Chữ Hmông Việt
 | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (December 2024) |
| Chữ Hmông Việt | |
|---|---|
| Script type | |
| Creator | Unknown; but approved by the Vietnamese government |
| Created | 1961 |
| Languages | Hmong |
Chữ Hmông Việt (CHV; Ntơưr Hmôngz Viêx Nangz; RPA: Ntawv Hmoob Viaj Naab) is a Hmong writing in Latin characters established under Decree No. 206-CP in 1961, and approved by the Vietnamese government. It is one of the most popular alphabets of the Hmong language in Vietnam, second only to RPA.
History
[edit]Established in 1961, the alphabet was built according to the phonetics of the H'Mong Lenh branch in the Sa Pa, Lào Cai, with the addition of some phonemes from other H'Mong branches, includes 59 consonants (including 3 consonant phonemes of the H'Mong Dou and H'Mong Sua branches), 28 rhymes, and 8 tones. In the 1970s, the Hmong learning movement developed quite strongly in most of the northern mountainous provinces of Vietnam, where many Hmong people lived. But until now, due to many different reasons, the situation of learning Hmong script has not developed as before.
Recently, learning Hmong has begun to develop, meeting the needs of online communication of the Hmong people. In Thái Nguyên, there is a Hmong teacher who is a police lieutenant colonel and has written a Hmong language textbook and dictionary. Pages about Hmong Vietnam on Facebook are flourishing. However, there is currently no information about the Hmong script in use.
Alphabet
[edit]This script is similar to the Quốc Ngữ script used for Vietnamese language today, but uses tone letters, similar to RPA.[1]
Consonants and vowels
[edit]| Stop sound | Nasal | Finally | [L] | Fricative | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nh | n | m | ml | p | pl | t | đ | đr | tr | ch | c | k | tx | ts | ||
| No change | /ɲ/ | /n/ | /m/ | /mˡ/ | /p/ | /pˡ/ | /t/ | /d/ | /tˡ/ | /ʈ/ | /c/ | /k/ | /q/ | /l/ | /ts/ | /ʈʂ/ |
| Before ⟨n⟩ | b
/ᵐb/ |
bl
/ᵐbˡ/ |
nt
/ⁿd/ |
nđr
/ⁿdˡ/ |
r
/ᶯɖ/ |
nd
/ᶮɟ/ |
g
/ᵑɡ/ |
ng
/ᶰɢ/ |
nz
/ⁿdz/ |
nj
/ᶯɖʐ/ | ||||||
| Before/After ⟨h⟩ | hnh
/ɲ̥/ |
hn
/n̥/ |
hm
/m̥/ |
hml
/m̥ɬ/ |
ph
/pʰ/ |
fl
/pɬ/ |
th
/tʰ/ |
đh
/dʱ/ |
đl
/tɬ/ |
rh
/ʈʰ/ |
q
/cʰ/ |
kh
/kʰ/ |
qh
/qʰ/ |
hl
/ɬ/ |
cx
/tsʰ/ |
tsh
/ʈʂʰ/ |
| ⟨n⟩ and ⟨h⟩ | mf
/ᵐbʱ/ |
mfl
/ᵐbɮ/ |
nth
/ⁿdʱ/ |
nđl
/ⁿdɮ/ |
nr
/ᶯɖʱ/ |
nq
/ᶮɟʱ/ |
nkh
/ᵑɡʱ/ |
nkr
/ᶰɢʱ/ |
nx
/ⁿdzʱ/ |
ntsh
/ᶯɖʐʱ/ | ||||||
- The glottal stop is not recorded in the orthography. Real words that begin with a vowel are identified with an apostrophe, which thus acts as a non-consonant.
| Frictional | Labial | Molar | Dental | Palatal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ph | v | x | s | j | z | sh | h | |
| /f/ | /v/ | /s/ | /ʂ/ | /ʐ/ | /ʝ/ | /ç/ | /h/ | |
| Vowels | Single vowels | Nasal vowels | Diphthongs | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | ê | a | o, ao | u | ư | ênh | ang | ông | ai | ơư | âu | iê | uô | |
| /i/ | /e/ | /a/ | /ɔ/ | /u/ | /ɨ/ | /ẽ/ | /ã/ | /ɔ̃/ | /ai/ | /aɨ/ | /au/ | /iə/ | /uə/ | |
Tones
[edit]The Vietnamese Hmong script indicates the tone of the writing at the end of a syllable, without accents as in the Vietnamese alphabet. Unlike Vietnamese language, all Hmong syllables end in a vowel, meaning that using consonant letters to indicate melody would be neither confusing nor ambiguous.
| Sound | Example | Spelling |
|---|---|---|
| High | /pɔ́/ 'bóng' | poz |
| Mid | /pɔ/ 'lách' | po |
| Low | /pɔ̀/ 'gai' | pos |
| Raised voice | /pɔ̂/ 'cái' | pox |
| Mid raised voice | /pɔ̌/ 'ném' | por |
| Creaky voice | /pɔ̰/ 'thấy' | pov |
| Lower voice (breathing voice) | /pɔ̤/ 'bà' | pol |
- ⟨d⟩ and ⟨k⟩ represents a final rising variation of the weak voice phrase
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Phau Kawm Ntawv Hmoob Nyab Laj (Fâu Kơưv Ntơưr Hmôngz Nhaz Lax / Viêx Nangz)". hmonglanguage.net. Hmong Language. Archived from the original on 2014-07-30. Retrieved 2024-12-10.