Jump to content

Climate of London

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

London, United Kingdom
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
59
 
 
8
3
 
 
45
 
 
9
3
 
 
39
 
 
12
4
 
 
42
 
 
15
6
 
 
46
 
 
18
9
 
 
47
 
 
22
12
 
 
46
 
 
24
14
 
 
53
 
 
23
14
 
 
50
 
 
20
12
 
 
65
 
 
16
9
 
 
67
 
 
11
5
 
 
57
 
 
9
3
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.3
 
 
47
37
 
 
1.8
 
 
48
37
 
 
1.5
 
 
53
39
 
 
1.7
 
 
59
43
 
 
1.8
 
 
65
48
 
 
1.9
 
 
71
54
 
 
1.8
 
 
75
58
 
 
2.1
 
 
74
57
 
 
2
 
 
68
53
 
 
2.6
 
 
60
48
 
 
2.6
 
 
53
41
 
 
2.2
 
 
48
38
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
London on a snowy day in 2018

According to the Köppen Climate Classification, London has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb).[1] This type of climate features cool winters with frequent cloudy skies and rain showers (and on occasion snow), and mild summers. Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed all year round.

London has a long history of meteorological observations, with precipitation records beginning as early as January 1697 at Kew Gardens.[2] Irregular observations were made at multiple locations in the ensuing years. An observing station has been located at Greenwich since 1841, giving London its longest continuous reliable temperature series.[3] Other stations include Heathrow, beginning in 1948,[4] Hampstead, beginning in 1910,[5] Northolt, beginning in 1948,[6] and St James's Park, beginning in 1910.[7]

The highest temperature ever observed in London is 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) [8] recorded at both Heathrow Airport and St James's Park on 19 July 2022 and the lowest is −17.4 °C (0.7 °F) at Northolt on 13 December 1981.[9] The lowest daily maximum temperature is −8.3 °C (17.1 °F) occurring on 3 occasions: 8 January 1841, 4 January 1867 and 12 January 1987.[10] The highest daily minimum temperature recorded is 25.8 °C (78.4 °F), recorded in Kenley on 19 July 2022.[11] In addition to this, London holds multiple national records, including the record maximum for the months of February, April, May and June.[12]

The city can sometimes experience extremes. Snowfall is an infrequent occurrence in winter, falling on an average of 16 days per year, though infrequently heavy.[13] Thunderstorms are a similarly occurring feature, occurring on average up to 16 days per year.[14] London rarely experiences tornadoes, although an F2 struck Kensal Green on 7 December 2006. Severe weather and extremes in temperature are uncommon.

London is vulnerable to climate change in the United Kingdom, and there is increasing concern among hydrological experts that London households may run out of water before 2050.[15]

Classifications

[edit]
London Climate according to major climate systems
Climatic scheme Initials Description
Köppen system[16][17] Cfb Oceanic climate[a]
Trewartha system[18][19] Do Temperate oceanic climate
Alisov system[20] — Temperate climate[b]
Strahler system[21] — Marine west-coast
Thornthwaite system[22]
C2 B'1
 Moist subhumid and mesothermal
Neef system[23][24] — West side/maritime climate

Climate data tables

[edit]

London Weather Centre

[edit]
Climate data for London Weather Centre, 2001-2009 seminormals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.5
(47.3) 		8.9
(48.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		15.7
(60.3) 		18.5
(65.3) 		22.4
(72.3) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		20.8
(69.4) 		16.1
(61.0) 		11.9
(53.4) 		8.6
(47.5) 		15.8
(60.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.0
(41.0) 		4.7
(40.5) 		5.8
(42.4) 		8.2
(46.8) 		10.9
(51.6) 		14.1
(57.4) 		15.5
(59.9) 		15.5
(59.9) 		13.7
(56.7) 		10.9
(51.6) 		8.0
(46.4) 		5.4
(41.7) 		9.8
(49.7)
Source 1: Weather Online[25]
Source 2: Tutiempo[26]

