Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg.

^a . Routing via Spences Bridge.


CP Train Timetables (Regular stop or Flag stop)
Mile 1915 1915 1916 1919 1929 1932 1935 1939 1943 1948 1954 1957 1960
[59] [69] [70][71] [60] [72] [73] [74] [59] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80]
Brookmere 69.2 Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg.
Mons Jctn. 65.1 Reg.
Brodie 65.1 Reg. Reg. Flag Flag Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Flag
Kingsvale 57.7 Reg. Reg. Flag Both Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag
Glenwalker 49.2 Reg. Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag
Merritt 39.8 Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg. Reg.


KV infrastructure and incidents for Merritt–Kingsvale
Mile
a		 Place Passenger Service Station Building Section House Section
Crew		 Storage Capacity Engine
House		 Track Ref.
Type Built Closed Comments Built Comments From To Water
Tank		 Coal
Chute		 Passing Other
 2.0 In 1920, the locomotive, 12 loaded cars, and the caboose, of a northbound log train derailed. [81]
49.2 Glenwalkerd Aug 1915
to
Oct 1957		 None N/A N/A N/A c.1913.c Removed by 1963. Jun 1915 May 1962 None None None Aug 1915 to
Apr 1965.
Length 611 metres (2,006 ft)		 [82]
51.5 Patchett Rd crossing. The Patchetts were early settlers. [83]
51.6 Pine Oct 1920
to
Sep 1926		 None N/A N/A N/A None N/A N/A N/A None None None None Nicola Pine Mills.e [83]
53.5 Thirteen Milef Sep 1917
to
May 1926		 None N/A N/A N/A None N/A N/A N/A None None None None [84]
53.9 Peterson Rd crossing. [84]
57.6 Overpass of Voight Creek and Coldwater Rd: 46-metre (150 ft) timber frame trestle. Replaced by 20-metre (65 ft) steel deck plate girder span likely in 1941. Removed in spring 1999. [85]

^a . Mileages are 1931–1961, measured from the Spences Bridge Station building.[86]
^b . Unless specified otherwise, infrastructure detail is c.1931.
^c . Section house erected southeast side of main line.
^d . E.G. Walker was the owner of a nearby ranch.[87].
^e . Nicola Pine Mills operated a logging railway 1920–c.1926, which crossed the river south of Midday Creek, before going northwestward along the creek about 10 kilometres (6 mi). Logs were loaded onto the KV at Pine.
^f . Thirteen miles was likely the approximate pack trail or wagon road distance from Merritt.


KV infrastructure and incidents for Kingsvale–Brodie
Mile
a		 Place Passenger Service Station Building Section House Section
Crew		 Storage Capacity Engine
House		 Track Ref.
Type Built Closed Comments Built Comments From To Water
Tank		 Coal
Chute		 Passing Other
57.6 Kingsvaled Aug 1915
to
Oct 1957		 Original unknown c.1913 just south of the water tank (latter at present Gills Rd junction).c Jul 1990 Replaced with small freight/passenger shelter by late 1950s. Removed in 1970s. c.1913 just south of the station.c Sold and moved away from track to be a private residence. Burned down in 1999. Jun 1915 late 1960s 45,000 litres; 12,000 US gallons (10,000 imp gal). Replaced by 91,000-litre; 24,000-US-gallon (20,000 imp gal) enclosed tank at unknown date.c Deactivated winter 1953–54. Removed. None None Aug 1915 to
Jul 1990.
Length 457 metres (1,500 ft).		 [88]
57.6 In Aug 1911, the southeastward advance of the KV rail head from the Merritt Station reached this point. [87]
64.5 In 1930, when a striking a boulder derailed a westbound locomotive and two loaded coal cars, the locomotive slid down an embankment and the fireman died. [89]

^a . Mileages are 1931–1961, measured from the Spences Bridge Station building.[86]
^b . Unless specified otherwise, infrastructure detail is c.1931.
^c . Station, section house, and water tank, erected west side of main line.
^d . Delbert (Dell) King was a local rancher,[87] who owned the surrounding land, but his aspirations for a major settlement never transpired.[90]


