Clara Schumann

Clara Schumann
1839 lithograph
Born	Clara Josephine Wieck (1819-09-13)13 September 1819 Leipzig, Kingdom of Saxony, German Confederation
Died	20 May 1896(1896-05-20) (aged 76) Frankfurt, German Empire
Occupations	Pianist Composer Piano teacher
Organization	Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium
Spouse	Robert Schumann ​ ​ (m. 1840; died 1856)​
Children	8, including Eugenie
Parents	Friedrich Wieck (father) Mariane Bargiel (mother)
Signature

Clara Josephine Schumann (German: [ˈklaːʁa ˈʃuːman]; née Wieck; 13 September 1819 – 20 May 1896) was a German pianist, composer, and piano teacher. Regarded as one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era, she exerted her influence over the course of a 61-year concert career, changing the format and repertoire of the piano recital by lessening the importance of purely virtuosic works. She also composed solo piano pieces, a piano concerto (her Op. 7), chamber music, choral pieces, and songs.

She grew up in Leipzig, where both her father Friedrich Wieck and her mother Mariane were pianists and piano teachers. In addition, her mother was a singer. Clara was a child prodigy, and was trained by her father. She began touring at age eleven, and was successful in Paris and Vienna, among other cities. She married the composer Robert Schumann, on 12 September 1840, and the couple had eight children. Together, they encouraged Johannes Brahms and maintained a close relationship with him. She gave the public premieres of many works by her husband and by Brahms.

After Robert Schumann's early death, she continued her concert tours in Europe for decades, frequently with the violinist Joseph Joachim and other chamber musicians. Beginning in 1878, she was an influential piano educator at Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium in Frankfurt, where she attracted international students. She edited the publication of her husband's work. Schumann died in Frankfurt, but was buried in Bonn beside her husband.

Several films have focused on Schumann's life, the earliest being Träumerei (Dreaming) of 1944. A 2008 film, Geliebte Clara (Beloved Clara), was directed by Helma Sanders-Brahms. An image of Clara Schumann from an 1835 lithograph by Andreas Staub was featured on the 100 Deutsche Mark banknote from 1989 to 2002. Interest in her compositions began to revive in the late 20th century, and her 2019 bicentenary prompted new books and exhibitions.

Life

Early life

Family

Clara Josephine Wieck [ˈklaːʀa ˈjoːzɛfiːn ˈviːk] was born in Leipzig on 13 September 1819 to Friedrich Wieck and his wife Mariane (née Tromlitz). Her mother was a famous singer in Leipzig who performed weekly piano and soprano solos at the Gewandhaus. Clara's parents had irreconcilable differences, in part due to her father's unyielding nature. Prompted by an affair between her mother and Adolph Bargiel, her father's friend, the Wiecks were divorced in 1825, with Mariane later marrying Bargiel. Five-year-old Clara remained with her father while Mariane and Bargiel eventually moved to Berlin, limiting contact between Clara and her mother to written letters and occasional visits.

Child prodigy

From an early age, Clara's father planned her career and life down to the smallest detail. She started receiving basic piano instruction from her mother at the age of four. After her mother moved out, she began taking daily one-hour lessons from her father. They included subjects such as piano, violin, singing, theory, harmony, composition, and counterpoint. She then had to practice for two hours every day. Her father followed the methods in his own book, Wiecks pianistische Erziehung zum schönen Anschlag und zum singenden Ton ("Wieck's Piano Education for a Delicate Touch and a Singing Sound.") Her musical studies came largely at the expense of her broader general education, although she still studied religion and languages under her father's control of the family.

Clara Wieck, from an 1835 lithograph

Clara Wieck made her official debut on 28 October 1828 at the Gewandhaus in Leipzig, at age nine. The same year, she performed at the Leipzig home of Ernst Carus, director of the mental hospital at Colditz Castle. There, she met another gifted young pianist who had been invited to the musical evening, Robert Schumann, who was nine years older. Schumann admired Clara's playing so much that he asked permission from his mother to stop studying law, which had never interested him much, and take music lessons with Clara's father. While taking lessons, he rented a room in the Wieck household and stayed about a year.

From September 1831 to April 1832, Clara toured Paris and other European cities, accompanied by her father. In Weimar, she performed a bravura piece by Henri Herz for Goethe, who presented her with a medal with his portrait and a written note saying: "For the gifted artist Clara Wieck". During that tour, the violinist Niccolò Paganini, who was also in Paris, offered to appear with her. Her Paris recital was poorly attended because many people had fled the city due to an outbreak of cholera. The tour marked her transition from a child prodigy to a young woman performer.

Success in Vienna

From December 1837 to April 1838, at the age of 18, Wieck performed a series of recitals in Vienna. Franz Grillparzer, Austria's leading dramatic poet, wrote a poem entitled "Clara Wieck and Beethoven" after hearing her perform Beethoven's Appassionata sonata during one of these recitals. She performed to sell-out crowds and laudatory critical reviews; Benedict Randhartinger, a friend of Franz Schubert, gave her an autographed copy of Schubert's Erlkönig, inscribing it "To the celebrated artist, Clara Wieck." Chopin described her playing to Franz Liszt, who came to hear one of Wieck's concerts and subsequently praised her extravagantly in a letter that was published in the Parisian Revue et Gazette Musicale and later, in translation, in the Leipzig journal Neue Zeitschrift für Musik. On 15 March, she was named a Königliche und Kaiserliche Österreichische Kammer-virtuosin ("Royal and Imperial Austrian Chamber Virtuoso"), Austria's highest musical honor.

