Censorship in Spain
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Censorship in Spain involves the suppression of speech or public communication and raises issues of freedom of speech.
The non-profit Reporters Without Borders, on its 2020 report, placed the country in the 29 out of 180 position with respect its level of freedom of the press.[1] It cited the Law on Citizen Security, also known as the Gag Law, as one of the main obstacles to freedom of speech.[2]
History
[edit]Spanish Inquisition
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Francoism
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Basque nationalism
[edit]Some media linked to Basque nationalism, in particular some linked to the abertzale left, have been object of censorship. During the decade of 1990, the national police investigated the alleged relation between the basque newspaper Egin and the armed group ETA. The newspaper closed in 1998 by order of the judge Baltasar Garzón.[3] In 2009, the court resolved that the activity of the newspaper was legal.[4] However, after 11 years of closure, the newspaper could not open again.[5]
After the closure of Egin, one of its journalist, Pepe Rei, continued his work in the Ardi Beltza magazine, which in 2001 was closed by order of Baltasar Garzón too. This order was later revoked.[6]
In 2003, Juan del Olmo, judge of the Audiencia Nacional, orderer the temporary closure the newspaper Egunkaria during six month, and the embargo of all its property, with an accusation of being part of a business conglomerate controlled by ETA. The closure order was repeatedly extended during seven years, until all accused were absolved in 2010.[7][8]
In January 2011, the Audiencia Nacional ordered the closure of the website Apurtu.org. In 2013 the case was dismissed but the website never opened again. One of the arrested during the case, Miguel Ángel Llamas, spent 18 months in prison without a trial.[9] One month before the dismissal of the case, the Audiencia Nacional ordered the closure of the website Ateak Ireki, considering it the successor of Apurtu.org. After the dismissal of the Apurtu.org, the precautionary measures against Ateak Ireki remained. In order to avoid a long legal process to open Ateak Ireki, a new project was crowdfunded to open a new online media project. The result of it was the news portal Ahotsa.info.[10]
In 2013, the Audiencia Nacional closed a local online newspaper of Burlada, BurtlataHerria, accusing the administrator of apology of terrorism. A year later he was absolved, but the website did not open again.[11]
In 2013, Eloy Velasco, judge of the Audiencia Nacional, presented criminal charges for apology of terrorism against seven member of the youth organization Ernai and ordered the closure of their website.[12] The judge also ordered Topatu to take down videos of their press coverage of a festival organized by Ernai, considering it apology for terrorism too. Topatu took the videos down and three of its journalists were called as witnesses in court.[13]
Insults to the Crown
[edit]Insults to the Crown (The king and royal family as institution representative of the whole nation) are a criminal offense in Spain, according to articles 490.3 and 491 of the Spanish Criminal Code.[14] This crime is controversial amongst different political forces.[15] Some of the processed for this crime are the satirical magazine El Jueves,[16] the newspapers Deia and Gara, the magazine Punto y Hora de Euskal Herria, politicians of the United Left party, the abertzale left, the left Catalan independence movement and music bands.
Law on Citizen Security of 2015
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The Organic Law 4/2015, 30 March, of the protection of citizen security,[17] also known as the Gag Law, is an organic law, that entered into force on 1 July 2015, replacing the previous law known as the Corcuera Law.[18] The law restricted public demonstrations by placing restrictions on where and when protests can take place, as well as fines of up to €30,000 for violations of this law.[19]
2017 Catalan independence referendum
[edit]During the days before the 2017 Catalan independence referendum, the Civil Guard closed the official website of the referendum by order of the High Court of Justice of Catalonia. It also closed or blocked multiple alternative domains, official and non official. It blocked the main gateway of the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), gateway.ipfs.io, which was being used to access the blocked websites.[citation needed][20]
On 20 September the Civil Guard entered the headquarters of the Fundació puntCat, which administers the top-level domain .cat, and arrested the director of IT, Pep Masoliver.[21] The Internet Society and the Electronic Frontier Foundation denounced the mandate for domain name registrars to exercise Internet censorship tasks.[22][23]
By 27 September, more than 140 websites related to the referendum were blocked.[24] On 11 October, the official website of the Assemblea Nacional Catalana organization, assemblea.cat, was blocked.[25]
Other cases
[edit]In 2000, the Spanish Data Protection Agency initiated a process against the Association Against Torture. This association published annual reports on torture cases in Spain and published them in their website, hosted by Nodo50. The website closed to avoid a fine of up to 100 millions of pesetas for publishing the names of police agents and prison officials denounced for torture cases. Despite the closure, multiple websites hosted in other countries replicated the content, which remains accessible.[26]
Since 2020, the Canadian pro-abortion non-profit Women on Web has been censored by various Spanish ISPs in order to prevent access by Spanish residents.[27]
In July 2024, the socialist government leaded by Pedro Sánchez presented a plan to limit internet access to certain sites (initially, pornographic in nature) using a token system, based on monthly renovation under government approval, allowing for a limited amount of access to the targeted websites.