St James's Park - Weather Station near the centre of London

[edit]
Climate data for St James's Park
WMO ID: 03770; coordinates 51°30′18″N 0°07′52″W / 51.50489°N 0.13099°W / 51.50489; -0.13099 (Met St James's Park); elevation: 5 m (16 ft); extremes 1912–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.3
(61.3) 		19.7
(67.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		29.1
(84.4) 		31.7
(89.1) 		34.6
(94.3) 		40.2
(104.4) 		36.1
(97.0) 		32.5
(90.5) 		29.1
(84.4) 		20.6
(69.1) 		16.9
(62.4) 		40.2
(104.4)
Record low °C (°F) −9.4
(15.1) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		3.3
(37.9) 		7.2
(45.0) 		4.4
(39.9) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−10.0
(14.0)
Source: Starlings Roost Weather[27][28]

Heathrow - Airport Weather Station in the suburbs of West London

[edit]
Climate data for Heathrow Airport
WMO ID: 03772; coordinates 51°28′45″N 0°27′02″W / 51.47921°N 0.45057°W / 51.47921; -0.45057 (Met Office LHR); elevation: 25 m (82 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.0
(60.8) 		20.1
(68.2) 		23.8
(74.8) 		28.5
(83.3) 		31.8
(89.2) 		34.8
(94.6) 		40.2
(104.4) 		37.9
(100.2) 		33.0
(91.4) 		28.8
(83.8) 		18.6
(65.5) 		16.6
(61.9) 		40.2
(104.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.4
(47.1) 		9.0
(48.2) 		11.7
(53.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		18.4
(65.1) 		21.6
(70.9) 		23.9
(75.0) 		23.4
(74.1) 		20.2
(68.4) 		15.8
(60.4) 		11.5
(52.7) 		8.8
(47.8) 		15.7
(60.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.6
(42.1) 		5.8
(42.4) 		7.9
(46.2) 		10.5
(50.9) 		13.7
(56.7) 		16.8
(62.2) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.7
(65.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		12.3
(54.1) 		8.4
(47.1) 		5.9
(42.6) 		11.7
(53.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		2.7
(36.9) 		4.1
(39.4) 		6.0
(42.8) 		9.1
(48.4) 		12.0
(53.6) 		14.2
(57.6) 		14.1
(57.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		8.8
(47.8) 		5.3
(41.5) 		3.1
(37.6) 		7.8
(46.0)
Record low °C (°F) −24
(−11) 		−13.6
(7.5) 		−8.1
(17.4) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		1.5
(34.7) 		5.6
(42.1) 		5.9
(42.6) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−17.8
(0.0) 		−24
(−11)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 58.8
(2.31) 		45.0
(1.77) 		38.8
(1.53) 		42.3
(1.67) 		45.9
(1.81) 		47.3
(1.86) 		45.8
(1.80) 		52.8
(2.08) 		49.6
(1.95) 		65.1
(2.56) 		66.6
(2.62) 		57.1
(2.25) 		615.0
(24.21)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.5 9.5 8.5 8.8 8.0 8.3 7.9 8.4 7.9 10.8 11.2 10.8 111.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.1 78.8 124.5 176.7 207.5 208.4 217.8 202.1 157.1 115.2 70.7 55.0 1,674.8
Source 1: Met Office [29]
Source 2: KNMI [30][31]

Kew Gardens - Weather Station in South West London on the banks of the River Thames