KV infrastructure and incidents for Brodie–Juliet
Mile
a		 Place Passenger Service Station Building Section House Section
Crew		 Storage Capacity Engine
House		 Track Ref.
Type Built Closed Comments Built Comments From To Water
Tank		 Coal
Chute		 Passing Other
4.3 Brodied Jul 1916
to
Oct 1961		 None N/A N/A N/A c.1913.c Removed after 1967. Jun 1915 May 1962 None None None Jul 1916 to
Apr 1953.
Length 378 metres (1,240 ft)		 wyee [91]
4.3 In mid-Sep 1911, the southeastward advance of the KV rail head from the Merritt Station reached this point. [87]
4.3 In late Aug 1913, the southwestward advance of the KV rail head began from this point. [92]
4.3 Coldwater River: 30-metre (100 ft) east–west Howe truss with pile trestle approaches, which were filled 1925. Replaced by 33-metre (108 ft) steel deck lattice truss in 1931. Removed in 2000. [93]
4.3 Coldwater River: 30-metre (100 ft) north–south Howe truss. Replaced by 30-metre (100 ft) steel through plate girder span in 1932. Removed following Nov 2021 floods. [94]
[95]
4.3 In Oct 1913, five loaded dump cars broke loose and ran down the grade toward Merritt. The engineer of an ascending locomotive engaged reverse and gained sufficient speed for the dump cars to gently contact and be brought under control. [96]
4.3 In Jun 1927, a falling tree killed two men unloading rock from a work train. [97]
4.4 In Mar 1930, when a westbound freight train hit a rockslide, the locomotive derailed and the fireman died.
In the early 1980s, the Highway 5 construction obliterated the railway right-of-way from the station to here, before reappearing west of the highway.		 [98]

^a . Mileages are 1940–1961, measured from the Brookmere Station building.[99]
^b . Unless specified otherwise, infrastructure detail is c.1931.
^c . Section house erected on the north side of the river, inside the loop.
^d . Called Mons Junction prior to summer 1915 rename.
^e . Tails of wye: north to Merritt, south to Coquihalla, and east to Brookmere. Used mainly for turning locomotives, but also provided direct access for trains diverted via Merritt.[98]


KV infrastructure and incidents for Juliet–Coquihalla
Mile
a		 Place Passenger Service Station Building Section House Section
Crew		 Storage Capacity Engine
House		 Track Ref.
Type Built Closed Comments Built Comments From To Water
Tank		 Coal
Chute		 Passing Other
 9.8 Juliet Jul 1916
to
Nov 1959		 None N/A N/A N/A winter 1914–15.c Removed after 1961. 1916 Dec 1959 91,000-litre; 24,000-US-gallon (20,000 imp gal) enclosed tank.c Deactivated in 1954. None None Jul 1916 to
Jul 1961.
Length 611 metres (2,006 ft).d		 [100]
In the early 1980s, the Highway 5 construction obliterated the railway right-of-way through the station, before reappearing east of the highway. [101]
10.2 Juliet Creek: 32-metre (106 ft) steel through plate girder span, which now provides road access to Coldwater River Provincial Park.
Immediately north of Exit 228, the bridge is now part of Coquihalla Lakes Road, which largely follows the right-of-way to Mile 19.6		 [100]
The Coquihalla–Romeo table of the Coquihalla railway link is the adjacent segment.

^a . Mileages are 1940–1961, measured from the Brookmere Station building.[99]
^b . Unless specified otherwise, infrastructure detail is c.1931.
^c . Section house and water tank erected southeast side of main line.
^d . During the mid-1920s, a log flume descended to the passing track.

