Capital punishment in Serbia
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Capital punishment was used from the creation of the modern Serbian state in 1804. On 26 February 2002, the Serbian Parliament adopted amendments striking it off from the Criminal Code. The last execution, by shooting, took place on 14 February 1992, and the last death sentences were given in 2001.[citation needed] Serbia is bound by the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ratified on 6 September 2001), and Protocols No. 6 and No. 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights (ratified on 3 March 2004). According to Article 24 of the Serbian constitution (2006): "Human life is inviolable. There shall be no death penalty in the Republic of Serbia".
History
[edit]Serbia, 1804–1914
[edit]In the first decades of the 19th century, the death penalty was widely used in Serbia for a variety of offenses: murder, theft, political crimes, infanticide and even for extramarital sexual relations.
Until 1858, different modes of execution were in use: shooting, hanging, breaking on the wheel, „lethal gauntlet“ (a double file of men facing each other and armed with birch rods with which to strike at a person who is made to run between them) and decapitation; in the very beginning, there were a few instances of impalement. Until 1842, murderers were subject to „mirror“ punishments, meaning that a murderer was to be killed in an identical manner in which he killed the victim (often with the same weapon). In addition, the bodies of executed offenders were almost always publicly displayed on wheels and kept there for a set period of time or until „complete decay“. In 1858, shooting became the only legal mode of execution, while the practice of displaying the bodies was discontinued.[1]
Under the first Serbian Penal Code, passed in 1860, the death sentences were to be executed in public, by shooting, while the executed body was to be buried immediately at the place of execution. The Code included sixteen capital offenses: various forms of murder and robbery leading to death, as well as treason.[2] In 1863, however, the death penalty was re-introduced for theft and certain other crimes.[3] The death penalty for theft was finally abolished only in 1902. In 1905, executions in Belgrade ceased to be public (the offenders were shot furtively in places not frequented by public), but they remained public (until 1930) in other towns and in the country, where thousands of spectators gathered for the spectacle.[4]
Regular statistics on capital punishment began to be kept in 1889. Before that, reliable data exist for some years only. For example, in 1844 there were 62 death sentences (and 50 executions), in 1857 – 87 (10), 1868 – 64 (36) and in 1887 – 34 (23). In 1883, the year of a massive rebellion against the government (Timočka buna), 117 persons (mostly rebels) were sentenced to death and 47 executed. According to the official statistics, in the 25 years from 1889 to 1914 there were 600 death sentences and 344 executions.
Yugoslavia, 1918–1941
[edit]When Yugoslavia was created in 1918, different legal systems remained in force in different parts of the new country. In the north-western provinces (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Vojvodina), executions were by hanging in an enclosed space with restricted public attendance. In the remainder of the country (Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro and Macedonia), executions were by shooting and in public. When a single Penal Code was introduced for the whole country (1929), hanging remained the only legal mode of execution, with the exception of sentences passed by military courts, which were executed by shooting.[5]
Crimes punished by death were mostly murder and robbery leading to death, as well as terrorism. The terrorists sentenced to death were mainly the communists and the Croatian, Macedonian and Albanian separatists.
According to the official statistics, there were 459 death sentences and 232 executions in Serbia from 1920 to 1940 (on average, 22 sentences and 11 executions per year). In the same period, in the whole of Yugoslavia there were 904 sentences and 291 executions (43 and 14 per year).[6]
Hangings were performed by state executioners: Alois Seyfried (1918-1922), Florian Mausner (1922-1928) and Karlo Dragutin Hart (1928-1941).
