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Cladia

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Cladia
Cladia aggregata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Cladoniaceae
Genus: Cladia
Nyl. (1870)
Type species
Cladia aggregata
(Sw.) Nyl. (1870)
Synonyms[1]

Cladia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Cladoniaceae. Cladia species have a crustose or squamulose (scaly) primary thallus and a fruticose, secondary thallus, often referred to as pseudopodetium. The type species of the genus, Cladia aggregata, is widely distributed, occurring in South America, South Africa, Australasia and South-East Asia to southern Japan and India. Most of the other species are found in the Southern Hemisphere.

Taxonomy

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Cladia was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1870 with Cladia aggregata as the type species.[3] Rex Filson created a separate family, the Cladiaceae, to contain the genus,[4] but this is no longer used and the genus is classified in the family Cladoniaceae.[5] An updated phylogeny of the Cladoniaceae was published in 2018.[6]

Molecular phylogenetic evidence showed that the genera Heterodea and Ramalinora were nested within Cladina,[7][8] so they are now synonyms. Because the name Heterodea predated Cladina, the generic name Cladia was proposed for conservation against Heterodea to avoid several nomenclatural changes that would have been necessary.[9][10] The proposal was accepted by both the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi and the General Committee.[11][12]

Description

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Cladia consists of fruticose lichens with typically a perforate pseudopodetia with an external cartilaginous layer. The apothecia are black or brown and have a persistent proper margin and a flat disc. The asci are eight-spored with a well-developed amyloid tholus with a darker-staining central tube. The pycnidia are immersed in grossly black to brown projections that are initially blunt and measure up to 0.5 mm long and eventually become needle-like and up to 1 mm long.[13]

Ecology

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Eight species of lichenicolous fungi are known to grow on Cladia:[14] Echinothecium cladoniae Keissl. nom. nud. (on C. aggregata from Columbia; Etayo 2002), Lichenoconium echinosporum D. Hawksw. (on C. muelleri from Australia; Hawksworth 1977), Roselliniella heterodeae Matzer & Hafellner (on C. muelleri from Australia; Matzer & Hafellner 1990); Pyrenidium actinellum Nyl. agg. (on C. aggregata from Columbia; Etayo 2002); Endococcus cladiae Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas; Lichenopeltella soiliae Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas, and Lichenosticta hoegnabbae Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas.

Chemistry

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The type species, Cladia aggregata, is highly variable morphologically and has extensive chemical variation.[15] Kantvilas and Elix (1999) revised the C. aggregata complex in Tasmania and identified six chemotypes in C. aggregata sensu stricto.[13] Similarly, five chemotypes were found in specimens from the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, Brazil. In both studies, most of them contained barbatic acid and 4-O-demethylbarbatic acid.[16] Barbatic acid is cytotoxic, and kills the worms of Schistosoma mansoni in in vitro studies. This is the causative agent of Schistosomiasis.[17]

Species

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Revisions of Cladia published in 2012 and 2013 included 23 species in the genus.[18][19] As of December 2023, Species Fungorum accepts 20 species in Cladia:[20]