An anonymous music critic, describing her Vienna recitals, said: "The appearance of this artist can be regarded as epoch-making... In her creative hands, the most ordinary passage, the most routine motive acquires a significant meaning, a colour, which only those with the most consummate artistry can give."

Lasting relationships

Robert Schumann

Schönefeld church, where the Schumanns married on 12 September 1840

Robert Schumann was a little more than nine years older than Wieck. In 1837, when she was 18, he proposed to her and she accepted. Robert then asked her father for her hand in marriage. Friedrich was strongly opposed to the marriage, and refused his permission. Robert and Clara decided to go to court and sue him. The judge allowed the marriage, which took place in Schönefeld church on 12 September 1840, the day before Clara's 21st birthday, when she attained majority status. From then on, the couple maintained a joint musical and personal diary of their life together.

In February 1854, Robert Schumann had a mental collapse, attempted suicide, and was admitted, at his request, to a sanatorium in the village of Endenich near Bonn, where he stayed for the last two years of his life. In March 1854, Brahms, Joachim, Albert Dietrich, and Julius Otto Grimm spent time with Clara Schumann, playing music for her and with her to divert her mind from the tragedy. Brahms composed some private piano pieces for her to console her: four piano pieces and a set of variations on a theme by Robert Schumann that she had also written variations on a year earlier, as her Op. 20. The music by Brahms was not intended to be published, but for her alone. Brahms later thought to publish them anonymously, but eventually they were issued as his four Ballades, Op. 10, and Variations on a Theme by Robert Schumann, Op. 9. Brahms dedicated the variations to both Schumanns, hoping that Robert would be released soon and rejoined with his family.

For the entire two years of Robert Schumann's stay at the institution, his wife was not permitted to visit him, while Brahms visited him regularly. When it was apparent that Robert was near death, she was finally admitted to see him. He appeared to recognize her, but could only speak a few words. Robert Schumann died two days later, on 29 July 1856.

Joseph Joachim

The Schumanns first met violinist Joseph Joachim in November 1844, when he was 14 years old. A year later, Clara Schumann wrote in her diary that in a concert on 11 November 1845, "little Joachim was very much liked. He played a new violin concerto by Felix Mendelssohn, which is said to be wonderful." In May 1853, they heard Joachim play the solo part in Beethoven's Violin Concerto. She wrote that he played "with a finish, a depth of poetic feeling, his whole soul in every note, so ideally, that I have never heard violin-playing like it, and I can truly say that I have never received so indelible an impression from any virtuoso." A lasting friendship developed between Clara and Joseph, which for more than forty years never failed her in things great or small, never wavered in its loyalty.

Over her career, Schumann gave over 238 concerts with Joachim in Germany and Britain, more than with any other artist. The two were particularly noted for their playing of Beethoven's violin sonatas.

Johannes Brahms

Schumann in 1853

In early 1853, the then-unknown 20-year-old Johannes Brahms met Joachim and made a very favorable impression. Brahms received from him a letter of introduction to Robert Schumann, and thus presented himself at the Schumanns' home in Düsseldorf. Brahms played some of his piano solo compositions for the Schumanns, and they were deeply impressed. Robert published an article highly lauding Brahms, and Clara wrote in the diary that Brahms "seemed as if sent straight from God".

During Robert Schumann's last years, confined to an asylum, Brahms was a strong presence for the Schumann family. His letters indicate his strong feelings for Clara. Their relationship has been interpreted as somewhere between friendship and love, and Brahms always maintained the utmost respect for her, as a woman and a talented musician.

Brahms played his First Symphony for her before its premiere. She gave some advice about the Adagio, which he took to heart. She expressed her appreciation of the Symphony as a whole, but mentioned her dissatisfaction with the endings of the third and fourth movements. She was the first to perform many of his works in public, including the Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel, a solo piano work written by Brahms in 1861.

Concert tours

Clara Schumann first toured England in April 1856, while her husband was still living but unable to travel. She was invited to play in a London Philharmonic Society concert by conductor William Sterndale Bennett, a good friend of Robert's. She was displeased with the little time spent on rehearsals: "They call it a rehearsal here if a piece is played through once." She wrote that musical "artists" in England "allow themselves to be treated as inferiors." She was happy, though, to hear the cellist Alfredo Piatti play with "a tone, a bravura, a certainty, such as I never heard before". In May 1856, she played Robert Schumann's Piano Concerto in A minor with the New Philharmonic Society conducted by Dr Wylde, who as she said had "led a dreadful rehearsal" and "could not grasp the rhythm of the last movement". Still, she returned to London the following year and continued to perform in Britain for the next 15 years.

Joseph Joachim and Schumann, after a lost 1854 drawing by Adolph Menzel

In October–November 1857, Schumann and Joachim went on a recital tour to Dresden and Leipzig. St. James's Hall in London, which opened in 1858, hosted a series of "Popular Concerts" of chamber music. Joachim visited London annually beginning in 1866. Schumann also spent many years in London participating in the Popular Concerts with Joachim and the celebrated Italian cellist Carlo Alfredo Piatti. Second violinist Louis Ries (nephew of composer Ferdinand Ries) and violist J. B. Zerbini usually played on the same concert programs. George Bernard Shaw, the leading playwright and also a music critic, wrote that the Popular Concerts helped greatly to spread and enlighten musical taste in England.

