Clarence H. Mullins
Clarence H. Mullins | |
|---|---|
| Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama | |
| In office May 31, 1953 – June 30, 1957 | |
| Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama | |
| In office 1948–1953 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Seybourn Harris Lynne |
| Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama | |
| In office April 16, 1943 – May 31, 1953 | |
| Appointed by | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Preceded by | Seat established by 56 Stat. 1092 |
| Succeeded by | Harlan Hobart Grooms |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Clarence H. Mullins March 16, 1895 Clanton, Alabama |
| Died | June 30, 1957 (aged 62) Mountain Brook, Alabama |
| Education | University of Alabama School of Law (LL.B.) |
Clarence H. Mullins (March 16, 1895 – June 30, 1957) was an American jurist from the state of Alabama. He served as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama from 1943 until his death in 1957. He was the Chief Judge of the District court from 1948 until he assumed senior status in 1953 as a result of disability. Mullins was notable for his rulings in the 1940s in favor of desegregation, especially in housing discrimination.
Education and career
[edit]Mullins was born in Clanton, Alabama on March 6, 1895. He received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Alabama School of Law in 1914 and went into private practice in Birmingham, Alabama. He became assistant city attorney of Birmingham and was county attorney of Jefferson County, Alabama until 1943.[1] As an attorney, he once represented New York Yankees player Ben Chapman in his divorce.[2]
Federal judicial service
[edit]On March 19, 1943, Mullins was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama created by 56 Stat. 1092. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 7, 1943, and received his commission on April 16, 1943. In 1948, he was named to the newly created position of Chief Judge for the court.[1]
In 1946, he issued rulings in two cases involving housing discrimination, the first in Birmingham and the second in Tarrant, Alabama. In both cases, Mullins ruled that discrimination in residential zoning was unconstitutional.[3][4][5]
In 1947, Samuel Matthews, a Birmingham resident sued the city after he had built a home inside an area that was zoned for blacks. He applied for an occupancy permit, which was denied by the city. Civil rights attorney Arthur Shores argued Matthews v. City of Birmingham before Mullins who ruled that the occupancy permit must be issued to Matthews.[4][6] This, however, consisted of relief just in the case and did not overturn all of the ordinances.[7] Before he could move in, Samuel Matthews' home was bombed and destroyed.[8]
In 1949, in response to these rulings, Bull Connor, the public safety director of Birmingham, changed the ordinances mandating segregated housing with new codes that made it a misdemeanor for whites to live in black neighborhoods and backs to live in white neighborhoods.[8] Later that year, Mullins struck down the ordinances permanently in Monk v. City of Birmingham. Mary Means Monk, a black resident who had acquired land in a "white area", applied for a building permit to construct a home. She was denied one by the building inspector and enlisted Shores, who was joined by Thurgood Marshall, to file suit. The City hired Horace C. Wilkinson, a member of the Ku Klux Klan, to defend it in court.[9] In December 1949, Mullins ruled that racial zoning laws were unconstitutional and overturned those ordinances.[4] Wilkinson and the city appealed the ruling and, in 1951, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed Mullins' ruling.[10] Judge Wayne G. Borah wrote the majority opinion, while the dissent was written by Robert Lee Russell, the younger brother of segregationist U.S. Senator Richard Russell Jr.[4] Wilkinson appealed to the Supreme Court, which denied certiorari[11] The rulings set off a wave of bombings of black homes, including those of Samuel Matthews and Mary Monk, during a period when the city acquired the nickname of "Bombingham".[12][4][6]
In May 1950, Judge Mullins ruled that the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad and Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, the labor union representing railroad firemen and engineers, could not discriminate against black firemen and had to assign them positions to which they were entitled based on seniority.[13]
On May 31, 1953, Judge Mullins became ill and assumed senior status due to a certified disability. Mullins served in that capacity until his death on June 30, 1957, in Mountain Brook, Alabama.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Clarence H. Mullins at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
- ^ "I Love Her Says Chapman; Yank's Wife Sobs". Daily News from New York. 1933-11-08.
- ^ J. Mills Thornton (2002). Dividing Lines Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery, Birmingham, and Selma. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817311704.
- ^ a b c d e Christopher Waldrep (2009). African Americans Confront Lynching. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9780742552739.
- ^ "Court Rules Negroes May Live In Residence Area". Gazette and Daily. 1946-10-17.
- ^ a b Stephen Grant Meyer (2001). As Long as They Don't Move Next Door. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780847697014.
- ^ "National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form, The Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama, 1933-1979" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 2004-04-22. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
- ^ a b Helen Shores Lee; Barbara Sylvia Shores (2012-08-28). The Gentle Giant of Dynamite Hill. Zondervan. ISBN 9780310336235.
- ^ Glenn Eskew (1997). "But for Birmingham: The Local and National Movements in the Civil Rights". University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807846674.
- ^ "City of Birmingham et al. v. Monk et al, 185 F.2d 859 (5th Cir. 1951)". Justia. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
- ^ United States Reports: Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court, Volume 341. United States Supreme Court. 1951. p. 940. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
- ^ "Horrific years of 'Bombingham' captured in vintage photos". AL.com. 2016-06-26.
- ^ "Railroad, Union Guilty". New York Times. 1950-05-04.
Sources
[edit]- Clarence H. Mullins at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
- 1895 births
- 1957 deaths
- People from Clanton, Alabama
- Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama
- United States district court judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt
- 20th-century American judges
- University of Alabama School of Law alumni
- People from Jefferson County, Alabama
- Lawyers from Birmingham, Alabama