References
[edit]- ^ Reporters Without Borders (2019). "Clasificación Mundial de la Libertad de Prensa 2017". Retrieved 13 May 2019.
- ^ Reporters Without Borders (2019). "Spain". Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
- ^ Lázaro, Fernando; Yanel, Agustín (16 July 1998). "Garzón ordena el cierre de "Egin" por su implicación en la red financiera de ETA". El Mundo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 May 2009.
- ^ Altuna, Manex; Iriondo, Iñaki (27 May 2009). "El Supremo rebaja las condenas del 18/98 y desmonta ahora la tesis usada para cerrar "Egin"". Gara (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ Encarnacion, Omar G (2012). "Justice in Times of Transition: Lessons from the Iberian Experience". International Studies Quarterly. 56 (1): 179–192. JSTOR 41409830.
- ^ "18 Jan in History". www.safran-arts.com. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ "La Audiencia Nacional absuelve a los cinco directivos de 'Egunkaria'". Público (in Spanish). 12 April 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ Landa López, Isabel (17 April 2010). "No hay quien repare el cierre de un medio". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ Diaz, Martxelo (29 December 2013). "Archivan el sumario que supuso el cierre de la web Apurtu.org". Gara (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 July 2017.
- ^ Diaz, Martxelo (7 February 2015). "Ahotsa.info, otra herramienta para dar voz al movimiento popular de Nafarroa". Gara (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
- ^ University Module Series (2018). "Counter-Terrorism 1: Introduction to Internal Terrorism" (PDF). UNODC. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ "La Audiencia Nacional imputa a siete miembros de Ernai por homenajear al exjefe etarra 'Thierry'". Europa Press (in Spanish). 17 December 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
- ^ Crowbar, Richard (20 October 2014). "La Audiencia Nacional contra la libertad de información". Diagonal (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 July 2017.
- ^ Ley Orgánica 10/1995 de 23 de noviembre del Código Penal.
- ^ Boletín oficial de las Cortes Generales 22/04/2008
- ^ La Audiencia prohíbe la venta del último número de 'El Jueves' por un presunto delito de injurias a la Corona
- ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado. "Ley Orgánica 4/2015, de 30 de marzo, de protección de la seguridad ciudadana" (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 November 2015.
- ^ "Spain: Organic Law No. 1/2015 of March 30, 2015". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ The Guardian (12 March 2015). "Spain puts 'gag' on freedom of expression as senate approves security law". Retrieved 25 June 2019.
- ^ Electronic Frontier Foundation (2017). "No Justification for Internet Censurship during Catalan referendum". EDRi. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ "En libertad la directora de T-Systems y el responsable de fundación Punt.cat". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 22 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
- ^ Donck, Frédéric (21 September 2017). "Internet Society statement on Internet blocking measures in Catalonia, Spain". Internet Society. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
- ^ Malcolm, Jeremy (21 September 2017). ".cat Domain a Casualty in Catalonian Independence Crackdown". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
- ^ Alandete, David; Ortega Dolz, Patricia; Pueyo Busquets, Jordi (27 September 2017). "'Hackers' rusos ayudan a tener activa la web de referéndum". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 September 2017.
- ^ "La Guardia Civil interviene la web de la ANC". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 11 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- ^ "No data privacy for top torturers". Nodo50. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ "Women on Web website censored in Spain". Retrieved 22 January 2024.