In January 1867, Schumann toured Edinburgh and Glasgow, Scotland, along with Joachim, Piatti, Ries, and Zerbini. Two sisters, Louisa and Susanna Pyne, singers and managers of an opera company in England, and a man named Saunders, made all the arrangements. She was accompanied by her oldest daughter Marie, who wrote from Manchester to her friend Rosalie Leser that in Edinburgh the pianist "was received with tempestuous applause and had to give an encore, so had Joachim. Piatti, too, is always tremendously liked." Marie also wrote: "For the longer journeys we had a saloon [car], comfortably furnished with arm-chairs and sofas... the journey ... was very comfortable." On this occasion, the musicians were not "treated as inferiors".

Later life

Concerts

Schumann still performed actively in the 1870s and 1880s. She performed extensively and regularly throughout Germany during these decades, and had engagements in Austria, Hungary, Belgium, Holland, and Switzerland. When in Basel, Switzerland, she often stayed with the Von der Mühll family. She continued her annual winter-spring concert tours of England, giving 16 of them between 1865 and 1888, often with violinist Joachim.

She took a break from concert performances, beginning in January 1874, cancelling her usual England tour due to an arm injury. In July, she consulted a doctor, who having massaged the arm, advised her to practice for only one hour a day. She rested for the remainder of the year before returning to the concert stage in March 1875. She had not fully recovered, and experienced more neuralgia in her arm again in May, reporting that she "could not write on account of my arm". By October 1875, she had recovered enough to begin another tour in Germany.

In addition to solo piano recitals, chamber music, and accompanying singers, she continued to perform frequently with orchestras. In 1877, she performed Beethoven's Fifth Piano Concerto in Berlin, with Woldemar Bargiel conducting, her half-brother by her mother's second marriage, and had tremendous success. In 1883, she performed Beethoven's Choral Fantasy with the newly-formed Berlin Philharmonic, and was enthusiastically celebrated, although she was playing with an injured hand in great pain, having fallen on a staircase the previous day. Later that year she played Beethoven's Fourth Piano Concerto (with her own cadenzas) with Joachim conducting the same orchestra, again to great acclaim.

In 1885, Schumann once again joined Joachim conducting Mozart's Piano Concerto in D minor, again playing her own cadenzas. The following day, she played her husband's Piano Concerto with Bargiel conducting. "I think I played fresher than ever", she wrote to Brahms, "What I liked very much about the concert was that I was able to give Woldemar the direction of it, who had longed for such an opportunity for years."

She played her last public concert in Frankfurt on 12 March 1891. The last work she played was Brahms's Variations on a Theme by Haydn, in a version for two pianos, with James Kwast.

Teaching

Saalhof, the first location of Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium

In 1878, Schumann was appointed the first piano teacher of the new Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium in Frankfurt. She had chosen Frankfurt among offers from Stuttgart, Hannover, and Berlin, because the director, Joachim Raff, had accepted her conditions: she could not teach more than 1-1/2 hours per day, was free to teach at her home, and had four months of vacation and time off for short tours in winter. She demanded two assistants, with her daughters Marie and Eugenie in mind.

She was the only woman on the faculty. Her fame attracted students from abroad, including Britain and the United States. She trained only advanced pupils, mostly young women, while her two daughters gave lessons to beginners. Among her 68 known students who made a musical career were Natalia Janotha, Fanny Davies, Nanette Falk, Amina Goodwin, Carl Friedberg, Leonard Borwick, Ilona Eibenschütz, Adelina de Lara, Mary Wurm, Marie Olson and Jane Roeckel. The Konservatorium held events to celebrate her 50th year on stage in 1878 and her 60th career anniversary ten years later. She held the teaching post until 1892 and contributed greatly to the improvement of modern piano playing technique.

Death

Clara Schumann suffered a stroke on 26 March 1896, and died on 20 May at age 76. She was buried in Bonn at Alter Friedhof next to her husband, according to her own wish.

Family life

Robert and Clara Schumann's children (photo taken in 1853 or 1854); from left to right: Ludwig, Marie, Felix, Elise, Ferdinand and Eugenie.

Robert Schumann gave his wife a diary on their wedding day. His first entry indicates that it should act as an autobiography of the family's personal lives, especially of the couple, and of their desires and accomplishments in the arts. It also functioned as a record of their artistic endeavors and growth. She fully accepted the arrangement of a shared diary, as evidenced by her many entries. It demonstrates her loyal love for her husband, with a desire to combine two lives into one artistically, although this life-long goal involved risks.

The couple remained joint partners in both family life and their careers. She premiered many of his works, from solo piano works to her own piano versions of his orchestral works.

She often took charge of finances and general household affairs. Part of her responsibility included earning money by giving concerts, though she continued to play throughout her life, not just for the income but because she was an artist by training and nature. The burden of family duties increased over time and narrowed her ability as an artist. As a flourishing composer's wife, she was limited in her own explorations.

She was the main breadwinner for her family and the sole one after her husband was hospitalized and then died. She gave concerts and taught, and she did most of the work of organizing her own concert tours. She hired a housekeeper and a cook to keep house while she was away on her long tours.

Clara and Robert Schumann had eight children:

• Marie (1841–1929)
• Elise (1843–1928)
• Julie (1845–1872)
• Emil (1846–1847)
• Ludwig (1848–1899)
• Ferdinand (1849–1891)
• Eugenie (1851–1938)
• Felix (1854–1879).

