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Chestnut (horse anatomy)

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For the coat color in horses, see Chestnut (coat).
Chestnut

The chestnut, also known as a night eye,[1] is a callosity on the body of a horse or other equine, found on the inner side of the leg above the knee on the foreleg and, if present, below the hock on the hind leg. It is believed to be a vestigial toe, and along with the ergot form the three toes of some other extinct Equidae.[2][3] Darren Naish dissents from this belief, noting that the chestnut is "not associated with the metacarpus or metatarsus, the only places where digits occur."[4]

Chestnuts vary in size and shape and are sometimes compared to the fingerprints in humans.[1] For purposes of identification some breed registries require photographs of them among other individual characteristics.[1] However, because chestnuts grow over time and horse groomers often peel or trim off the outer layers for neatness, their appearance is subject to change.

Distribution among equines

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African wild ass foal with black chestnut on foreleg, no chestnut on hindleg
Domestic horse with chestnuts on fore and hind legs

The evolution of the horse involved a reduction in the number of toes to one, along with other changes to the ancestral equid foot, and the chestnut is thought to correspond to the wrist pad of dogs and cats. Alternatively, it may be a vestigial scent gland similar to those found in some deer and other animals.[5]

The domestic horse is almost alone among extant equines in having chestnuts on the hind legs.[5] Chestnuts are absent from the hind legs of asses and zebras.[6] The majority of domestic horses have chestnuts on all four legs, as does the Przewalski's horse,[6] but a few horse breeds are reported to lack chestnuts on the hind legs.[6] These include:

Grooming

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Chestnuts grow over time, protruding from the surface of the leg. Grooming for horse showing may include peeling or trimming the outer layers to give a neater appearance to the leg; they may peel more easily if softened first with baby oil or moisturizer. Also, if the horse is exercised so that it has sweated, the chestnut is temporarily softened by the body moisture and can be peeled easily. If left alone, eventually the chestnut peels naturally.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c J. Warren Evans; Anthony Borton; Harold Hintz; L. Dale van Vleck (1990). The Horse (2nd ed.). Macmillan. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-7167-1811-6.
  2. ^ William Ridgeway (1905). The origin and influence of the Thoroughbred horse. University Press. pp. 538. ergot. chapter 2
  3. ^ Walker, Elaine (2008). Horse. Reaktion Books.
  4. ^ Naish, Darren (2013-09-05). "Fantastic Asses". Tet Zoo. Scientific American. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  5. ^ a b William Ridgeway (1905). The origin and influence of the Thoroughbred horse. University Press. pp. 538. chestnut. chapter 2
  6. ^ a b c J. C. Ewart (1906). "The tarpan and its relationship with wild and domestic horses". Nature. 74 (1909): 113–115. doi:10.1038/074113a0.
  7. ^ Ives, Vickie; Norush, Tom; Patterson, Gretchen (February 2007). "Corolla and Shackleford Horse of the Americas Inspection" (PDF). Horse of the Americas. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
  8. ^ Björnsson, Sveinsson (2006). The Icelandic horse. Edda Publishing. p. 206. ISBN 9979-3-2709-X.
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