[edit]
Climate data for Kew Gardens
WMO ID: 99095; coordinates 51°28′55″N 0°17′40″W / 51.48186°N 0.29435°W / 51.48186; -0.29435 (Kew Gardens); elevation: 6 m (20 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.5
(61.7) 		21.2
(70.2) 		24.5
(76.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		30.3
(86.5) 		34.6
(94.3) 		40.1
(104.2) 		38.1
(100.6) 		33.2
(91.8) 		29.2
(84.6) 		19.4
(66.9) 		16.8
(62.2) 		40.1
(104.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5) 		9.2
(48.6) 		11.9
(53.4) 		15.1
(59.2) 		18.4
(65.1) 		21.4
(70.5) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.4
(74.1) 		20.3
(68.5) 		16.0
(60.8) 		11.6
(52.9) 		8.9
(48.0) 		15.7
(60.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.3
(41.5) 		5.6
(42.1) 		7.7
(45.9) 		10.1
(50.2) 		13.3
(55.9) 		16.2
(61.2) 		18.5
(65.3) 		18.2
(64.8) 		15.4
(59.7) 		11.9
(53.4) 		8.0
(46.4) 		5.6
(42.1) 		11.3
(52.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.0
(35.6) 		2.0
(35.6) 		3.5
(38.3) 		5.1
(41.2) 		8.2
(46.8) 		11.0
(51.8) 		13.2
(55.8) 		13.0
(55.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		7.8
(46.0) 		4.3
(39.7) 		2.3
(36.1) 		6.9
(44.4)
Record low °C (°F) −12.6
(9.3) 		−11.8
(10.8) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		1.5
(34.7) 		5.3
(41.5) 		4.3
(39.7) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−12.6
(9.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 59.9
(2.36) 		45.4
(1.79) 		39.0
(1.54) 		43.6
(1.72) 		44.6
(1.76) 		49.7
(1.96) 		45.2
(1.78) 		55.1
(2.17) 		51.9
(2.04) 		67.9
(2.67) 		66.0
(2.60) 		59.2
(2.33) 		627.5
(24.70)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.8 9.9 8.9 8.6 8.3 8.5 7.6 8.4 8.4 10.9 11.3 11.2 113.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 60.2 80.7 128.0 181.0 213.4 209.8 221.9 206.5 152.0 117.4 69.7 52.7 1,693.2
Source 1: Met Office [32]
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather[33][34]


Hampstead - Weather Station in North London

[edit]

The weather station enclosure is the most elevated of any in the London area, and as a result daytime temperatures are typically one degree lower than Heathrow, Kew, Northolt and Greenwich.

Climate data for Hampstead
WMO ID: 99139; coordinates 51°33′38″N 0°10′48″W / 51.56052°N 0.17995°W / 51.56052; -0.17995 (Hampstead Met Station); elevation: 137 m (449 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1910–2016
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.7
(60.3) 		18.3
(64.9) 		22.8
(73.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		33.7
(92.7) 		34.4
(93.9) 		37.4
(99.3) 		33.9
(93.0) 		28.9
(84.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		37.4
(99.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5) 		8.1
(46.6) 		10.9
(51.6) 		14.1
(57.4) 		17.3
(63.1) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.3
(72.1) 		19.1
(66.4) 		14.8
(58.6) 		10.6
(51.1) 		7.8
(46.0) 		14.7
(58.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.9
(40.8) 		5.2
(41.4) 		7.3
(45.1) 		9.8
(49.6) 		12.8
(55.0) 		15.8
(60.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.8
(64.0) 		15.1
(59.2) 		11.6
(52.9) 		7.8
(46.0) 		5.3
(41.5) 		10.9
(51.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1) 		2.3
(36.1) 		3.7
(38.7) 		5.5
(41.9) 		8.3
(46.9) 		11.2
(52.2) 		13.3
(55.9) 		13.4
(56.1) 		11.1
(52.0) 		8.3
(46.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		2.7
(36.9) 		7.3
(45.1)
Record low °C (°F) −12.2
(10.0) 		−12.8
(9.0) 		−8.9
(16.0) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		1.7
(35.1) 		4.2
(39.6) 		4.5
(40.1) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		−12.8
(9.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 69.5
(2.74) 		51.4
(2.02) 		42.8
(1.69) 		49.6
(1.95) 		50.5
(1.99) 		58.5
(2.30) 		50.5
(1.99) 		67.7
(2.67) 		59.1
(2.33) 		78.6
(3.09) 		75.7
(2.98) 		68.3
(2.69) 		722.1
(28.43)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.1 10.7 9.1 9.1 8.5 8.7 8.4 9.3 9.0 11.0 11.9 11.9 119.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 60.0 76.1 114.2 155.2 199.2 193.7 199.8 188.3 145.5 106.3 67.2 54.0 1,559.4
Source 1: Met Office[35]
Source 2: KNMI [36] Starlings Roost Weather[37][38]


Northolt - Airfield Weather Station in the North West of London

[edit]

Temperature extremes range from 37.7 °C (99.9 °F) in August 2003, down to −16.1 °C (3.0 °F) in January 1962.

