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Ørsta

Coordinates: 62°12′01″N 06°07′56″E / 62.20028°N 6.13222°E / 62.20028; 6.13222
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(Redirected from Coat of arms of Ørsta)
This article is about the municipality in Sunnmøre, Norway. For the village in this municipality, see Ørsta (village).
Ørsta Municipality
Ørsta kommune
Municipality
Ørsten herred  (historic name)
View of the urban areas of Ørsta
View of the urban areas of Ørsta
Flag of Ørsta Municipality
Flag
Coat of arms of Ørsta Municipality
Coat of arms
Møre og Romsdal within Norway
Møre og Romsdal within Norway
Ørsta within Møre og Romsdal
Ørsta within Møre og Romsdal
Coordinates: 62°12′01″N 06°07′56″E / 62.20028°N 6.13222°E / 62.20028; 6.13222
CountryNorway
CountyMøre og Romsdal
DistrictSunnmøre
Established1 Aug 1883
 • Preceded byVolda Municipality
Administrative centreØrsta
Government
 • Mayor (2023)Per Are Sørheim (H)
Area
 • Total
661.61 km2 (255.45 sq mi)
 • Land649.64 km2 (250.83 sq mi)
 • Water11.94 km2 (4.61 sq mi)  1.8%
 • Rank#171 in Norway
Population
 (2023)
 • Total
10,929
 • Rank#106 in Norway
 • Density16.8/km2 (44/sq mi)
 • Change (10 years)
Increase +4.5%
DemonymØrsting[1]
Official language
[2]
 • Norwegian formNynorsk
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-1520[3]
WebsiteOfficial website
Data from Statistics Norway

Ørstaⓘ is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is part of the Sunnmøre region of Western Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Ørsta. Other villages in the municipality include Hovdebygda, Flåskjer, Liadal, Urke, Barstadvik, Åmdalen, Follestaddalen, Nordre Vartdal, Vartdal, Sæbø, Sætre, Store-Standal, and Ytre Standal.

The 662-square-kilometre (256 sq mi) municipality is the 171st largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Ørsta is the 106th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 10,929. The municipality's population density is 16.8 inhabitants per square kilometre (44/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.5% over the previous 10-year period.[4][5]

General information

[edit]
Ørsta seen from Vallahornet
downtown Ørsta

The municipality of Ørsta was established on 1 August 1883 when it was separated from Volda Municipality. The initial population was 2,070. On 1 January 1893, the Ytrestølen farm (population: 13) was transferred from Ørsta to Volda. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the municipality of Ørsta (population: 6,209) was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Hjørundfjord (population: 1,728) and Vartdal (population: 1,315) to form a new, larger municipality of Ørsta.[6] On 1 January 2020, the Bjørke and Leira areas of Ørsta were transferred to the neighboring Volda Municipality.[7]

Name

[edit]

The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the Ørstafjorden (Old Norse: Œrstr). The meaning of the fjord name is uncertain, but it may come from the word ǿrr which means "raging" or "mad" (possibly referring to the water in the fjord).[8] Historically, the name of the municipality was spelled Ørsten. On 3 November 1917, a royal resolution changed the spelling of the name of the municipality to Ørsta.[9]

Coat of arms

[edit]

The coat of arms was granted on 13 July 1984. The official blazon is "Azure, three fusils in fess argent" (Norwegian: I blått tre sølv spisruter). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is a set of three fusils lined up horizontally. The charge has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The three diamonds represent the mountains reflecting in the waters of the fjord. The arms were designed by Gudmund Nesset. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms.[10][11]

Museums

[edit]

The Brudavoll Farm, part of the Sunnmøre Museum Foundation, is located about 5 km (3.1 mi) from the village of Ørsta.[12]

Churches

[edit]

The Church of Norway has three parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Ørsta. It is part of the Søre Sunnmøre prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre.[13]

Churches in Ørsta
Parish (sokn) Church name Location of the church Year built
Ørsta Ørsta Church Ørsta 1864
Vartdal Vartdal Church Nordre Vartdal 1876
Hjørundfjord Hjørundfjord Church Sæbø 1880

Geography

[edit]
Mountains in Ørsta
A stabbur from Ørsta (ca. 1600) in the Sunnmøre-Museum in Ålesund

Of the total area, 48% (386 square kilometres or 149 square miles) of the municipality is at an altitude of 600 metres (2,000 ft) or more above sea level.

