Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam
The captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam was imposed on the Nairs of Malabar by Tipu Sultan, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1786 to 1799. They were subjected to forcible conversions to Sunni Islam, the official religious sect sanctioned by the Ottoman Caliphate, whose approval and alliance was sought by Tippu Sultan.[1][2][3][4][5] Those who refused conversions had to face many humiliations, hardships, torture, and even death.[6][7] The Nairs were treated with extreme brutality due to their strong adherence to the Hindu faith and martial tradition.[8][9][10] The captivity ended when Nair troops from Travancore defeated Tipu in the Third Anglo-Mysore War.[11][12] It is estimated that out of the 30,000 Nairs put to captivity (including women and children), only a few hundred returned to Malabar alive.[12][13]
North Malabar was divided into the Nair principalities of Chirakkal, Kadattanad, Kottayam, Kurangod and the Moplah principality of Cannanore which owed nominal allegiance to Chirakkal. South Malabar was divided between the Zamorin of Calicut and the Raja of Cochin.[14]
Nairs under Hyder Ali
[edit]The period of Sultan of Mysore Hyder Ali’s conquest of Malabar between 1766 and 1793 was met with stiff opposition from the local Nairs.[15] In 1766, he marched into Palakkad and Malabar, followed by another march into Malabar via Thamarassery ghat in 1767.[15] Hyder quickly understood the Nair psyche and caste pride and decided to use it to facilitate conversions.[15] To this end, he deprived Nairs of caste privileges, equating them to Paravas, prohibited them from carrying arms, and outlawed them.[15] Furthermore, he offered privileges back to anybody who converted to Islam.[15] This forced some Nairs and many members of the Hindu community to adopt Islam, and resulted in the first appearance of Islam in the Malabar countryside.[16] Humiliated by these perceived slights imposed by the Sultan, the Nairs rose in rebellion.[15] They harassed isolated block-houses set up by Hyder, raided, pillaged, and destroyed stores and munition dumps.[15]
Ayaz Khan was a Nair from Chirakkal who had been taken prisoner by Hyder during the latter's Malabar campaign of 1766.[17] He became a Muslim and was enlisted in the Asad-i-Ilahi (new converts) troops. Finding favour with Hyder Ali, in 1779 he became Governor of Chitaldroog and in 1782 of Bednur. The British approached him and he rejected their overtures, but after Hyder's death he agreed to support them and handed over Bednur to them.[18]
Nairs under Tipu Sultan
[edit]Related Letters
[edit]
In his letter to the Governor of Bekal, Budruz Zaman Khan, in the year 1200 AH (1785 AD), Tipu approved of forced conversions of Nairs:[19]
"Your two letters, with the enclosed memorandums of the Nâimâ (Nair) captives, have been received. You did right in causing a hundred and thirty-five of them to be circumcised, and in putting eleven of the youngest of these into the Usud Ilhye band, and the remaining ninety-four into the Ahmedy troops, consigning the whole, at the same time, to the charge of the Kiladar of Nugr (Bednore).
In May of the same year, an order was sent to the Faujdar of Calicut, Arshad Ali Baig, pertaining to the treatment of a Nair dissident:[19]
"Getting possession of the villain, Goorkul, and of his wife and children, you must forcibly make Mussalmans out of them, and then dispatch the whole under a guard to Seringapatam."
Proclamation
[edit]In 1788, Tipu issued a proclamation to the Nairs of Malabar, wherein he outlined his new scheme of social reform.
His proclamation was met with widespread resentment and consequently, the Hindus of Malabar rose in rebellion.[21] Due to fear 30,000 Brahmins fled to Travancore.[21] The Kottayam and Kadattanand Rajas sought protection from the English East India Company.[21] In November 1788, Tipu's forces attacked Calicut and captured the Karanavappad of Manjeri.[21] Their assaults were met with resistance by the Nairs of Calicut and southern Malabar led by Ravi Varma and other princes of the Padinjare Kovilakam.[21] Tipu set 6,000 troops under his French commander, M. Lally to raise the siege, but failed to defeat Ravi Varma.[21]
Captives
[edit]The following year in 1789 Tipu sent Gulam Ali, Gaji Khan and Darvedil Khan with troops into Coorg by way of Siddhesvara.[22] where they took up strong positions, seized grain, men, women and children while burning houses that they pillaged.[22] They set fire to the Padinalkanadu temple.[22] Later the 'Maleyalam' (Malabar region) people joined the Coorgs.[22] Tipu sent Gulam Ali into Malabar but en route Gulam was attacked by the Coorgs.[22] Gulam managed to reach Malabar where he burnt down the Payyavur temple and attacked that region.[22]
That same year (1789), when Tipu was marching against the Nairs at Calicut who had become rebellious, he heard of another rebellion in Coorg. He sent a force towards Coorg under Burhan ud Din and Sayed Hamid. Tipu himself crossed the Tamarasseri(Tamrachadi) Ghat and entered Malabar region. There he ordered some of the inhabitants to be converted (made Asadulai), placed Officer Ghafar in command there and had a wooden fort or stockade built.[23]
Tipu had halted in the Malabar to enforce his proclamation.[21] General orders were issued to his army that 'every being in the district without distinction should be burned, that they should be traced to their lurking places, and that all means of truth and falsehood, force or fraud should be employed to effect their universal conversion'.[21] The Raja of Cherkal (Chirakkal, Kannur) fled to Tellicherry but when he was intercepted he killed himself. Then his body was dragged round the camp and hung from a tree.[24] Tipu besieged the Kadattanad Raja's fortified palace at Kuttipuram, and 2,000 Nairs—forced to surrender after a resistance of several days.[21] Several Rajas and wealthy land owners fled to Travancore, where the Dharma Raja helped them to rehabilitate themselves in their new surroundings.[21] On the other hand, Nairs retreated into the jungles where they engaged in guerrilla warfare against the invading Mysorean army.[21] Tipu further organised a regular and systematic hunt for Nairs.[21] He then proceeded to Cannanore and after celebrating the marriage of his son with the daughter of the Ali Raja, marched along the coast of Chowghat.[21] He then made arrangements for the administrative reorganisation of the province, and retired to Coimbatore, leaving a permanent occupying force to frighten and subjugate the local population.[21]
See also
[edit]- Mysorean invasion of Kerala
- Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam
- Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam
Citations
[edit]- ^ Potter, L. (5 January 2009). The Persian Gulf in History. Springer. ISBN 9780230618459.