Climate data for RAF Northolt
WMO ID: 03672; coordinates 51°32′55″N 0°25′01″W / 51.54870°N 0.41689°W / 51.54870; -0.41689 (Northolt Station); elevation: 40 m (131 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.2
(61.2) 		20.8
(69.4) 		24.1
(75.4) 		28.9
(84.0) 		30.6
(87.1) 		35.0
(95.0) 		40.0
(104.0) 		37.7
(99.9) 		32.7
(90.9) 		29.0
(84.2) 		18.8
(65.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		40.0
(104.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.2
(46.8) 		8.8
(47.8) 		11.6
(52.9) 		14.8
(58.6) 		18.1
(64.6) 		21.2
(70.2) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.1
(73.6) 		20.0
(68.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		11.3
(52.3) 		8.6
(47.5) 		15.4
(59.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.1
(41.2) 		5.4
(41.7) 		7.6
(45.7) 		10.0
(50.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.2
(61.2) 		18.4
(65.1) 		18.1
(64.6) 		15.3
(59.5) 		11.8
(53.2) 		7.9
(46.2) 		5.5
(41.9) 		11.2
(52.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.0
(35.6) 		2.0
(35.6) 		3.5
(38.3) 		5.2
(41.4) 		8.3
(46.9) 		11.3
(52.3) 		13.4
(56.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		10.6
(51.1) 		7.9
(46.2) 		4.5
(40.1) 		2.3
(36.1) 		7.0
(44.6)
Record low °C (°F) −16.1
(3.0) 		−13.9
(7.0) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		0.0
(32.0) 		4.4
(39.9) 		3.0
(37.4) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−17.4
(0.7) 		−17.4
(0.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 62.9
(2.48) 		49.1
(1.93) 		42.4
(1.67) 		45.6
(1.80) 		51.8
(2.04) 		50.2
(1.98) 		48.6
(1.91) 		56.6
(2.23) 		51.4
(2.02) 		70.2
(2.76) 		71.4
(2.81) 		63.1
(2.48) 		663.3
(26.11)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.6 10.1 9.1 9.4 8.6 8.6 8.1 9.4 8.5 10.7 11.6 11.3 117.0
Source 1: Met Office [39]
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather[40][41]


Greenwich - Weather Station in South East London near the river Thames

[edit]
Climate data for Greenwich Park, elevation: 47 m (154 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–2004
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.8
(62.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		23.3
(73.9) 		25.3
(77.5) 		29.0
(84.2) 		34.5
(94.1) 		35.3
(95.5) 		37.5
(99.5) 		30.2
(86.4) 		26.1
(79.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		37.5
(99.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.5
(47.3) 		9.2
(48.6) 		12.1
(53.8) 		15.4
(59.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		21.4
(70.5) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.3
(73.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		15.8
(60.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		8.9
(48.0) 		15.8
(60.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.9
(42.6) 		6.2
(43.2) 		8.4
(47.1) 		10.7
(51.3) 		13.8
(56.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.7
(65.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		12.4
(54.3) 		8.8
(47.8) 		6.3
(43.3) 		11.9
(53.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1) 		3.2
(37.8) 		4.7
(40.5) 		6.0
(42.8) 		9.1
(48.4) 		12.0
(53.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		14.1
(57.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		9.0
(48.2) 		6.1
(43.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.1
(46.6)
Record low °C (°F) −12.7
(9.1) 		−9.4
(15.1) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		1.1
(34.0) 		5.0
(41.0) 		5.3
(41.5) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−12.7
(9.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 43.9
(1.73) 		39.9
(1.57) 		36.5
(1.44) 		38.6
(1.52) 		44.0
(1.73) 		49.3
(1.94) 		36.3
(1.43) 		53.0
(2.09) 		52.4
(2.06) 		58.3
(2.30) 		59.9
(2.36) 		50.7
(2.00) 		562.9
(22.16)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 10.5 9.2 7.9 8.1 7.9 7.8 7.1 8.2 7.9 10.3 10.6 10.2 105.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 44.4 66.1 109.7 152.9 198.7 198.6 209.2 198.0 140.6 99.7 58.5 50.1 1,526.4
Source 1: Met Office[42][43][44]
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather[45][46]

