Captive Nations
"Captive Nations" is a term that arose in the United States to describe nations under undemocratic regimes. During the Cold War, when the phrase appeared, it referred to nations under Communist administration, primarily Soviet rule.
As a part of the United States' Cold War strategy, an anti-Communist advocacy group, the National Captive Nations Committee, was established in 1959 according to an act of Congress (Pub. L. 86–90) by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The American economist and diplomat of Ukrainian heritage Lev Dobriansky played a key role in it.[1] The US branch of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations also lobbied in favor of the bill.[2]
The law also established Captive Nations Week, traditionally proclaimed for the third week in July since then. The move aimed at raising public awareness of the problems of nations under the control of Communist and other non-democratic governments.
The original Public Law 86-90 specifically referred to the following as Captive Nations:[3]
Criticism
[edit]Russian émigrés living in US, criticized P.L. 86-90, because in speaking of "Russian communism" and "imperialistic policies of Communist Russia" this law by implication equated the terms "Russian", "Communist" and "Imperialist". Specifically, the Congress of Russian Americans argued that P.L. 86-90 was anti-Russian rather than anti-Communist since the list of "captive nations" did not include Russians, thus implying that the blame for the Communist crimes lies on the Russians as a nation, rather than just on the Soviet system. According to the Russian writer Andrei Tsygankov, the suggested reason for this is that the law was designed by Lev Dobriansky viewed by the Russian Americans as a Ukrainian nationalist.[4] Members of Congress have campaigned for nullification of the Captive Nations law.[5][page needed]
A group of American historians issued a statement stating that PL 86-90 was largely based on misinformation and committed the United States to aiding ephemeral "nations" such as Cossackia and Idel-Ural.[6]
Gregory P. Tschebotarioff, Stephen Timoshenko, Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, Gleb Struve, Nicholas Timasheff were among opponents of PL 86-90.[citation needed]
In a 1959 news conference, the US president Dwight D. Eisenhower stated "Well, of course they don't admit there are any captive nations. They have their own propaganda. They present a picture to their own peoples, including the world, so far as they can, that we know is distorted and is untrue."[7]
Current vision
[edit]American leaders continue the tradition of celebrating Captive Nations Week and each year issue a new version of the Proclamation. Contemporary Proclamations do not refer to particular nations or states. The latest US President to specify a list of countries with oppressive regimes was George W. Bush, whose 2008 Proclamation mentioned Belarus and North Korea (in 1959 Belarus was denoted as White Ruthenia). George W. Bush characterized the leaders of the two countries as 'despots'.[8]
When declaring the July 2009 Captive Nations Week, President Barack Obama stated that while the Cold War was over, concerns raised by President Eisenhower remained valid.[9][10]
In his 2022 proclamation, President Biden named several officially communist countries (Cuba, North Korea and China) and a number of non-communist countries (Russia, Iran, Belarus, Syria, Venezuela and Nicaragua) as captive nations but did not mention two officially communist countries, Laos and Vietnam.[11]
See also
[edit]- Eastern Bloc
- Soviet Empire
- Western betrayal
- Military occupations by the Soviet Union
- Russian-occupied territories
- Brezhnev Doctrine
- Overrun Countries series
References
[edit]- ^ Edwards, Lee (February 14, 2008), "Remembering 'Mr. Captive Nations' Lev Dobriansky". HumanEvents.com. Archived March 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Simpson, Christopher (1988). Blowback: America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War. New York: Grove Atlantic. ISBN 1555841066.
- ^ Campbell, John Coert (1965), "American Policy Toward Communist Eastern Europe: the Choices Ahead", p. 116. University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 0-8166-0345-6
- ^ Tsygankov, Andrei (2009). Russophobia: Anti-Russian Lobby and American Foreign Policy. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61418-5.
- ^ Anatoly Bezkorovainy (2008). All Was Not Lost: Journey of a Russian Immigrant from Riga to Chicagoland. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781434364586.
- ^ "A Statement on U.S. Public Law 86-90". Russian Review. 20 (1): 97–98. 1961. JSTOR 126589.
- ^ "Eisenhower's 165 News Conference". The American Presidency Project. July 22, 1959. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
- ^ "Captive Nations Week, 2008" (PDF). govinfo.gov. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
- ^ Captive Nations Week, 2009 – A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America. The White House Office of the Press Secretary. July 17, 2009
- ^ Dale, Helle C. (August 24, 2009), Captive Nations Past and Present Archived 2010-01-25 at the Wayback Machine. The Heritage Foundation.
- ^ House, The White (July 15, 2022). "A Proclamation on Captive Nations Week, 2022". The White House.