Yugoslavia, 1945–1991
[edit]In the first years after World War II, death sentences were passed in large numbers daily on collaborationists and war criminals, but also on the „enemies of the people“, i.e. all those who opposed the new communist regime. There are no reliable data, but it seems likely that in Yugoslavia until 1951 there were as many as 10,000 death sentences, a majority of which were executed. In the same period, there must have been several thousands of death sentences and executions in Serbia. In addition to political offenses, capital crimes included the theft of the government property, as well as aggravated murder and robbery. Until 1959, executions were either by shooting or by hanging, as determined by the sentence of the court in each individual case, although hangings were considered as an aggravated form and were used less frequently. In the first post-war years, executions of major war criminals were often public. After 1950, the number of death sentences fell sharply. According to the official statistics, from 1950 to 1958 there were 229 death sentences in Yugoslavia (ca. 29 p.a.) and 122 in Serbia (ca. 15 p.a.). No official data were published on executions, but it is safe to assume that about two thirds of all death sentences were executed.[7]
The 1959 reforms resulted in a less strict system of criminal justice. Number of capital offenses was reduced and capital punishment was abolished for property offenses. Hanging was abolished and the only legal mode of execution remained shooting, performed by a platoon of eight policemen, only half of whom had rifles loaded with live ammunition. Executions could not be performed publicly. From 1959 to 1991, there were, on average, two or three executions per year in Yugoslavia and about two in Serbia (over 70% of all death sentences in Yugoslavia were passed by courts in Serbia).[8]
Serbia after 1991
[edit]From April 1992, Serbia was a part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which consisted of two federal units – Serbia and Montenegro. From 1991 to 2002, Serbian courts passed 19 death sentences, none of which had been executed. On 14 February 1992, Johan Drozdek was executed in Sombor. He was sentenced to death in 1988 for rape and murder of a six-year-old girl.
Abolition
[edit]Early attempts
[edit]In 1826, poet Sima Milutinović Sarajlija (1791–1847) wrote to Prince Miloš Obrenović, advising him to abolish the death penalty. The Prince never received the letter and nothing came out of the poet’s project.[9] During the drafting of the Penal Code in 1858, a law professor and a judge Jovan Filipović (1819–1876) proposed an abolition of capital punishment, arguing that it was unconstitutional under the then Serbian constitution. His proposal was rejected by a majority vote in the Drafting Committee.[10] In January 1881, deputies of the People's Radical Party made two motions to completely abolish the death penalty in the Serbian Parliament, but both were rejected by a majority vote. A similar motion, although restricted to an abolition for political crimes only, was made in the Parliament in 1887 and was also rejected.[11] A committee appointed to draft a new constitution for Serbia in 1888 held a debate on the death penalty, but the motion to abolish it was rejected.[citation needed] Another parliamentary debate was held in 1906, with the same result. Among those who spoke against capital punishment was the then minister of justice, Milenko Vesnić.[citation needed]
In the parliamentary debates on the draft constitution for the newly created Yugoslavia in 1921, the leftist parties (Communists and Republicans), as well as several smaller parties from Slovenia and Croatia, called for an abolition of the death penalty, but the majority decided to keep it in the constitution. In 1926, women’s organizations in Yugoslavia, headed by the Popular Union of Women (Narodni ženski savez), demanded abolition of capital punishment "for women as well as for men".[citation needed]
Marxists scholars, gathered around the Praxis journal, proposed an abolition of the death penalty in 1963.[citation needed] In 1980, a Belgrade lawyer Srđa M. Popović submitted a petition to the Yugoslav authorities to abolish the death penalty.[citation needed] A Society Against the Death Penalty was founded in Belgrade in 1981, but the authorities refused to allow it. In 1983, more than a thousand Yugoslav citizens, mostly from Slovenia, signed a petition to the federal parliament calling for an abolition of capital punishment.[citation needed]
Partial abolition, 1992
[edit]Constitution of FR Yugoslavia (which consisted of Serbia and Montenegro), adopted on 25 April 1992, abolished capital punishment for federal crimes (including genocide, war crimes, political and military offenses), but the federal units kept the right to prescribe capital punishment for crimes under their jurisdiction (murder and robbery).