- ^ Hardiman, David (March 2021). Noncooperation in India: Nonviolent Strategy and Protest, 1920-22. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-758056-1.
- ^ "OPINION | Khilafat: Scriptural Sanction and Historical Antecedents". www.news18.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "Tipu Sultan's relations with the Ottoman Empire – 5-Minute History". fiveminthistory.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "Two-faced Tipu Sultan: Political double trouble | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". Archived from the original on 9 December 2017.
- ^ Fernandes 1969, p. 120
- ^ Knight 1858, p. 94
- ^ Sharma 1991, pp. 34–35
- ^ Punganuri 1849, p. 40
- ^ Palsokar 1969, pp. 75–79
- ^ Craik & MacFarlane 1847, p. 161
- ^ a b Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain) 1842, p. 494
- ^ Prabhu 1999, p. 250
- ^ Hasan, Mohibbul (1 December 2005). History of Tipu Sultan. Aakar Books. p. 140. ISBN 9788187879572. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g Fernandes 1969, p. 38
- ^ Mathur & Anthropological Survey of India 1977, p. 348
- ^ The Proceedings of the Indian History (1945). The Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Ninth Session,annamalai University.
- ^ Hasan, Mohibbul (1 December 2005). History of Tipu Sultan. Aakar Books. p. 28. ISBN 9788187879572. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ^ a b Sen 1930, p. 158
- ^ Kirkpatrick (2012). Select letters of Tippoo Sultan to various public functionaries. General Books. p. 256. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Menon 1962, pp. 155–156
- ^ a b c d e f Moegling, H (1855). Coorg Memoirs: An Account of Coorg and of the Coorg Mission. p. 98. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
- ^ Punganuri 1849, p. 40.
- ^ Moegling, H. (1855). Coorg Memoirs. p. 100. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
References
[edit]- Craik, George Lillie; MacFarlane, Charles (1847). Pictorial history of England: being a history of the people, as well as a history of the kingdom, Volume 6. C. Knight. Retrieved 28 November 2011..
- Fernandes, Praxy (1969). Storm over Seringapatam: the incredible story of Hyder Ali & Tippu Sultan. Thackers..
- Hassan, Mohibbul (2005). History of Tipu Sultan. Aakar books. ISBN 9788187879572..
- Knight, Charles (1858). The English cyclopædia: a new dictionary of universal knowledge, Volume 6. Bradbury & Evans. Retrieved 28 November 2011..
- Kirkpatrick, William (2002). Select Letters of Tippoo Sultan to Various Public Functionaries. General Books. Retrieved 14 February 2014..
- Mathur, P. R. G.; Anthropological Survey of India (1977). The Mappila fisherfolk of Kerala: a study in inter-relationship between habitat, technology, economy, society, and culture. Kerala Historical Society..
- Menon, A. Sreedhara (1962). Kerala District Gazetteers: Arnakulam. Superintendent of Govt. Presses..
- Palsokar, R. D. (1969). Tipu Sultan. s.n..
- Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. Bangalore: I.J.A. Publications. ISBN 978-81-86778-25-8..
- Punganuri, Ram Chandra Rao (1849). Memoirs of Hyder and Tippoo: rulers of Seringapatam, written in the Mahratta language. Simkins & Co. Retrieved 28 November 2011..
- Sen, Surendranath (1930). Studies in Indian history. University of Calcutta..
- Sharma, Hari Dev (1991). The real Tipu: a brief history of Tipu Sultan. Rishi Publications..
- Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain) (1842). Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volumes 23–24. C. Knight. Retrieved 28 November 2011..