Cholesterol crystal

A cholesterol crystal is a solid, crystalline form of cholesterol found in gallstones and atherosclerosis. Gallstones occurring in industrialized societies typically contain more than 70-90% cholesterol by weight, much of which is crystalline.^[1] Cholesterol crystals are a hallmark of atherosclerosis, which is believed to be an early cause of atherosclerotic inflammation.^[2] Cholesterol phase transition from liquid to crystalline form is linked to inflammation.^[3] Cholesterol crystals are believed to induce inflammation by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.^[4]^[5]

In addition to being a source of inflammation, cholesterol crystals are believed to cause mechanical injury by tearing tissue, causing plaque rupture.^[6] Impaired removal of cholesterol crystals from demyelinated nerves by macrophages is believed to be associated with multiple sclerosis, and this remyelination failure is particularly impaired in the elderly.^[7]^[8]

References

^ Dowling RH (2000). "Review: pathogenesis of gallstones". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 14 (Suppl 2): 39–47. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.014s2039.x. PMID 10903002. S2CID 32902101.
^ Duewell P, Kono H, Rayner KJ, Sirois CM, Vladimer G, Bauernfeind FG, Abela GS, Franchi L, Nuñez G, Schnurr M, Espevik T, Lien E, Fitzgerald KA, Rock KL, Moore KJ, Wright SD, Hornung V, Latz E (2010). "NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals". Nature. 464 (7293): 1357–1361. Bibcode:2010Natur.464.1357D. doi:10.1038/nature08938. PMC 2946640. PMID 20428172.
^ Grebe A, Latz E (2013). "Cholesterol crystals and inflammation". Current Rheumatology Reports. 15 (3): 313. doi:10.1007/s11926-012-0313-z. PMC 3623938. PMID 23412688.
^ Ridker PM (2016). "From C-Reactive Protein to Interleukin-6 to Interleukin-1: Moving Upstream To Identify Novel Targets for Atheroprotection". Circulation Research. 118 (1): 145–156. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306656. PMC 4793711. PMID 26837745.
^ Libby P (2017). "Interleukin-1 Beta as a Target for Atherosclerosis Therapy: Biological Basis of CANTOS and Beyond". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 70 (18): 2278–2289. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.09.028. PMC 5687846. PMID 29073957.
^ Abela GS, Kalavakunta JK, Janoudi A, Leffler D, Dhar G, Salehi N, Cohn J, Shah I, Karve M, Kotaru V, Gupta V, David S, Narisetty KK, Rich M, Vanderberg A, Pathak DR, Shamoun FE (2017). "Frequency of Cholesterol Crystals in Culprit Coronary Artery Aspirate During Acute Myocardial Infarction and Their Relation to Inflammation and Myocardial Injury" (PDF). American Journal of Cardiology. 120 (10): 1699–1707. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.07.075. PMID 28867129.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Chen Y, Popko B (2018). "Cholesterol crystals impede nerve repair". Science. 359 (6376): 635–636. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..635C. doi:10.1126/science.aar7369. PMID 29439228. S2CID 3257111.
^ Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Fitzner D, Bosch-Queralt M, Weil MT, Su M, Sen P, Ruhwedel T, Mitkovski M, Trendelenburg G, Lütjohann D, Möbius W, Simons M (2018). "Defective cholesterol clearance limits remyelination in the aged central nervous system". Science. 359 (6376): 684–688. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..684C. doi:10.1126/science.aan4183. hdl:21.11116/0000-0000-2F49-B. PMID 29301957.

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[pmid10903002-1] Dowling RH (2000). "Review: pathogenesis of gallstones". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 14 (Suppl 2): 39–47. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.014s2039.x. PMID 10903002. S2CID 32902101.

[pmid20428172-2] Duewell P, Kono H, Rayner KJ, Sirois CM, Vladimer G, Bauernfeind FG, Abela GS, Franchi L, Nuñez G, Schnurr M, Espevik T, Lien E, Fitzgerald KA, Rock KL, Moore KJ, Wright SD, Hornung V, Latz E (2010). "NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals". Nature. 464 (7293): 1357–1361. Bibcode:2010Natur.464.1357D. doi:10.1038/nature08938. PMC 2946640. PMID 20428172.

[pmid23412688-3] Grebe A, Latz E (2013). "Cholesterol crystals and inflammation". Current Rheumatology Reports. 15 (3): 313. doi:10.1007/s11926-012-0313-z. PMC 3623938. PMID 23412688.

[pmid26837745-4] Ridker PM (2016). "From C-Reactive Protein to Interleukin-6 to Interleukin-1: Moving Upstream To Identify Novel Targets for Atheroprotection". Circulation Research. 118 (1): 145–156. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306656. PMC 4793711. PMID 26837745.

[pmid29073957-5] Libby P (2017). "Interleukin-1 Beta as a Target for Atherosclerosis Therapy: Biological Basis of CANTOS and Beyond". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 70 (18): 2278–2289. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.09.028. PMC 5687846. PMID 29073957.

[pmid28867129-6] Abela GS, Kalavakunta JK, Janoudi A, Leffler D, Dhar G, Salehi N, Cohn J, Shah I, Karve M, Kotaru V, Gupta V, David S, Narisetty KK, Rich M, Vanderberg A, Pathak DR, Shamoun FE (2017). "Frequency of Cholesterol Crystals in Culprit Coronary Artery Aspirate During Acute Myocardial Infarction and Their Relation to Inflammation and Myocardial Injury" (PDF). American Journal of Cardiology. 120 (10): 1699–1707. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.07.075. PMID 28867129.^{[permanent dead link]}

[pmid29439228-7] Chen Y, Popko B (2018). "Cholesterol crystals impede nerve repair". Science. 359 (6376): 635–636. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..635C. doi:10.1126/science.aar7369. PMID 29439228. S2CID 3257111.

[pmid29301957-8] Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Fitzner D, Bosch-Queralt M, Weil MT, Su M, Sen P, Ruhwedel T, Mitkovski M, Trendelenburg G, Lütjohann D, Möbius W, Simons M (2018). "Defective cholesterol clearance limits remyelination in the aged central nervous system". Science. 359 (6376): 684–688. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..684C. doi:10.1126/science.aan4183. hdl:21.11116/0000-0000-2F49-B. PMID 29301957.

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