Final abolition, 2002
[edit]On 26 February 2002, the Serbian parliament amended Serbia's Penal Code by deleting from it all references to capital punishment. As was stressed in the parliamentary debate, a paramount motive for this abolition was the intention of the then FR Yugoslavia to join the Council of Europe.[12] At the time of the abolition, there were 12 people in Serbia on death row.[13] Their sentence was commuted to 40 years in prison, the highest possible sentence after death, since Serbia didn't have a life imprisonment sentence at the time.
In 2006, new Constitution of Serbia was adopted. Article 24 of the Constitution explicitly forbids enactment of capital punishment.[14]
Public opinion
[edit]In the Fall of 2001, shortly before the Serbian abolition, a study of attitudes to the death penalty, based on a poll of 926 citizens, found the respondents to be equally divided: 43% were for the death penalty and 43% were against it, with 14% undecided.[15] Subsequent polls, taken every year since 2007 on a representative sample of around 1,000 citizens, confirm this result. Those for and those against capital punishment remain equally divided with minor year-to-year variations, like a seesaw: one year a majority of a few per cent would be for, and the next against the death penalty (see Table below).
This has changed since 2012 where every year a majority support the death penalty.
Year | Against death penalty (%) | For death penalty (%)[16] |
---|---|---|
2002 | 50 | 50 |
2007 | 56 | 44 |
2008 | 48 | 52 |
2009 | 52 | 48 |
2010 | 47 | 53 |
2011 | 53 | 47 |
2012 | 49 | 51 |
2013 (March) | 43 | 57 |
2013 (September) | 47 | 53 |
2014 | 30 | 70 |
2015 | 38 | 62 |
2016 | 30 | 70 |
2017 | 32 | 68 |
2018 | 30 | 70 |
2019 | 30 | 70 |
2020 | 36 | 64 |
2021 | 31 | 69 |
2022 | 33 | 67 |
Executions since 1959
[edit]Source: SPSK Database
Executed person | Gender | Date of sentence | Date of execution | Place of execution | Crime | Method | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mileva Krivokapić | Female | 26 June 1959 | 1960 | Leskovac | double child murder | firing squad | [17][18] |
Ramo Bunakai | Male | 1959 | 1960 | Peć | spying and murder | [1] | |
Ilija Jojin | 8 March 1960 | 18 July 1961 | Belgrade | double murder | [19][20] | ||
Stevan Narandžić | 1961 | 1961 | Sremska Mitrovica | double murder | [2] | ||
Krum Cekov | 23 October 1961 | 15 June 1962 | Požarevac | murder | [21][22] | ||
Esad Ribić | 14 June 1962[23] | 1963 | Sombor | murder of a police officer | [3] | ||
Milivoje Stević | 25 July 1962 | 22 January 1963 | Sremska Mitrovica | murder of a police officer | [24][25] | ||
Vojislav Smiljanić | |||||||
Mihalj Cekuš | 21 February 1963 | 30 September 1963 | Subotica | triple murder | [26][27] | ||
Sedija Tači | 1962 | 1963 | Niš | murder in prison while serving sentence for double murder | [4] | ||
Aleksandar Jovanović | 1 October 1962 | 30 September 1963 | Valjevo | child murder | [5] | ||
Mladen Domanović | 23 November 1962 | 1963 | Sremska Mitrovica | murder of cell mate while in prison for previous murder | [6] | ||
Živko Mladenović | 1963 | 1963 | Prokuplje | murder | [7] | ||
Sadija Beftija | 1963 | 1964 | Priština | murder | [8] | ||
Vukomir Dojčinović | 1964 | 24 February 1965 | Niš | triple murder | [28][29] | ||
Eva Vanjur | Female | 23 April 1964 | 8 November 1965 | Subotica | child murder | [30][31][32] | |
Božo Stadinović | Male | 7 May 1965[33] | 1966 | Sremska Mitrovica | homicide during a robbery | [9] | |