Her life was punctuated by tragedy. Her husband was permanently institutionalized after a mental collapse. Her eldest living son Ludwig suffered from mental illness like his father and, in her words, eventually had to be "buried alive" in an institution. She became deaf in later life, and she often needed a wheelchair. Not only did her husband predecease her, but so did four of their children. Their first son, Emil, died in 1847, aged only 1. Their daughter Julie died in 1872, leaving two small children aged only 2 and 7, then raised by their grandmother. In 1879, their son Felix died aged 24. In 1891, their son Ferdinand died at the age of 41, leaving his children to her care.

Their oldest child Marie was of great support and help to her mother, taking the position of household cook. Marie also dissuaded her mother from continuing to burn letters that she had received from Brahms which he had asked her to destroy. Another daughter, Eugenie, who had been too young when her father died to remember him, wrote a book, Erinnerungen (Memoirs), published in 1925, covering her parents and Brahms.

Schumann famously rescued her children from violence during the May Uprising in Dresden in 1849. On the evening of 3 May, Robert and Clara heard that the revolution against King Frederick Augustus II of Saxony for not accepting the "constitution for a German Confederation" had arrived in Dresden. Most family members left and hid in a "neighbourhood security brigade", but on 7 May, she bravely walked back to Dresden to rescue her three children who had been left with a maid, defying a pack of armed men who confronted her, then walked back out of the city through the dangerous areas again.

Music

Performance repertoire

During her lifetime, Schumann was an internationally renowned concert pianist. Over 1,300 concert programs from her performances throughout Europe between 1831 through 1889 have been preserved. She championed the works of her husband and other contemporaries such as Brahms, Chopin and Mendelssohn.

Clara and Robert Schumann, illustration from Famous Composers and their Works, 1906

The Schumanns were admirers of Chopin, especially of his Variations on "Là ci darem la mano", and she played the piece herself. When she was 14 and her future husband 23, he wrote to her:

Tomorrow precisely at eleven o'clock I will play the adagio from Chopin's Variations and at the same time I shall think of you very intently, exclusively of you. Now my request is that you should do the same, so that we may see and meet each other in spirit.

— Robert Schumann

In her early years, her repertoire, selected by her father, was showy and in the style common to the time, with works by Friedrich Kalkbrenner, Adolf von Henselt, Sigismond Thalberg, Henri Herz, Johann Peter Pixis, Carl Czerny and her own compositions. She turned to including compositions by Baroque composers such as Domenico Scarlatti and Johann Sebastian Bach, but performed especially contemporary music by Chopin, Mendelssohn and her husband, whose music did not attain popularity until the 1850s.

In 1835, she performed her Piano Concerto in A minor with the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, conducted by Mendelssohn. On 4 December 1845, she premiered Robert Schumann's Piano Concerto in Dresden. Following the advice of Brahms she performed Mozart's Piano Concerto in C minor at the Hanoverian court and in Leipzig.

Along with Arabella Goddard she was one of the first woman pianists to perform Beethoven's Hammerklavier Sonata in public, doing so on two occasions before 1856. Her busiest years as a performer were between 1856 and 1873, after her husband's death. During this period, she experienced success as a performer in Britain, where her 1865 performance of Beethoven's Piano Concerto in G major was met with enormous applause. As a chamber musician, she often gave concerts with violinist Joachim. In her later career, she frequently accompanied lieder singers in recitals.

Compositions

See also: List of compositions by Clara Schumann

As part of the broad musical education given to her by her father, Clara Wieck learned to compose, and from childhood to middle age she produced a good body of work. Clara wrote that "composing gives me great pleasure... there is nothing that surpasses the joy of creation, if only because through it one wins hours of self-forgetfulness, when one lives in a world of sound". Her Op. 1 was Quatre Polonaises pour le pianoforte composed in 1831, and Op. 5 4 Pièces caractéristiques in 1836, all piano pieces for her recitals. She wrote her Piano Concerto in A minor at age 14, with some help from her future husband. She planned a second piano concerto, but only a Konzertsatz in F minor from 1847 survived.

Zwölf Lieder auf F. Rückerts Liebesfrühling by Clara and Robert Schumann

After her marriage, she turned to lieder and choral works. The couple wrote and published one joint composition in 1841, setting a cycle of poems by Friedrich Rückert called Liebesfrühling (Spring of Love) in Zwölf Lieder auf F. Rückerts Liebesfrühling, her Op. 12 and his Op. 37. Her chamber works include the Piano Trio in G minor, Op. 17 (1846) and Three Romances for Violin and Piano, Op. 22 (1853), inspired by her husband's birthday. They were dedicated to Joachim, who performed them for George V of Hanover, who declared them a "marvellous, heavenly pleasure".

As she grew older, she became more preoccupied with other responsibilities in life and found it hard to compose regularly, writing, "I once believed that I possessed creative talent, but I have given up this idea; a woman must not desire to compose – there has never yet been one able to do it. Should I expect to be the one?" Her husband also expressed concern about the effect on her composing output:

Clara has composed a series of small pieces, which show a musical and tender ingenuity such as she has never attained before. But to have children, and a husband who is always living in the realm of imagination, does not go together with composing. She cannot work at it regularly, and I am often disturbed to think how many profound ideas are lost because she cannot work them out.