Apart from the mountains, Ørsta's dominant geographical feature is fjords: Storfjorden in the north, Vartdalsfjorden, Ørstafjorden in the west, and Hjørundfjorden in the east. Only in the south is it connected by land to neighbouring Volda Municipality. Otherwise, it borders the municipalities of Sula in the north, Hareid and Ulstein (by sea only) in the west, Sykkylven to the northeast, and Stranda to the southeast.

The municipality is also the heartland of the Sunnmørsalpene mountains, a particularly rugged and wild area of mountains in the southern part of Møre og Romsdal county. Prolific peaks include Slogen at 1,564 metres (5,131 ft), Skårasalen at 1,542 metres (5,059 ft), Kolåstinden at 1,432 metres (4,698 ft), Ramoen at 1,419 metres (4,656 ft), Saudehornet at 1,303 metres (4,275 ft), and Romedalstinden at 1,295 metres (4,249 ft).

Economy

[edit]

Important sectors are mechanical industry and furniture manufacturing, agriculture, commercial fishing, and aquaculture. The first two are predominant in the village of Ørsta while agriculture dominates in adjacent valleys like the Follestaddalen, Åmdalen, and Bondalen valleys. On the other hand, the northern part of the municipality has strong maritime traditions, with Vartdal being the home of one of the largest factory trawler fleets in Norway.

Government

[edit]

Ørsta Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.[14] The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Møre og Romsdal District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

[edit]

The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Ørsta is made up of 33 representatives that are elected to four-year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party.

Ørsta kommunestyre 2023–2027 [15]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 5
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 10
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 6
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
Total number of members:33
Ørsta kommunestyre 2019–2023 [16]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 4
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 5
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet Dei Grøne) 1
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 16
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
Total number of members:33
Ørsta kommunestyre 2015–2019 [17]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 5
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 5
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet Dei Grøne) 1
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 8
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:33
Ørsta kommunestyre 2011–2015 [18]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 7
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 6
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 8
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:33
Ørsta kommunestyre 2007–2011 [17]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 7
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 10
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 7
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:33
Ørsta kommunestyre 2003–2007 [17]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 6
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 8
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 8
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:33
Ørsta kommunestyre 1999–2003 [17]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 8
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 4
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 6
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 9
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:39
Ørsta kommunestyre 1995–1999 [19]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 7
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 4
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 4
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 6
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 13
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:39
Ørsta kommunestyre 1991–1995 [20]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 7
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 2
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 4
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 8
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 11
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
 Cross-party list for Ørsta (Tverrpolitisk liste for Ørsta)1
Total number of members:39
Ørsta kommunestyre 1987–1991 [21]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 8
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 3
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 6
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 8
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
 Cross-party list for Hjørundfjord
 (Tverrpolitisk liste for Hjørundfjord)		2
Total number of members:39
Ørsta kommunestyre 1983–1987 [22]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 8
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 1
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 8
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 7
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
 Cross-party election list for Ørsta
 (Tverrpolitisk valliste for Ørsta)		3
 Cross-party election list for Hjørundfjord
 (Tverrpolitisk valliste for Hjørundfjord)		2
Total number of members:39
Ørsta kommunestyre 1979–1983 [23]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 7
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 6
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 8
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 8
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
 Cross-party election list for Ørsta
 (Tverrpolitisk valliste for Ørsta)		2
 Cross-party list for Hjørundfjord
 (Tverrpolitisk liste for Hjørundfjord)		3
Total number of members:39
Ørsta kommunestyre 1975–1979 [24]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 6
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 9
  New People's Party (Nye Folkepartiet) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 10
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
 Cross-party Nature and Environment List
 (Tverrpolitisk Natur- og Miljøvernliste)		1
 Cross-party list for Hjørundfjord
 (Tverrpolitisk liste for Hjørundfjord)		3
Total number of members:39
Ørsta kommunestyre 1971–1975 [25]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 8
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 8
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 13
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 6
Total number of members:39
Ørsta kommunestyre 1967–1971 [26]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 8
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 8
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 10
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 7
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 1
Total number of members:39
Ørsta kommunestyre 1963–1967 [27]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 9
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 9
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 9
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 9
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 1
Total number of members:39
Ørsta heradsstyre 1959–1963 [28]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 6
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 2
Total number of members:25
Ørsta heradsstyre 1955–1959 [29]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 1
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 6
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 5
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 5
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 3
Total number of members:25
Ørsta heradsstyre 1951–1955 [30]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 5
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 5
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 5
Total number of members:20
Ørsta heradsstyre 1947–1951 [31]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 5
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 15
Total number of members:20
Ørsta heradsstyre 1945–1947 [32]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 6
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 14
Total number of members:20
Ørsta heradsstyre 1937–1941* [33]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 4
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 16
Total number of members:20
Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.