Ivan Jelić | 25 July 1968 | 3 November 1968 | Belgrade | terrorism | [34][35] | ||
Dragoljub Gutić | 30 May 1968 | 27 February 1969 | Belgrade | homicide during a robbery | [36][37] | ||
Sava Lisovac | |||||||
Janko Marković | 18 February 1969 | 28 January 1970 | Zaječar | double murder | [38][39] | ||
Teufik Kapetanović | 3 November 1969[40] | 1970 | Niš | homicide during a robbery | [10] | ||
Janoš Kočiš | 1971 | 1971 | Novi Sad | murder | [11] | ||
Vince Kišđeri | 27 October 1970 | 1972 | double murder | [41] | |||
Hilmija Hajrulahu | 29 October 1970 | 1972 | Gnjilane | murder | [12] | ||
Alija Elezi | 15 August 1971 | 1972 | murder | [13] | |||
Milun Jovanović | 20 April 1972 | 13 December 1972 | Novi Pazar | triple murder[42] | [14] | ||
Nebih Prenići | 28 January 1970 | 13 June 1973 | Priština | double murder | [15] | ||
Stipan Tumbas | 22 March 1973 | 15 August 1974 | Subotica | child murder | [43][44] | ||
Aleksandar Milutinović | 10 November 1971 | 4 September 1974 | Belgrade | multiple murder[42] | [16] | ||
Jezdimir Gajić | 8 March 1973 | 16 May 1975 | Požarevac | multiple murder[42] | [17] | ||
Hasan Kajtazović | 18 April 1974 | 1976? | Niš | double murder | [18] | ||
Milan Sekulić | 13 June 1974[45] | 19 March 1976 | Belgrade[46] | murder of a police officer | [19] | ||
Ahmet Zogaj | 19 June 1974[47] | 1976 | Prizren | double child murder | [20] | ||
Bali Zogaj | [21] | ||||||
Ali Haliti | 21 March 1975 | 1977 | Priština | murder | [22] | ||
Isljam Đota | 11 October 1974 | 1977 | double murder | [23] | |||
Mejdi Ljamalari | 3 February 1974 | 1977 | Gnjilane | double murder | [24] | ||
Avdija Seferaj | 11 November 1977[48] | 1977 | Požarevac | killed four inmates during a prison riot | [25] | ||
Mustafa Milaim | [26] | ||||||
Zumber Haliti | 9 December 1975 | 1977 | triple murder | [27] | |||
Nedeljko Grujičić | 5 April 1974 | 5 January 1977 | Užice | double murder | [28] | ||
Miljenko Hrkać | 25 December 1975 | 11 January 1978 | Belgrade | terrorism | [49][50][51] | ||
Dimitrije Gavrilović | 21 April 1978 | 20 April 1979 | Novi Sad | murder of two police officers | [52][53] | ||
Nebojša Despotov | 4 March 1976 | 12 July 1979 | Zrenjanin | double murder | [54] | ||
Vojislav Rajčić | 1 April 1980 | 16 March 1981 | Zaječar | war crimes | [55][56] | ||
Đemšit Braha | 7 November 1979 | 22 October 1981 | Priština | double murder | [57] | ||
Hamit Azizi | 1982 | 4 January 1982 | murder | [29] | |||
Paljoka Gecaj | 1982 | 5 April 1982 | Peć | revenge murder (blood feud) | [58] | ||
Ferat Muja | 28 July 1982 | 25 April 1984 | Titova Mitrovica | murder | [59][60] | ||
Tefik Abazi | 1984 | 22 July 1987 | Priština | triple murder | [61] | ||
Ahmet Pačarizi | 11 August 1983 | 20 November 1987 | Prizren | murder of two police officers | [62][63][64] | ||
Laslo Egete | 4 April 1986 | 29 July 1988 | Subotica | child murder | [65][66] | ||
Laslo Tubičak | 30 March 1988 | 8 August 1989 | Novi Sad | murder of a police officer | [67][68] | ||
Johan Drozdek | 15 March 1988 | 14 February 1992 | Sombor | child murder | [69][70] |
References
[edit]- ^ Živanović, Toma (1967). Zakonski izvori krivičnog prava Srbije od 1804. do 1865 [Statutory sources of Serbia's criminal law from 1804 to 1865]. Belgrade. pp. 431–439.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Kaznitelni zakonik za Knjažestvo Srbiju, 1860 [Penal Code for the Princedom of Serbia, 1860]" (PDF). Retrieved 14 September 2012.