References

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  1. ^ "Synonymy: Cladia Nyl". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  2. ^ Lumbsch, H.T.; Rambold, G.; Elix, J.A. (1995). "Ramalinora (Ramalinaceae) – a new lichen genus from Australia". Australian Systematic Botany. 8 (3): 521–530. doi:10.1071/SB9950521.
  3. ^ Nylander, William (1870). Recognitio Monographica Ramalinarum (in French). Caen: Impr. de P. Le Blanc-Hardel. p. 69.
  4. ^ Filson, R.B. (1981). "A revision of the lichen genus Cladia Nyl". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 49: 1–75.
  5. ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8.
  6. ^ Stenroos, Soili; Pino‐Bodas, Raquel; Hyvönen, Jaakko; Lumbsch, Helge Thorsten; Ahti, Teuvo (2018). "Phylogeny of the family Cladoniaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota) based on sequences of multiple loci". Cladistics. 35 (4): 351–384. doi:10.1111/cla.12363. hdl:10261/247495. PMID 34633698. S2CID 92664622.
  7. ^ Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Parnmen, Sittiporn; Rangsiruji, Achariya; Elix, J. (2010). "Phenotypic disparity and adaptive radiation in the genus Cladia (Lecanorales, Ascomycota)". Australian Systematic Botany. 23 (4): 239–247. doi:10.1071/SB10010.
  8. ^ Parnmen, Sittiporm; Rangsiruji, Achariya; Mongkolsuk, Pachara; Boonpragob, Kansri; Elix, John A.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2010). "Morphological disparity in Cladoniaceae: The foliose genus Heterodea evolved from fruticose Cladia species (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota)". Taxon. 59 (3): 841–849. doi:10.1002/tax.593013.
  9. ^ Lumbsch, H. T.; Ahti, T.; Parmen, S. (2010). "(1926) Proposal to conserve Cladia against Heterodea (Ascomycota)". Taxon. 59 (2): 643. doi:10.1002/tax.592032.
  10. ^ Lumbsch, H.T.; Ahti, T.; Parmen, S. (2010). "Proposal 1926: To conserve Cladia against Heterodea (Ascomycota)". Mycotaxon. 111: 509–511.
  11. ^ Norvell, L.L. (2011). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 16". Taxon. 60 (1): 223–226. doi:10.1002/tax.601023. JSTOR 41059839.
  12. ^ Barrie, F. (2011). "Report of the General Committee: 11". Taxon. 60 (4): 1211–1214. doi:10.1002/tax.604026.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Kantvilas, Gintaras; Elix, John A. (1999). "Studies on the lichen genus Cladina Nyl. in Tasmania: the C. aggregata complex". Muelleria. 12 (2): 135–162. doi:10.5962/p.198394. S2CID 86357649.
  14. ^ Zhurbenko, Mikhail P.; Pino-Bodas, Raquel (2015). "New lichenicolous fungi growing on Cladia in New Zealand". The Lichenologist. 47 (6): 395–402. doi:10.1017/S002428291500033X. S2CID 90225005.
  15. ^ a b Ahti, Teuvo (2000). "Cladoniaceae". Flora Neotropica. Flora Neotropica Monograph. 78. New York Botanical Garden Press: 1–362. JSTOR 4393890.
  16. ^ Charnei, Ana Marcia; Eliasaro, Sionara (2013). "Notes on the chemical variation of the lichenized Ascomycota Cladia aggregata (Cladoniaceae) in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, Brazil". Acta Botanica Brasilica. 27 (3): 624–625. doi:10.1590/S0102-33062013000300020.
  17. ^ Silva, H.A.M.F.; Aires, A.L.; Soares, C.L.R.; Sá, J.L.F.; Martins, M.C.B.; Albuquerque, M.C.P.A.; Silva, T.G.; Brayner, F.A.; Alves, L.C.; Melo, A.M.M.A.; Silva, N.H. (2020). "Barbatic acid from Cladia aggregata (lichen): Cytotoxicity and in vitro schistosomicidal evaluation and ultrastructural analysis against adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni". Toxicology in Vitro. 65: 104771. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104771. PMID 31935486. S2CID 210827117.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Parnmen, Sittiporn; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2012). "New combinations in the genus Cladia". The Lichenologist. 44 (2): 297–298. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000715. S2CID 86640985.
  19. ^ Parnmen, Sittiporn; Leavitt, Steven D.; Rangsiruji, Achariya; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2013). "Identification of species in the Cladia aggregata group using DNA barcoding (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)". Phytotaxa. 115 (1): 1. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.115.1.1.
  20. ^ Species Fungorum. "Cladia". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  21. ^ Kantvilas, G.; Elix, J.A. (1987). "A new species of Cladia (lichenized Ascomycotina) from Tasmania". Mycotaxon. 29: 199–205.
  22. ^ Kantvilas, G.; Jarman, S.J.; McCaffrey, N. (2012). "A contribution to the flora of the Meredith Range, north-west Tasmania". Kanunnah. 5: 127–140.
  23. ^ Elix, John A.; McCarthy, Patrick M. (2018). "Ten new lichen species (Ascomycota) from Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 82: 20–59. doi:10.7751/telopea11598.
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