— Robert Schumann

She produced one to eight compositions every year beginning at age 11, until her output stopped in 1848, producing only a choral work that year for her husband's birthday and leaving her second piano concerto unfinished. These two works, while reserved for her opus 18 and 19, were never published. Five years later, however, when she was 34 in 1853, the year she met Brahms, she engaged in a flurry of composing, resulting in 16 pieces that year: a set of piano variations on an "Album Leaf" of her husband (his Op. 99 No. 4), eight "Romances" for piano solo and for violin and piano, and seven songs. These works were published a year later, after Robert's confinement, as her Op. 20 through 23.

For the next 43 years of her life, she only composed piano transcriptions of works by her husband and Brahms, including 41 transcriptions of Robert Schumann's lieder (commissioned by a publisher in 1872), and a short piano duet commissioned for a friend's wedding anniversary in 1879. In the last year of her life, she left several sketches for piano preludes, designed for piano students, as well as some published cadenzas for her performances of Beethoven and Mozart piano concertos.

Most of Clara Schumann's music was never played by anyone else and largely forgotten until a resurgence of interest in the 1970s. Today her compositions are increasingly performed and recorded.

Editor

Schumann was the authoritative editor, aided by Brahms and others, of her husband's works for the publishing firm of Breitkopf & Härtel. She also edited 20 sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti, letters (Jugendbriefe) by her husband in 1885, and his piano works with fingering and other instructions (Fingersatz und Vortragsbezeichnungen) in 1886.

"War of the Romantics"

In the early 1840s the Schumanns were interested in the works of Franz Liszt and his young composer friends of what eventually became known as the New German School, but in the second half of the decade they both became openly hostile toward Liszt because of their more musically conservative outlook and beliefs, Clara more so than Robert, as she had long been the more conservative aesthete in the Schumann marriage. By the mid-1850s, after Robert's decline, the young Brahms had joined the cause, and to promote her ideals and protect what she saw as an attack on her husband's beliefs, she, Brahms, and Joseph Joachim formed a group of conservative musicians who defended Robert Schumann's critical ideals of the legacy and respectability of music, the pinnacle of which had been Beethoven.

The opposing side of this "War of the Romantics", a group of radical progressives in music (most of them from Weimar) led by Liszt and Richard Wagner, desired to escape composing under the shadow of Beethoven, but to transcend the old forms and ideas of what music had been and instead create what music should be for the future. The Weimar school promoted the idea of program music, while both the Schumanns and Brahms of the Leipzig/Berlin school were strict in their stance that music must and can only be absolute music, a term derisively coined by Wagner.

One of Clara Schumann's difficulties with Liszt stemmed from a philosophical difference in performance practice. He believed that the artist, through physical and emotional performance, interpreted music for the audience. When he performed, Liszt flailed his arms, tossed his head, and pursed his lips, inspiring a Lisztomania across Europe which has been compared to the Beatlemania of female fans of The Beatles over a century later. Clara, in contrast, came to believe that the personality of the musician should be suppressed so that the composer's vision would be clearly evident to listeners.

Partisans led active campaigns with public demonstrations at concerts, writings published in the press denigrating reputations, and other public slights designed to embarrass their adversaries. Brahms published a manifesto for the "Serious Music" side on 4 May 1861, signed by Clara Schumann, Joachim, Albert Dietrich, Woldemar Bargiel, and twenty others, which decried the purveyors of the "Music of the Future" as "contrary to the innermost spirit of music, strongly to be deplored and condemned". The New Weimar Club, a formal society with Liszt at its center, held an anniversary celebration of the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, the magazine Robert Schumann had founded, in his birthplace Zwickau, and conspicuously neglected to invite members of the opposing party, including his widow, Clara. Clara Schumann ceased to perform any of Liszt's works, and she suppressed her husband's dedication to Liszt of his Fantasie in C major when she published his complete works. When she heard that Liszt and Richard Wagner would be participating in a Beethoven centenary festival in Vienna in 1870, she refused to attend.

In describing the works of the opposing school, Clara Schumann was particularly scathing of Wagner, writing of his Tannhäuser, that he "wears himself out in atrocities", describing Lohengrin as "horrible", and referring to Tristan und Isolde as "the most repugnant thing I have ever seen or heard in all my life". She also complained that Wagner had spoken of her husband, Mendelssohn, and Brahms in a "scornful" way. Wagner had poked fun at the musical conservatives in an essay, portraying them as "a musical temperance society" awaiting a Messiah. She held Anton Bruckner's Seventh Symphony in very low esteem and wrote to Brahms, describing it as "a horrible piece". Bruckner's symphonies were seen as representative of the New Music due to their advanced harmony, massive orchestration and extended time-scale. Schumann was more impressed, however, with the early First Symphony in F minor by Richard Strauss; this was before Strauss began composing the highly programmatic music for which he later became famous.

Brahms secretly held Wagner's music in high esteem, and eventually publicly praised Liszt's works as well. Several of the proponents and signers of the manifesto, including Joachim, relented and joined the "other side". The controversy eventually died down, but Clara Schumann remained steadfast in her disapproval of the New German School's music.

