Chesapeake and Ohio Greenbrier

Chesapeake & Ohio Greenbrier
C&O 614 during a photoshoot at the C&O Railway Heritage Center in Clifton Forge, VA.
Type and origin Power type Steam Builder Lima Locomotive Works Serial number 7627-7631, 7842-7843, 9302-9306 Build date 1935-1948 Total produced 12
Specifications Configuration: ​  • Whyte 4-8-4  • UIC 2′D2′ h2 Gauge 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge Leading dia. J-3: 36 in (914 mm) J-3a: 38 in (965 mm) Driver dia. 72 in (1,829 mm) Trailing dia. J-3: 36 in (914 mm) J-3a: 42 in (1,067 mm) 44 in (1,118 mm) on last axle Tender wheels 36 in (914 mm) Minimum curve 20° Height 15 ft 8+7⁄8 in (4.80 m) Axle load J-3 (Batch 1): 69,700 lb (31,600 kilograms; 31.6 metric tons) J-3 (Batch 2): 73,200 lb (33,200 kilograms; 33.2 metric tons) J-3a: 71,700 lb (32,500 kilograms; 32.5 metric tons) Adhesive weight J-3 (Batch 1): 278,300 lb (126,200 kilograms; 126.2 metric tons) J-3 (Batch 2): 292,800 lb (132,800 kilograms; 132.8 metric tons) J-3a: 285,200 lb (129,400 kilograms; 129.4 metric tons) Loco weight 482,200 lb (218,700 kilograms; 218.7 metric tons) Tender weight 386,130 lb (175,150 kilograms; 175.15 metric tons) Total weight 868,330 lb (393,870 kilograms; 393.87 metric tons) Fuel type Coal Tender cap. J-3: 22,000 US gal (83,000 L; 18,000 imp gal) water; 50,000 lb (23,000 kilograms; 23 metric tons) coal J-3a: 21,500 US gal (81,000 L; 17,900 imp gal) water; 50,000 lb (23,000 kilograms; 23 metric tons) coal Firebox: ​  • Grate area 100.3 sq ft (9.32 m2) Boiler 100 in (2,540 mm) Boiler pressure 255 lbf/in2 (1.76 MPa) J-3: (Originally: 250 lbf/in2 (1.72 MPa)) Heating surface: ​  • Firebox J-3a: 482 sq ft (44.8 m2) Superheater: ​  • Type Type E (J-3a)  • Heating area J-3a: 2,058 sq ft (191.2 m2) Cylinders Two Cylinder size 27.5 in × 30 in (698 mm × 762 mm) Valve gear J-3: Walschaert J-3a/batch 2: Baker
Performance figures Maximum speed 100 mph (160 km/h) Tractive effort 64,280 lbf (285.93 kN) @ 80% cutoff Factor of adh. 4.44 @ 80% cutoff
Career Operators Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Class J-3 J-3a Numbers 600-606, 610-614 Retired J-3:1952 J-3a: 1956 Preserved One preserved (No. 614) Disposition C&O 614 on static display awaiting restoration, based in Clifton Forge, Virginia, remainder scrapped.

The Chesapeake and Ohio Greenbrier was a class of 12 4-8-4 "Greenbrier" type steam locomotives built by the Lima Locomotive Works between 1935 and 1948 and operated by the C&O. Like a handful of railroads, the C&O didn't name their 4-8-4s "Northerns", and instead went with the name "Greenbrier" after the Greenbrier Hotel in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, a major resort on the C&O mainline.

They were built with the primary purpose of hauling long, heavy, high-speed express passenger trains for the C&O Railway such as the George Washington and the Fast Flying Virginian. All retired by the mid 1950s, only 614 survives and is on display, awaiting to be moved to undergo restoration to operating condition.

History

Built in three batches, all 12 of the Greenbriers were built for mountain passenger service, hauling trains such as the "George Washington" or the "Sportsman". They also saw service pulling freight and occasionally in pusher service for eastbound coal trains when necessary. The overall design was largely the same between the three batches, although there were changes between each batch.

First batch

The first batch consisted of five "Greenbriers" (600-604) built in 1935 and named Virginia statesmen Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, Benjamin Harrison, James Madison and Edmund Randolph. These first five were classified as J-3. They were delivered with spoked driving wheels and worked at a boiler pressure of 250 PSI, which was later raised to 255 PSI. The 1935 J-3s were the only "Greenbriers" built with Walschaerts valve gear, which was later changed to Baker, and were equipped with feedwater heaters and thermic siphons, arch tubes, and a combustion chamber in the firebox.