- ^ "Izmene Kaznitelnog zakonika, 1863 [Amendments to the Penal Code, 1863], Art. 223" (PDF). Retrieved 14 September 2012.
- ^ Janković, Ivan (2012). Na belom hlebu: Smrtna kazna u Srbiji, 1804–2002 [On white bread diet: The death penalty in Serbia 1804-2002]. Belgrade. pp. 244–247. ISBN 978-86-519-1232-3.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Janković, Ivan (2012). Na belom hlebu: Smrtna kazna u Srbiji, 1804–2002 [On white bread diet: The death penalty in Serbia 1804-2002]. Belgrade. pp. Ch. 8–10. ISBN 978-86-519-1232-3.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Statistički godišnjaci Kraljevine SHS / Jugoslavije [Statistical Yearbooks of the Kingdom SHS / Yugoslavia]. Belgrade. 1921–1941.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Janković, Ivan (2012). Na belom hlebu: Smrtna kazna u Srbiji, 1804–2002 [On white bread diet: The death penalty in Serbia 1804-2002]. Belgrade. pp. Ch. 11–12.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Janković, Ivan (2012). Na belom hlebu: Smrtna kazna u Srbiji, 1804–2002 [On white bread diet: The death penalty in Serbia 1804-2002]. pp. Ch. 13–14.
- ^ Karadžić, Vuk (1969). Sabrana dela [Collected Works], XXII. Belgrade. pp. 227–233.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Janković, Ivan (2012). Na belom hlebu: Smrtna kazna u Srbiji, 1804–2002 [On white bread diet: The death penalty in Serbia 1804-2002]. Belgrade. pp. 122–123.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Janković, Ivan (2012). Na belom hlebu: Smrtna kazna u Srbiji, 1804–2002 [On white bread diet: The death penalty in Serbia 1804-2002]. Belgrade. pp. 172–177.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Kako je Narodna skupština ukinula smrtnu kaznu u Srbiji 2002. godine?". SPSK. 27 February 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
- ^ SPSK database
- ^ "PRAVDA ZA UBICE: Evo kako je ukinuta smrtna kazna u Srbiji!". Kurir. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
- ^ Nikolić, Borko (2002). Preživela kazna [An Obsolete Punishment]. Belgrade. p. 14. ISBN 86-7202-051-0.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ SPSK: Integral reports Ankete javnog mnenja, Srbija, 2002, 2007 - “undecided” excluded)
- ^ "Žena osuđena na smrt strijeljanjem". Slobodna Dalmacija (4461): 2. 27 June 1959.
- ^ "Mileva Krivokapić ponovo osuđena na smrt". Slobodna Dalmacija (4649): 3. 1 February 1960.
- ^ "Потврђена смртна казна двоструком убици Илији Јојину". Borba: 8. 29 October 1960.
- ^ "Извршена смртна казна над двоструким убицом Илијом Јојином". Borba: 7. 22 July 1961.
- ^ "ДВОСТРУКИ УБИЦА ИЗ МИШЉЕНОВЦА КОД КУЧЕВА ОСУЂЕН НА СМРТ". Borba: 6. 25 October 1961.
- ^ "Смртна казна за свирепо убиство". Borba: 4. 16 June 1962.
- ^ "Убица сомборсног милиционара осуђен на смрт стрељањем". Borba. 27 (163): 6. 15 June 1962.