Legacy

Impact during her lifetime

Schumann, according to Edvard Grieg "one of the most soulful and famous pianists of the day"

Although Schumann was not widely recognized as a composer for many years after her death, she had a lasting effect as a pianist. Trained by her father to play by ear and memorize, she gave public performances from memory as early as age thirteen, a fact noted as exceptional by her reviewers. She was one of the first pianists to perform from memory, making it the standard for concerts. She was also instrumental in changing the kind of program expected of concert pianists. In her early career, before her marriage, she played the customary bravura pieces designed to showcase the artist's technique, often in the form of arrangements or variations on popular themes from operas, written by virtuosos such as Thalberg, Herz, or Henselt. As it was customary to play one's own compositions, she included at least one of her own works in every program, such as Variations on a Theme by Bellini (Op. 8) and the popular Scherzo (Op. 10). However, as she became a more independent artist, her repertoire contained mainly music by leading composers.

Schumann influenced pianists through her teaching, which emphasized expression and a singing tone, with technique subordinated to the intentions of the composer. One of her students, Mathilde Verne, carried her teaching to England where she taught, among others, Solomon. Another of her students, Carl Friedberg, carried the tradition to the Juilliard School in America, where his students included Nina Simone, Malcolm Frager, and Bruce Hungerford.

She was also instrumental in getting the works of Robert Schumann recognized, appreciated and added to the repertoire. She promoted his works tirelessly throughout her life.

Film

See also: List of composers depicted on film

Clara Schumann has been portrayed on screen many times. Träumerei (Dreaming), the oldest known Schumann film, premiered on 3 May 1944 in Zwickau. Possibly the best-known film is Song of Love (1947) starring Katharine Hepburn as Clara, Paul Henreid as Robert, and Robert Walker as Brahms.

In 1954, Loretta Young portrayed her on The Loretta Young Show in Season 1, Episode 26: The Clara Schumann Story (first aired on 21 March 1954), in which she supports the composing career of her husband, played by George Nader, alongside Shelley Fabares and Carleton G. Young.

Two more recent German films are Frühlingssinfonie (Spring Symphony) (1983), starring Nastassja Kinski as Clara, and the 2008 Helma Sanders-Brahms' film Geliebte Clara (Beloved Clara), where she is portrayed by Martina Gedeck.

Theater

Clara Schumann's life has been explored in the chamber opera Clara by composer Victoria Bond and librettist Barbara Zinn-Krieger and the two-act opera Ghost Variations by composer Tony Manfredonia and librettist Aiden K. Feltkamp. Twin Spirits, a live theatrical performance involving a chamber ensemble of actors, singers, and musicians, also delves into Clara Schumann's life story.

Banknote and conservatory

100 Deutsche Mark note (obverse)

An image of Clara Schumann from an 1835 lithograph by Andreas Staub was featured on the 100 Deutsche Mark banknote from 2 January 1989 until the adoption of the euro on 1 January 2002. The back of the banknote shows a grand piano she played and the exterior of Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium. The great hall of the conservatory's new building is named after her.

See also

• Schmorsdorf lime tree

References

Cited sources

Books

• Avins, Styra (1997). Johannes Brahms: Life and Letters. Translated by Eisinger, Josef; Avins, Styra. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199247730. Retrieved 2 August 2019.

• Borchard, Beatrix (1991) [reprinted 2015]. Clara Schumann : Ihr Leben (in German). Berlin: Ullstein Verlag. ISBN 978-3-48-708553-1.

• Burton-Hill, Clemency (2017). Year of wonder : classical music for every day. London: Headline Home. ISBN 978-1472251824. OCLC 1011353452.

• Clive, Peter (2006). Brahms and His World: A Biographical Dictionary. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1461722809. Retrieved 16 October 2019.

• Dahlhaus, Carl (1991). The Idea of Absolute Music. Translated by Lustig, Roger. University of Chicago Press. Originally published Kassel (1978) [in German], Chicago/London (1989) [English translation].

• Haisler, J. L. (2003). The Compositional Art of Clara Schumann (a Master of Music thesis). Houston, TX: Rice University.

• Jensen, Eric Frederick (2012). Schumann. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983195-1. Retrieved 4 August 2019.

• Koch, Paul-August (1991). Clara Wieck-Schumann: (1819–1896): Kompositionen: eine Zusammenstellung der Werke, Literatur und Schallplatten. Frankfurt am Main: Zimmermann.

• Litzmann, Berthold (1913) [reprint 2013]. Clara Schumann: An Artist's Life, Based on Material Found in Diaries and Letters. Vol. 1: 1819–1850 ISBN 978-1-108-06415-6, Vol. 2: 1850–1896 ISBN 978-1-108-06416-3. Alternate reprint edition: Read Books Ltd (2011), Vol. 1 ISBN 978-1-446-54706-9, Vol. 2 ISBN 978-1-446-54512-6. Translated by Hadow, Grace E. Preface to vol. 1 by W. H. Hadow. (Translated and abridged from the fourth German ed.). Cambridge University Press. Original publishers (English ed.): London: Macmillan & Co. & Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel (1913).

• Litzmann, Berthold (1902–1908). Clara Schumann: Ein Künstlerleben, Nach Tagebüchern und Briefen. Vol. 1: Mädchenjahre 1819–1840, Vol. 2: Ehejahre 1840–1856, Vol. 3: Clara Schumann und ihre Freunde 1856–1896. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel.

