Carolinites

Carolinites; Temporal range: Lower and Middle Ordovician PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	†Trilobita
Order:	†Proetida
Family:	†Telephinidae
Genus:	†Carolinites; Kobayashi, 1940
Type species
	Carolinites bulbosa;
Species
	See text
Synonyms
	Dimastocephalus; Keidelia;

Carolinites is a genus of trilobite, assigned to the Telephinidae family, that occurs during the Lower and Middle Ordovician. Carolinites had a pantropical distribution, and there is evidence that it lived in upper parts of the water column. The free cheeks of Carolinites are largely covered by its huge eyes, except for the attachment of large genal spines that extend downward, backward and lateral and gradually curving further backward. The glabella is slightly bulbous, the occipital ring is well defined, but further transglabellar furrows are lacking. The thorax has 10 segments. The axis of the pygidium is highly vaulted, with a curved spine emerging almost perpendicular to the midline and ending parallel to it and a node on each of the other three segments.^[1]^[2] Carolinites is known from what are today Australia (Tasmania), Canada (Alberta), China, France, Spitsbergen, and the United States (Utah).^[3]

Etymology

Carolinites has been named after Caroline Creek in Tasmania, the type locality of C. bulbosa.^{[citation needed]}^{[original research?]}

Species

C. bulbosa Kobayashi, 1940 (type)
C. genacinaca Ross, 1951
- C. genacinaca genacinaca
- C. genacinaca nevadensis Hintze, 1953
C. killaryensis Stubblefield, 1950 synonym Dimastocephalus killaryensis
C. sibericus Chugaeva, 1964 synonym C. angustagena

Distribution

C. genacinaca occurs in the Ordovician of the United States (Utah, Nevada), East Greenland, East Siberia, Novaya Zemlya, Arctic Canada and Svalbard.
C. killaryensis was found in the Ordovician of Western Ireland, Svalbard and the Western United States (Basin Ranges).
C. sibericus has been recorded from the Ordovician of Western Ireland, Siberia, Svalbard and the Western United States.^[4]

References

^ R.C. Moore, ed. (1959). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part O – Arthropoda 1 – Arthropoda general features, Proarthropoda, Euarthropoda general features, Trilobitomorpha. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
^ Whittington, H. B. et al. (1997) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part O, Revised, Volume 1 – Trilobita – Introduction, Order Agnostida, Order Redlichiida.
^ McCormick, T.; Fortey, R.A. (2002). "The Ordovician trilobite Carolinites, a test case for microevolution in a macrofossil lineage". Palaeontology. 45 (2): 229–257. Bibcode:2002Palgy..45..229M. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00235. S2CID 129305548.
^ Fortey, R.A. (1975). The Ordovician Trilobites of Spitsbergen [II. Asaphidae, Nileidae, Raphiophoridae and Telephinidae of the Valhallfonna Formation]. Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter. Vol. 162. Oslo: Norsk Polarinstitutt.

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[1] R.C. Moore, ed. (1959). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part O – Arthropoda 1 – Arthropoda general features, Proarthropoda, Euarthropoda general features, Trilobitomorpha. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.

[Treatise_1997-2] Whittington, H. B. et al. (1997) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part O, Revised, Volume 1 – Trilobita – Introduction, Order Agnostida, Order Redlichiida.

[3] McCormick, T.; Fortey, R.A. (2002). "The Ordovician trilobite Carolinites, a test case for microevolution in a macrofossil lineage". Palaeontology. 45 (2): 229–257. Bibcode:2002Palgy..45..229M. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00235. S2CID 129305548.

[4] Fortey, R.A. (1975). The Ordovician Trilobites of Spitsbergen [II. Asaphidae, Nileidae, Raphiophoridae and Telephinidae of the Valhallfonna Formation]. Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter. Vol. 162. Oslo: Norsk Polarinstitutt.

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