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Chapelle expiatoire

Coordinates: 48°52′25.5″N 2°19′22.9″E / 48.873750°N 2.323028°E / 48.873750; 2.323028
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Expiatory Chapel
Chapelle expiatoire
Expiatory Chapel is located in Paris
Expiatory Chapel
Expiatory Chapel
48°52′25.5″N 2°19′22.9″E / 48.873750°N 2.323028°E / 48.873750; 2.323028
Location29 rue Pasquier, 8th arrondissement of Paris
CountryFrance
DenominationRoman Catholic
WebsiteOfficial website
History
StatusMemorial Chapel
Founded1816
Founder(s)Louis XVIII, Duchess of Angoulême
ConsecratedJanuary 21, 1824
Architecture
Functional statusMuseum
Heritage designation Monument Historique PA00088809[1]
Designated1914
Architectural typechurch
Construction cost3,000,000 livres
Specifications
Length168 feet (51 m)
Width93.5 feet (28.5 m)[2]

The Chapelle expiatoire ("Expiatory Chapel")[3] is a chapel located in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France. The chapel was constructed on the grounds where King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette had been buried after they had been guillotined, and it is therefore dedicated to them as an expiation for that act.

The closest métro station is Saint-Augustin .

History and construction

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The chapel was designed in 1816 by the French Neo-Classical architect Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine, who, with his partner Charles Percier, figured among Napoleon's favourite architects. Fontaine's assistant Louis-Hippolyte Lebas oversaw the construction. The chapel was partly constructed on the grounds of the former Madeleine Cemetery, where King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette had been buried after they had been guillotined.

King Louis XVIII shared the 3 million livres expense of building the Chapelle expiatoire with the Duchess of Angoulême. Construction took ten years, and the chapel was inaugurated in 1826 in the presence of King Charles X. When he blessed the cornerstone of the Chapelle expiatoire, Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen, Archbishop of Paris, called in vain for an amnesty of the exiled members of the National Convention.

Building and courtyard

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Louis XVI Called to Immortality, Sustained by an Angel, by François Joseph Bosio
Marie Antoinette supported by Religion, by Jean-Pierre Cortot

The Chapelle expiatoire stands on a slight rise. There are two buildings separated by a courtyard which is surrounded by an enclosed cloister-like precinct, a peristyle, that isolates the chapel from the outside world. The building on Rue Pasquier is the entrance. There is an inscription above the entrance, which reads (translated):

King Louis XVIII raised this monument to consecrate the place where the mortal remains of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie-Antoinette, transferred on 21 January 1815 to the royal tomb of Saint-Denis, reposed for 21 years. It was finished during the second year of the reign of Charles X, year of grace 1826.[4]

In the courtyard are cenotaphs to those who were known to be buried in this location.

The chapel itself is entered through a pedimented tetrastyle portico, of a sombre Doric order. It contains a domed space at the center of a Greek cross, formed by three coffered half-domed apses with oculi that supplement the subdued natural light entering through the skylight of the main dome. The cubic, semicylindrical and hemispheric volumes recall the central planning of High Renaissance churches as much as they do a Greco-Roman martyrium. White marble sculptures of the king and queen in ecstatic attitudes were made by François Joseph Bosio and Jean-Pierre Cortot. There is also a bas-relief by French sculptor François-Antoine Gérard (who also did some of the other carvings) showing the exhumation and removal of the remains of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette to the Basilica of St Denis.

The crypt contains a black and white marble altar intended to mark the place where the royal remains were found.

The Chapelle expiatoire is without doubt the most uncompromising late neoclassical religious building of Paris. Chateaubriand found it "the most remarkable edifice in Paris". The chapel's severe geometry is unrelieved by sculpture, as can be seen by the view from rue d'Anjou.

Later history

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In 1862, the cypresses which surrounded the chapel were cut down, and a public park (Square Louis XVI) was created around the complex.

In May 1871 the Paris Commune demanded that the Chapel be torn down. This was never put into effect.

Every January 21, a memorial mass is held in the chapel to commemorate the death of Louis XVI.

The Chapel was severely damaged by storm in 2009.

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Pendants

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  • The Holy Trinity Hi tres unum sunt, (These Three are One)
    The Holy Trinity
    Hi tres unum sunt,
    (These Three are One)
  • The Ten Commandments Si vis ad vitam ingredi serva mandata, (If you want to enter into life keep the commandments)
    The Ten Commandments
    Si vis ad vitam ingredi serva mandata,
    (If you want to enter into life keep the commandments)
  • The Eucharist O salutaris hostia, (O saving Host)
    The Eucharist
    O salutaris hostia,
    (O saving Host)
  • The Sacrificial Lamb Ecce agnus dei, (Behold the Lamb of God)
    The Sacrificial Lamb
    Ecce agnus dei,
    (Behold the Lamb of God)

Photographs and paintings

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  • Detail of the left wing
    Detail of
    the left wing
  • Entrance on Rue Pasquier
    Entrance on
    Rue Pasquier
  • Mass in the chapel (1835), by Lancelot-Théodore Turpin de Crissé
    Mass in the chapel (1835), by Lancelot-Théodore Turpin de Crissé
  • Inscription above the entrance
    Inscription above
    the entrance
  • Detail of the right wing
    Detail of
    the right wing
  • Lateral gallery
    Lateral gallery
  • Detail of the apse
    Detail of the apse
  • View from Rue d'Anjou
    View from
    Rue d'Anjou

References

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  1. ^ Base Mérimée: Chapelle expiatoire, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
  2. ^ The History of Paris: From the Earliest Period to the Present Day; Containing a Description of Its Antiquities, Public Buildings, Civil, Religious, Scientific and Commercial Institutions. Paris: A. and W. Galignani. 1825. pp. 119–120.
  3. ^ expiatoire does not appear in contemporaneous sources; it was added later.
  4. ^ Le roi Louis XVIII a élevé ce monument pour consacrer le lieu où les dépouilles mortelles du roi Louis XVI et de la reine Marie-Antoinette, transférées le 21 janvier 1815 dans la sépulture royale de Saint-Denis, ont reposé pendant 21 ans. Il a été achevé la deuxième année du règne du roi Charles X, l'an de grâce 1826
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