• Litzmann, Berthold, ed. (1927) [reprint 1973]. Clara Schumann, Johannes Brahms: Briefe aus den Jahren 1853–1896 [Letters of Clara Schumann and Johannes Brahms, 1853–1896]. Vol. 1: 1853–1871, Vol. 2: 1872–1896. Preface by Marie Schumann. New York: Vienna House. ISBN 0844300543. OCLC 792836. Original publisher (English ed.): New York: Longmans, Green & Co. (1927). Original publisher (German ed.): Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel (1927) .

• Murray, Jenni (2018). A History of the World in 21 Women: A Personal Selection. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78-607411-9.

• Reich, Nancy B. (2001). Clara Schumann: The Artist and the Woman (Revised ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8637-1.

• Reich, Susanna (1999). Clara Schumann: Piano Virtuoso. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-618-55160-3.

• Walker, Alan (1993). Franz Liszt: The Weimar Years. New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 338–367. ISBN 0-8014-9721-3.

• Shaw, George Bernard (1937). London Music in 1888–1889 as heard by Corno di Bassetto. London: Constable.

• Schumann, Eugenie (1925) [English translation 1927, reprinted 1991]. Erinnerungen [The Schumanns and Johannes Brahms: The Memoirs of Eugenie Schumann]. Translated by Busch, Marie. Lawrence, MA: Music Book Society. ISBN 1-878156-01-2.

• Swafford, Jan (1997). Johannes Brahms: A Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 0-679-42261-7.

Encyclopedias

• Abraham, Gerald E. H. (20 July 1998). "Robert Schumann / German composer". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 September 2019.

• Avins, Styra (2002). "Joseph Joachim". Oxford Companion to Music. Oxford University Press.

• Bonds, Mark (2001). "Symphony: II. 19th century". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-60800-3.

• Daverio, John (2001). "Schumann, Robert". Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40704. ISBN 9781561592630. Retrieved 24 June 2007.

• Hall, George (2002). "Schumann, Clara (Josephine)". The Oxford Companion to Music. New York: Oxford University Press.

• Reich, Nancy B. (2001). "Schumann [née Wieck], Clara (Josephine)". Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.25152. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.

• Weingarten, Joseph (1972). "Interpreting Schumann's Piano Music". In Walker, Alan (ed.). Robert Schumann: The Man and His Music. London: Barrie & Jenkins. ISBN 978-0214668050. OCLC 655091460.

Newspapers

• Allihn, Karen (5 March 2019). "Erinnerungen an Clara Schumann : Alleinstehend, berufstätig, kinderreich". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 13 September 2019.

• Altenmüller, Eckart; Kopiez, Reinhard (2010). "Suffering for Her Art: The Chronic Pain Syndrome of Pianist Clara Wieck-Schumann". Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists – Part 3. Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience. Vol. 27. Basel: Karger. Retrieved 26 September 2018.

• Daverio, John (1997). "Sounds Without the Gate: Schumann and the Dresden Revolution". Il Saggiatore musicale.

• Galloway, Janice (20 June 2002). "Silent partner". The Guardian.

• Horne, William (1997). "Brahms's Op. 10 Ballades and His Blätter Aus Dem Tagebuch Eines Musikers". The Journal of Musicology. Vol. 15, no. 1. JSTOR 763905.

• Kopiez, Reinhard (28 November 2008). "Clara Schumann's collection of playbills: A historiometric analysis of life-span development, mobility, and repertoire canonization" (PDF). Poetics. 37: 50–73. doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2008.09.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2018.

• Negwer, Ingo (February 2002). "Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium seit Januar Musikakademie / Bericht vom Festakt zur Verleihung des Status einer Akademie". Online Musik Magazin (in German). Retrieved 12 September 2019.

• Pedroza, Ludim R. (October–December 2010). "Music as Communitas: Franz Liszt, Clara Schumann, and the Musical Work". Journal of Musicological Research. 29 (4). Taylor & Francis: 295–321. doi:10.1080/01411890903475981. ISSN 0141-1896. S2CID 145104181.  – via EBSCO Host (subscription required)

• Popova, Maria (21 February 2017). "When a Friendship Is More Than Friendship: The Tender Letters of Clara Schumann and Johannes Brahms". Brain Pickings. Retrieved 15 September 2018.

• Reich, Nancy B. (1986). "Clara Schumann". Women Making Music: The Western Art Tradition, 1150–1950. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252012046.

• Riebsamen, Hans (9 May 2019). "Pianistin Clara Schumann : Klavierstunde bei der eisernen Meisterin". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 12 September 2019.

• Swafford, Jan (26 April 2003). "Bittersweet symphonies / Brahms's affair with Clara Schumann was a sizzling mess that left his life in chaos and filled his music with yearning". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2019.

• Worl, Gayle (9 March 1997). "Women of Historic Note". The Washington Post.

Online sources

• Berliner Philharmoniker. "Clara Schumann und die Berliner Philharmoniker, Zum 200. Geburtstag der Pianistin und Komponistin". berliner-philharmoniker.de (in German). Berliner Philharmoniker. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2019.

• Braunstein, Joseph (1971). Clara Schumann; Michael Ponti, piano (LP, liner notes). Candide. CE 31038.

• Buja, Maureen (10 September 2015). "Linds and Clärchens: Women Musicians and National Currency". interlude.hk. Interlude. Retrieved 16 October 2019.

• "The Clara Schumann Story". The Loretta Young Show (TV series). Season 1. Episode 26. 21 March 1954. Loretta Young (actor). Retrieved 16 October 2019.