Average UV index

[edit]
Ultraviolet index[47]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
1 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3.4

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Also called marine west coast.
  2. ^ Mid-latitude temperate maritime climate

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Peel, M.C.; Finlayson, B.L. "World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification". The University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  2. ^ "Monthly precipitation totals KEW GARDENS 1697- 1987". Wetterzentrale.de. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  3. ^ "Temperaturmonatsmittel GREENWICH/MARITIME M 1841- 1960". Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  4. ^ "Heathrow". CEDA Archive. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  5. ^ "Hampstead". CEDA Archive. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  6. ^ "Northolt". CEDA Archive. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  7. ^ "St James's park". CEDA Archive. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  8. ^ @metoffice (19 July 2022). "Here are the highest temperatures across the country today 👇 At least 34 sites have exceeded the UK's previous na…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  9. ^ "1962". Trevor Harley. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  10. ^ "British weather in January". Trevor Harley. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  11. ^ "Last night was hottest ever recorded with temperatures staying above 25°C". metro.co.uk. 19 July 2022. Archived from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  12. ^ "UK climate extremes". Met Office. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  13. ^ "Yearly Snowfall Averages for the United Kingdom". Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  14. ^ "Thunderstorms" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  15. ^ Saphora Smith (16 May 2022). "London could run out of water in 25 years as cities worldwide face rising risk of drought, report warns". The Independent. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022. London already receives about half the amount of rain that falls in New York City, and climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of droughts in the region
  16. ^ Joint Research Centre (European Commission), University of Milano (5 January 2017). Modelling inclusion, testing and benchmarking of the impacts of ozone pollution on crop yields at regional level. EU Publications. doi:10.2788/68501. ISBN 9789279649455. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019 – via publications.europa.eu.
  17. ^ "London, England Köppen Climate Classification". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  18. ^ "GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL ZONING FOR THE GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2000". www.fao.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  19. ^ "Trewartha maps". kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  20. ^ Cmapm, Kliimavöötmed svg: Urmasderivative work (16 June 2011), Русский: Климатические пояса Земли по Б. П. Алисову., archived from the original on 8 December 2020, retrieved 1 July 2019
  21. ^ "World Strahler Climate Map". Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  22. ^ Feddema, Johannes J. (January 2005). "A Revised Thornthwaite-Type Global Climate Classification". Physical Geography. 26 (6): 442–466. doi:10.2747/0272-3646.26.6.442. ISSN 0272-3646. S2CID 128745497.
  23. ^ "Klimaklassifikation". www.spektrum.de (in German). Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  24. ^ "Klimazonen nach E. Neef (1989)". Klett-Perthes. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  25. ^ "London Weather Centre analysis". Weather Online. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  26. ^ "climate: Climate London Weather Centre". Tutiempo. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  27. ^ "Monthly Extreme Maximum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  28. ^ "Monthly Extreme Minimum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  29. ^ "London Heathrow Airport". Met Office. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  30. ^ "Heathrow Airport Extreme Values". KNMI. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  31. ^ "Heathrow 1981–2010 mean maximum and minimum values". KNMI. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  32. ^ "Kew 1991–2020 averages". Met Office. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  33. ^ "Monthly Extreme Maximum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  34. ^ "Monthly Extreme Minimum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  35. ^ "Hampstead 1991–2020 averages". Met Office. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  36. ^ "Indices data - Hampstead 1859". KNMI. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  37. ^ "Monthly Extreme Maximum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  38. ^ "Monthly Extreme Minimum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  39. ^ "Northolt 1991–2020 averages". Met Office. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  40. ^ "Monthly Extreme Maximum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  41. ^ "Monthly Extreme Minimum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  42. ^ "Greenwich 1991–2020 averages". Met Office. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  43. ^ "Hot Spell - August 2003". Met Office. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  44. ^ "Record Breaking Heat and Sunshine - July 2006". Met Office. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  45. ^ "Monthly Extreme Maximum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  46. ^ "Monthly Extreme Minimum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  47. ^ Average UV index London, United Kingdom Archived 30 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine – weather-atlas.com
[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_London&oldid=1254267994"