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Elevation derived from ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model, using GeoLocator, and BCGNIS coordinates
  2. ^ a b "Coldwater River (river)". BC Geographical Names.
  3. ^ Dawson, George Mercer (1891). "Notes on the Shuswap people of British Columbia". library.ubc.ca. p. 43.
  4. ^ Commissioner of Lands and Works annual report, 1875. library.ubc.ca (Report). p. 37 (453).
  5. ^ "G.M. Dawson's Southern Interior of B.C. map". azurewebsites.net. 1877.
  6. ^ "Merritt Herald". arch.tnrl.ca. 7 Nov 1984. p. A11.
  7. ^ a b c d Borrett Engineering 1998, p. 72 (2).
  8. ^ a b c d Borrett Engineering 1998, p. 74 (4).
  9. ^ McPhail 1980, p. 15 of Chapter 3.
  10. ^ a b Borrett Engineering 1998, p. 84 (14).
  11. ^ Ecoscape Environmental Consultants (Mar 2021). Coldwater River, Sensitive Habitat Inventory and Mapping and Aquatic Habitat Index (PDF). www.fraserbasin.bc.ca (Report). p. 5 (iii).
  12. ^ McPhail 1980, p. 69 of Chapter 2.
  13. ^ McPhail 1980, p. 77 of Chapter 2.
  14. ^ Borrett Engineering 1998, p. 86 (16).
  15. ^ "Daily Discharge Data for Coldwater River Near Brookmere". wateroffice.ec.gc.ca. 1965.
    to "Daily Discharge Data for Coldwater River Near Brookmere". wateroffice.ec.gc.ca. 2022.
  16. ^ "Daily Discharge Data for Coldwater River At Merritt". wateroffice.ec.gc.ca. 1913.
    to "Daily Discharge Data for Coldwater River At Merritt". wateroffice.ec.gc.ca. 2022.
  17. ^ a b c Borrett Engineering 1998, p. 80 (10).
  18. ^ a b c d e f Borrett Engineering 1998, p. 81 (11).
  19. ^ a b c d e f Borrett Engineering 1998, p. 82 (12).
  20. ^ Borrett Engineering 1998, p. 83 (13).
  21. ^ Borrett Engineering 1998, pp. 88–91 (18–21).
  22. ^ Borrett Engineering 1998, pp. 91–93 (21–23).
  23. ^ Borrett Engineering 1998, pp. 93–95 (23–25).
  24. ^ a b c d e Borrett Engineering 1998, p. 97 (27).
  25. ^ Borrett Engineering 1998, p. 88 (18).
  26. ^ a b Coldwater Band 2015, p. 4.
  27. ^ Coldwater Band 2015, p. 3.
  28. ^ "Coldwater Indian Band, Reserve Lands". www.coldwaterband.com.
  29. ^ Hatfield, H.R. (1969). "Okanagan Historical Society: When Commerce Went a Horseback". library.ubc.ca: 70 (68).
    Pfyffer, Robert L. (1987). "Okanagan Historical Society: Trails". library.ubc.ca: 95 (93).
    Anderson, Nancy Marguerite (2012). "A.C. Anderson, Pathfinder: Trails". library.ubc.ca: 69 (67).
  30. ^ a b Carving the Western Path. 1998 , p. 147, at Google Books
  31. ^ "Merritt Herald". arch.tnrl.ca. 14 Oct 1910. p. A1.
  32. ^ "Rand McNally BC map". www.davidrumsey.com. 1925.
  33. ^ "Official motorist's guide of British Columbia". library.ubc.ca. 1931. p. 49.
  34. ^ "Shell BC map". www.davidrumsey.com. 1956.
  35. ^ Smuin 2003, p. 3-6.
  36. ^ "Kamloops Daily Sentinel". arch.tnrl.ca. 9 Jul 1963. p. A3.
  37. ^ "Merritt Herald". arch.tnrl.ca. 29 Aug 1973. p. A1.
  38. ^ "Merritt Herald". arch.tnrl.ca. 6 Oct 1976. p. A10.
  39. ^ "Merritt Herald". arch.tnrl.ca. 10 Oct 1984. p. A5.
  40. ^ "Merritt Herald". arch.tnrl.ca. 4 Jun 1986. p. A20.
  41. ^ "Merritt Herald". arch.tnrl.ca. 7 Aug 1985. p. A9.
  42. ^ Borrett Engineering 1998, p. 100 (30).
  43. ^ "Kamloops Sentinel". arch.tnrl.ca. 16 Oct 1953. p. A1.
  44. ^ "Hope Standard". www.hopestandard.com. 24 Dec 2011.
  45. ^ "Kamloops Daily Sentinel". arch.tnrl.ca. 29 Apr 1971. p. A1.
  46. ^ McPhail 1980, p. 14 of Chapter 3.
  47. ^ "Merritt Herald". www.merrittherald.com. 10 Aug 2021.
  48. ^ "Q101 News". q101.ca. 29 Feb 2024.