• Dunsmore, David R. (December 2013). "Review: Clara Schumann – Three Romances for violin and piano, Op. 22". musicweb-international.com.

• Frühlingssinfonie [Spring Symphony] (1983) (Motion picture) (in German). Retrieved 16 October 2019.

• Geliebte Clara [Beloved Clara] (2008) (Motion picture) (in German). Helma Sanders-Brahms (director). Retrieved 16 October 2019.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)

• Klassen, Janina (2011). "Schumann, Clara (Josephine)". sophie-drinker-institut.de (in German). Bremen: Sophie Drinker Institute. Retrieved 12 September 2019.

• Nauhaus, Julia M. "Clara Schumann, née Wieck (1819–1896), wife". schumann-portal.de. Translated by Ma, Katharina. Schumann Portal. Retrieved 12 September 2019.

• Nauhaus, Julia M. "Eugenie Schumann (1851–1938), daughter". schumann-portal.de. Translated by Ma, Katharina. Schumann Portal. Retrieved 12 September 2019.

• Nauhaus, Julia M. "Mariane Wieck-Bargiel, née Tromlitz (1797–1872), mother of Clara Schumann". schumann-portal.de. Translated by Ma, Katharina. Schumann Portal. Retrieved 7 October 2019.

• Paper Money Guaranty (15 May 2018). "Clara Schumann German Mark". pmgnotes.com. Paper Money Guaranty. Retrieved 16 October 2019.

• Savage, Mark (8 March 2017). "Five forgotten female composers will be celebrated on BBC Radio 3". BBC. Retrieved 9 October 2019.

• Schumann, Clara (2001). Piano Music. Selected and with an Introduction by Nancy B. Reich. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0486413815. Originally published 1836, 1840, 1845, 1854, 1855.

• Schumann, Robert (1879–1893). Schumann, Clara (ed.). Robert Schumanns Werke. Breitkopf & Härtel.

• Schumann Portal. "Clara Schumann's concert tours". schumann-portal.de. Schumann Portal. Retrieved 9 October 2019.

• Schwarm, Betsy (28 June 2013). "Piano Concerto in A Minor, Op. 54 / work by Schumann". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 September 2019.

• Song of Love (1947) (Motion picture). Katharine Hepburn (actor).{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)

• Träumerei [Dreaming] (Motion picture) (in German). Harald Braun (director). Archived from the original (1944) on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2019.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)

Further reading

• Beer, Anna: Sounds and Sweet Airs: The Forgotten Women of Classical Music. Chapter 6: "Schumann", pp. 205–41. Oneworld Publications (2016). ISBN 978-1-78074-856-6.
• Boyd, Melinda: "Gendered Voices – The Liebesfrühling Lieder of Robert and Clara Schumann". In 19th-Century Music, Vol. 39 (Autumn 1975), pp. 145–62.
• Burk, John N.: Clara Schumann; A Romantic Biography. Random House NYC 1940.
• Burstein, L. Poundie: "Their Paths, Her Ways – Comparison of Text Settings by Clara Schumann and Other Composers". In Women and Music: A Journal of Gender and Culture, Vol. 6 (2002), pp. 11ff.
• Gates, Eugene. "Clara Schumann: A Composer's Wife as Composer." Kapralova Society Journal 7, no. 2 (Fall 2009): 1–7.
• Gould, John: "What Did They Play? The Changing Repertoire of the Piano Recital from the Beginnings to 1980". In The Musical Times Vol. 146 (Winter 2005), pp. 61–76.
• Kühn, Dieter: Clara Schumann, Klavier. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag (March 2009). ISBN 9783596142033. (in German).
• Mäkelä, Tomi: "Den Lebenden schulden wir Rücksichtnahme, den Toten nur die Wahrheit. Eine Einführung in Friedrich Wiecks Welt der philisterhaften Mittelmäßigkeit und besseren Salonmusik". In Friedrich Wieck: Gesammelte Schriften über Musik und Musiker [...], pp. 15–49. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang (2019). ISBN 978-3-631-76745-0. (in German).
• Rattalino, Piero: Schumann. Robert & Clara. Varese: Zecchini Editore (2002). ISBN 88-87203-14-8. (in Italian).
• Saremba, Meinhard (2021). Clara Schumann, Johannes Brahms und das moderne Musikleben (1st ed.). Hamburg: Osburg-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-95510-259-3.
• Sémerjian, Ludwig. "Clara Schumann: New Cadenzas for Mozart's Piano Concerto in D Minor. Romantic Visions of a Classical Masterpiece." Kapralova Society Journal 17, no. 2 (Fall 2019): 1–9.
• Vloed, Kees van der: Clara Schumann-Wieck. De pijn van het gemis. Soesterberg, Netherlands: Aspekt (2012). ISBN 9789461531773. (in Dutch).

External links

• Free scores by Clara Schumann at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
• The Creative Art of Clara Schumann, by Claire Flynn, National University of Ireland thesis, August 1991
• Clara Schumann: A Composer’s Wife as Composer – by Eugene Gates, Kapralova Society Journal
• Clara Schumann website at Geneva College
• Clara Schumann pages at Schumann Portal website (German and English versions)
• March in Es dur on YouTube, for piano duet, Clara Schumann's last work
• Scherzo Nr. 2 Op. 14 on YouTube
• Clara Schumann: Piano Trio in G minor, played by Galos Piano Trio at St. Martin in the Fields on 26 May 2015 on YouTube