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Chinese submarine 361

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History
China
NameNo. 361
General characteristics
Class and typeMing-class submarine
Displacement
  • 1,584 tonnes (1,559 long tons) surfaced
  • 2,113 tonnes (2,080 long tons) submerged
Length76 m (249 ft 4 in)
Beam7.6 m (24 ft 11 in)
Draft5.1 m (16 ft 9 in)
Propulsion
  • 2 × Shaanxi 6E 390 ZC1 diesels rated at 5,200 hp (3.82 MW)
  • 2 × Xiangtan alternators
  • 2 shafts
Speed
  • 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) surfaced
  • 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) submerged
Complement55 (9 officers)
Armament
  • 6 × bow torpedo tubes
  • 2 × stern torpedo tubes

The submarine hull No. 361 named Great Wall #61 (长城61号)[1] was a Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy Type 035AIP (ES5E variant) (NATO reporting name Ming III) conventional diesel/electric submarine. In April 2003, during a military exercise in the Yellow Sea between North Korea and China's Shandong Province, the vessel suffered a mechanical failure that killed all 70 crew members on board.[2][3] It was one of China's worst peacetime military disasters. The PLA Navy's Commander Shi Yunsheng and Political Commissar Yang Huaiqing were both dismissed as a result of the accident.[2]

Background

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Main article: Type 035 submarine

No. 361 was part of the 12th Submarine Brigade of the North Sea Fleet of the PLA Navy based at Lüshunkou in Liaoning Province. It was a Type 035G (Ming III-class) submarine. These were derivatives of Soviet Project 633 a.k.a Romeo-class submarines, which themselves were derivatives of German World War II advanced Type XXI diesel/electric U-boats.[4][better source needed]

According to CNN, China was increasing training and exercises of its submarines in the east to carry out a policy of "sea denial" to counter the United States Pacific Fleet.[5]

Fatal incident

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According to the official Chinese news agency Xinhua, all 70 crew members died when the submarine's diesel engine used up all available oxygen (because it had failed to shut down properly) while the boat was submerged on April 16, 2003. The submarine, which was commanded by Commodore Cheng Fuming (程福明), had been taking part in naval exercises east of Inner Changshan Islands in the Yellow Sea off the coast of Northeastern China. Along with its normal complement, the crew included 13 trainee cadets from the Chinese naval academy.[6]

After the disaster, the crippled submarine drifted for ten days because it was on a silent, no-contact exercise. The boat was discovered by Chinese fishermen who noticed its periscope protruding above the surface on April 25, 2003. The crew were slumped over at their stations, seemingly having died before becoming aware of any issue.[7]

At a press conference on May 8, 2003, Foreign Ministry spokesperson Zhang Qiyue stated that while on an exercise east of Changshan Islands, the No. 361 submarine was incapacitated by a mechanical problem and all 70 on board had perished. The submarine had been towed to a port as of the time of the press conference.[8] The submarine was initially towed to Yulin Harbor near Sanya on Hainan Island before being taken back to the northeast seaport of Dalian in Liaoning province.

Aftermath

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On May 2, 2003, Central Military Commission (CMC) chairman Jiang Zemin said in a condolence message to the families of the dead that "the officers and sailors of 361 remembered their sacred duty entrusted to them by the Party and the people. They died on duty, sacrificed themselves for the country, and they are great losses to the People’s Navy."[9]

CMC Vice-chairman Guo Boxiong led an inquiry into the incident, which resulted in the dismissal or demotion of five senior PLA Navy officers in June 2003: Navy Commander Shi Yunsheng (replaced by Zhang Dingfa) and Political Commissar Yang Huaiqing; North Sea Fleet Commander Ding Yiping, Political Commissar Chen Xianfeng (陈先锋), and Chief of Staff Xiao Xinnian.[2] Ding Yiping had been groomed to be the candidate for Navy Commander, but was removed from contention after the accident. Admiral Wu Shengli eventually succeeded Zhang Dingfa as Commander.[3]

References

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  1. ^ "361「長城61」號潛艇 - 香港文匯報". paper.wenweipo.com. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
  2. ^ a b c Becker, Jeffrey; Liebenberg, David; Mackenzie, Peter (December 2013). "Behind the Periscope: Leadership in China's Navy". Defense Technical Information Center. p. 81. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015.
  3. ^ a b You Ji (2012). "Meeting the Challenge of the Upcoming PLAAF Leadership Reshuffle". The Chinese Air Force: Evolving Concepts, Roles, and Capabilities (PDF). National Defense University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-16-091386-0.
  4. ^ Roblin, Sebastien (August 31, 2021). "Suffocated at Sea: Why a Chinese Submarine Crew Never Surfaced". The National Interest. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  5. ^ FlorCruz, Jaime (2 May 2003). "China says sub disaster killed 70". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 June 2003. Retrieved 2020-10-30.
  6. ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson's Press Conference on May 8, 2003". Archived from the original on 2006-03-08. Retrieved 2005-09-26.
  7. ^ "China sub victims 'suffocated'". BBC. 2003-05-05. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  8. ^ "2003年5月8日外交部发言人在记者招待会上答记者问" (Press release). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 2003-05-08. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
  9. ^ Song, Liyun, ed. (2003-05-02). "我海军一潜艇失事 70官兵遇难 江泽民发唁电" [A Navy submarine suffered accident, all 70 onboard lost, Jiang Zemin sent condolence.]. Beijing. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
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