  49. ^ "Merritt Herald". arch.tnrl.ca. 4 Jun 1948. p. A1.
  50. ^ "Kamloops Daily Sentinel". arch.tnrl.ca. 5 Feb 1962. p. A2.
  51. ^ McPhail 1980, p. 3 of Chapter 1.
  52. ^ "Merritt Herald". arch.tnrl.ca. 6 May 1981. p. A5.
  53. ^ "Merritt Herald". arch.tnrl.ca. 6 Dec 1995. pp. A1–A2.
  54. ^ "Kamloops Daily News". arch.tnrl.ca. 20 Jan 2005. p. A1.
  55. ^ Wong, Brittney (2023). Enhancing Post-Disaster Waste Management and Debris Removal: A Case Study of the 2021 Atmospheric River Event in the City of Merritt, BC. library.ubc.ca (MA). p. 18 (8).
  56. ^ "Info News". infotel.ca. 24 Dec 2021.
  57. ^ "Energy Mix". www.theenergymix.com. 17 Dec 2021.
  58. ^ "Globe & Mail". www.theglobeandmail.com. 14 Dec 2021.
  59. ^ a b c d "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 28 Apr 1935. p. 13 (TT 70).
  60. ^ a b "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 5 Sep 1916. p. 160 (TT132).
  61. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 30 Nov 1919. p. 184 (TT125).
  62. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 1929. p. 31 (TT122).
  63. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 25 Sep 1932. p. 469 (TT151).
  64. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 5 Feb 1939. p. 126 (TT151).
  65. ^ "Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. 27 Jun 1943. p. 46 (TT151).
  66. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 5 Dec 1948. p. 45 (TT151).
  67. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 25 Apr 1954. p. 43 (TT121).
  68. ^ "Timetable". pre.timetableworld.com. 25 Oct 1959. p. 43 (TT121).
  69. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 27 Jun 1915. p. 137 (TT124.5).
  70. ^ Timetable 29 Aug 1915
  71. ^ Smuin 2003, p. inside cover.
  72. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 30 Nov 1919. p. 184 (TT124).
  73. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 1929. p. 31 (TT123).
  74. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 25 Sep 1932. p. 470 (TT154).
  75. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 5 Feb 1939. p. 127 (TT154).
  76. ^ "Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. 27 Jun 1943. p. 47 (TT154).
  77. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 5 Dec 1948. p. 45 (TT154).
  78. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 25 Apr 1954. p. 45 (TT131).
  79. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 28 Apr 1957. p. 44 (TT131).
  80. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 30 Oct 1960. p. 25 (TT40).
  81. ^ "Merritt Herald". arch.tnrl.ca. 16 Apr 1920. p. A1.
  82. ^ Smuin 2003, p. 6-11.
  83. ^ a b Smuin 2003, p. 6-10.
  84. ^ a b Smuin 2003, p. 6-9.
  85. ^ Smuin 2003, pp. 6-8–6-9.
  86. ^ a b Smuin 2003, p. 6-5.
  87. ^ a b c d Sanford 2002, p. 136.
  88. ^ Smuin 2003, p. 6-8.
  89. ^ "Merritt Herald". arch.tnrl.ca. 4 Apr 1930. pp. A3–A4.
  90. ^ "BC Postal History Research: Kingsvale" (PDF). bnaps.org. 20 (1): 5 (291). Mar 2011.
  91. ^ Smuin 2003, pp. 3-11–6-6.
  92. ^ Smuin 2003, p. 3-11.
  93. ^ Smuin 2003, pp. 3-11–3-12.
  94. ^ Smuin 2003, p. 6-7.
  95. ^ "Brodie Station – Plans and Details". kettlevalleymodelrailway.blogspot.com. 19 March 2017.
  96. ^ Sanford 2002, p. 171.
  97. ^ "Merritt Herald". arch.tnrl.ca. 10 Jun 1927. p. A1.
  98. ^ a b Smuin 2003, p. 3-12.
  99. ^ a b Smuin 2003, p. 3-7.
  100. ^ a b Smuin 2003, pp. 3-12–3-13.
  101. ^ Smuin 2003, p. 3-13.

References

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