Second batch

Only two locomotives were part of a second batch in 1942, numbered 605-606. These were also classified as J-3 but referred to by some accounts as "J-3b." Like their predecessors, they were given the names of Virginia statesmen: Thomas Nelson, Jr and James Monroe. They also used the same trailing truck boosters, feedwater heaters, and arrangement of thermic siphons, arch tubes, and combustion chamber as the 1935 J-3s. Nonetheless, there were several changes from the original design. The 1942 J-3 pair were built new with Baker valve gear and saw the steam and sand domes change positions. They also worked at a slightly higher boiler pressure of 255 PSI from delivery, had three more superheater flues in the boiler, and used roller bearings on the lead and trailing trucks. The 1942 pair were heavier than the 1935 locomotives as well, presumably due to the use of heavier metals in construction than the lightweight alloys often used before the start of World War II.

Third batch

The final batch of "Greenbriers" were numbered 610-614 and were built in 1948 and classified as J-3a. These locomotives were unnamed and saw many changes to the original design. Boxpok driving wheels, which offered better counterbalancing, were used in place of spoked wheels, and cast steel frame beds were used instead of bar frames for structural integrity. Timken roller bearings were used on the axles and running gear to reduce maintenance, and a different model of feedwater heater was fitted. No. 613 was also equipped with experimental smoke deflectors. Despite having a smaller heating surface than the earlier J-3s, the J-3as had firebox circulators, a larger combustion chamber, and larger-diameter flues in the boiler to improving steaming capacity. They were also fitted with a cast steel, streamlined pilot. These locomotives were the last 4-8-4s built by Lima and were the last commercially built 4-8-4s in the United States.

Driving wheel size conflict

Lima Engineering Department records show every "Greenbrier" had 72 inch driving wheels. C&O diagrams of 1948, however, showed every "Greenbrier" with 74 inch driving wheels. This conflict was never resolved.

Preservation

Main article: Chesapeake and Ohio 614

Only one "Greenbrier" has survived into preservation, No. 614. 614 ran in a number of excursions, starting with the Chessie Safety Express in the early 1980s and ending pulling excursions in conjunction with New Jersey Transit (NJT) and co-sponsored by the Volunteer Railroaders Association between 1996 and 1998. No. 614 was also used as a test locomotive for the ACE 3000 project, hauling coal trains between Huntington and Hinton, West Virginia in 1985 and "T" was added next to her number to indicate testing. During 614's excursion career, her tender was modified, reducing its water capacity from 21,500 gallons to 18,200 gallons, but increased its coal capacity from 23 metric tons to 45 metric tons. To compensate the reduced water capacity, an auxiliary tender was given to 614, increasing her overall water capacity to 50,000 gallons, these changes increased distance traveled with fewer coal and water stops. Today, 614 is on display at the C&O Railway Heritage Center in Clifton Forge, Virginia in the Greenbrier Presidential Express scheme, a luxury passenger train which never came to be.

On November 8, 2024, it was announced that C&O 614 was sold by Ross Rowland to RJD America, LLC of Denville, New Jersey, who will be restoring it to operating condition. The locomotive will be moved to the Strasburg Railroad in early 2025, who has been contracted to complete the restoration.

Roster

Number	Lima serial number	Date built	Disposition	Notes
600	7627	1935	Sold for scrap April 1953.	Named Thomas Jefferson.
601	7628	1935	Sold for scrap April 1953.	Named Patrick Henry.
602	7629	1935	Sold for scrap July 1953.	Named Benjamin Harrison.
603	7630	1935	Sold for scrap April 1953.	Named James Madison.
604	7631	1935	Sold for scrap July 1953.	Named Edmund Randolph.
605	7842	1942	Sold for scrap.	Named Thomas Nelson, Jr.
606	7843	1942	Sold for scrap.	Named James Monroe.
610	9302	1948	Sold for scrap.
611	9303	1948	Sold for scrap.
612	9304	1948	Sold for scrap.
613	9305	1948	Sold for scrap October 7, 1955.	Fitted with smoke deflectors.
614	9306	June 1948	Preserved, on display.	Ran excursions throughout the 1980's and 90's and is the last commercially built 4-8-4, awaiting restoration.

Further reading

• Nuckles, Douglas; Dixon, Thomas (1994). Chesapeake & Ohio Greenbrier Type 4-8-4 Locomotives. Clifton Forge, Virginia: The Chesapeake & Ohio Historical Society. ISBN 0-939487-18-7.
• Boyd, Jim; Dixon, Tom (January 1981). "The last Greenbrier". Railfan & Railroad. Vol. 3, no. 8. Carstens Publications. pp. 37–43.