Mayors

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The mayors (Nynorsk: ordførar) of Ørsta:[34]

  • 1883–1885: Hans A. Velle
  • 1886–1893: Sivert Nossen
  • 1894–1901: Jon I. Skare
  • 1902–1910: Lars A. Rebbestad
  • 1911–1916: Peder A. Moe
  • 1917–1934: Laurits N. Myklebust
  • 1935–1941: Otto N. Øye
  • 1941–1945: Hans Brungot
  • 1945–1945: Otto N. Øye
  • 1946–1951: Peter Kjeldseth Moe (Ap)
  • 1952–1955: Martin B. Moe (V)
  • 1956–1959: Ragnar Unhjem (KrF)
  • 1960–1967: Pål Sandvik (V)
  • 1968–1973: Jakob E. Øye (Sp)
  • 1974–1979: Karsten Standal (Sp)
  • 1980–1983: Oddmund Breiteig (Ap)
  • 1984–1991: Sigbjørn Kvistad (KrF)
  • 1992–2003: Nils Taklo (Sp)
  • 2003–2007: Hans Olav Myklebust (FrP)
  • 2007–2011: Gudny Fagerhol (Ap)
  • 2011–2015: Rune Hovde (H)
  • 2015-2023: Stein Aam (Sp)
  • 2023-present: Per Are Sørheim (H)[35]

Transportation

[edit]

These include Ørsta–Volda Airport, Hovden (Hovdebygda), which is the regional airport for people living in the municipalities Ørsta, Volda, Vanylven, Sande, Ulstein, Hareid, and Herøy, and European Route E39 which transects the municipality in a north–south direction. Ørsta is linked to Sula and Sykkylven by ferry on its northernmost extreme Festøy. It is also linked to Ulstein Municipality by the Eiksund Tunnel, an undersea tunnel that opened on 23 February 2008 that is, currently, the world's deepest at 287 metres (942 ft) below the sea surface.

Notable people

[edit]
Torgeir Standal, 2013
Main category: People from Ørsta

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
  2. ^ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  3. ^ Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). "Kommunenummer". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget.
  4. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå. "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian).
  5. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå. "09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)" (in Norwegian).
  6. ^ Jukvam, Dag (1999). Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845.
  7. ^ "Vedtar grensejustering mellom Ørsta og nye Volda kommuner" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  8. ^ Rygh, Oluf (1908). Norske gaardnavne: Romsdals amt (in Norwegian) (13 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. p. 86.
  9. ^ "Norsk Lovtidende. 2den Afdeling. 1917. Samling af Love, Resolutioner m.m". Norsk Lovtidend (in Norwegian). Kristiania, Norge: Grøndahl og Søns Boktrykkeri: 1057–1065. 1917.
  10. ^ "Civic heraldry of Norway - Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  11. ^ "Ørsta kommune, våpen". Digitalarkivet.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  12. ^ "Brudavolltunet". Fjord Norway. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  13. ^ "Kyrkjelydane i Ørsta" (in Norwegian). Den Norske Kyrkja. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  14. ^ Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  15. ^ "Kommunestyrevalg 2023 - Møre og Romsdal". Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  16. ^ "Kommunestyrevalg 2019 – Møre og Romsdal". Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  17. ^ a b c d "Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway.
  18. ^ "Kommunestyrevalg 2011 – Møre og Romsdal". Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  19. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1995" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  20. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1991" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  21. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1987" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1988. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  22. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1983" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  23. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1979" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1979. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  24. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1975" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1977. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  25. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1972" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1973. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  26. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1967" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  27. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1963" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  28. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  29. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  30. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  31. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  32. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  33. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  34. ^ Grøvik, Ivar (1983). Ørsta gjennom 100 år 1883–1983 (in Norwegian). Ørsta kommune. pp. 17 and 131.
  35. ^ "Høgreordførar i Ørsta". NRK (in Norwegian). 12 September 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  36. ^ Gosse, Edmund William (1911). "Aasen, Ivar" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). pp. 4–5.
  37. ^ Marit Velle Kile at IMDb. Retrieved 06 December 2020.
[edit]
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