- ^ "Убице милиционера Тимотијевића осуђене на смрт". Borba. 27 (204): 4. 26 July 1962.
- ^ "ИЗВРШЕНА СМРТНА КАЗНА НАД УБИЦАМА МИЛИЦИОНЕРА У РУМИ". Borba. XXVIII (22): 7. 23 January 1963.
- ^ "ТРОСТРУКИ УБИЦА ОСУЂЕН НА СМРТ". Borba: 6. 22 February 1963.
- ^ "Извршена смртна казна над троструким убицом Михаљом Цекушем". Borba: 6. 1 October 1963.
- ^ "у Нишу почело суђење троструком убици". Borba: 6. 21 April 1964.
- ^ "Потврђена смртна назна троструном убици из Ниша". Borba: 6. 5 March 1965.
- ^ "ЕВА ВАЊУР ОСУЂЕНА НА СМРТ". Borba. 29 (113): 6. 24 April 1964.
- ^ "Eva Vanjur, ubojica učenice Gizele Kočiš, osuđena na smrt". Slobodna Dalmacija (5965): 5. 25 April 1964.
- ^ "Izvršena smrtna kazna nad ubojicom Evom Vanjur". Slobodna Dalmacija (6444): 7. 11 November 1965.
- ^ "Ubojica Božo Stadinović Balinović osuđen na kaznu smrti strijeljanjem". Slobodna Dalmacija (6284): 8. 8 May 1965.
- ^ "Terorist Ivan Jelić osuđen na smrt". Slobodna Dalmacija (7278): 2. 26 July 1968.
- ^ "Strijeljan terorist Ivan Jelić". Slobodna Dalmacija (7365): 2. 4 November 1968.
- ^ "Lisovac i Gutić osuđeni na smrt". Slobodna Dalmacija (7230): 7. 31 May 1968.
- ^ "Izvršene smrtne kazne nad Lisovcem i Gutićem". Slobodna Dalmacija (7462): 11. 28 February 1969.
- ^ "Смртна казна двоструком убици". Borba. 34 (48): 9. 19 February 1969.
- ^ "Smrtna kazna trostrukom ubojici". Slobodna Dalmacija (7746): 11. 29 January 1970.
- ^ "ТЕУФИК ЋАМЕТАНОВИЋ ОСУЂЕН НА СМРТ". Borba. 34 (304): 7. 4 November 1969.
- ^ "ПОТВРЂЕНА СМРТНА КАЗНА КИШЂЕРИЈУ". Borba: 11. 22 October 1971.
- ^ a b c "SMRTNA KAZNA TREBA LI JE PONOVO UVESTI?" (PDF). Informer. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
- ^ "Ubojica djevojčice osuđen na smrt". Slobodna Dalmacija (8715): 1. 23 March 1973.
- ^ "Izvršena smrtna kazna nad Stipom Tumbasom". Slobodna Dalmacija: 49143. 16 August 1974.
- ^ "Убица милиционара осуђен на смрт". Borba. 53 (161): 8. 15 June 1974.
- ^ "Streljanja bez tragova". Večernje Novosti. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
- ^ "Две смртне казне у Призрену". Borba. 51 (168): 7. 20 June 1972.
- ^ "Četiri smrtne kazne". Slobodna Dalmacija (10145): 6. 12 November 1977.
- ^ "M. Hrkač osuđen na smrt". Slobodna Dalmacija (8011): 1. 8 December 1970.
- ^ "Ponovno pretres pred Vrhovnim sudom Srbije". Slobodna Dalmacija (8389): 3. 1 March 1972.
- ^ "Smrtna kazna za Miljenka Hrkača". Slobodna Dalmacija (9561): 3. 26 December 1975.
- ^ "Najstrože kazne". Slobodna Dalmacija (10280): 3. 22 April 1978.
- ^ "Izvršena smrtna kazna nad D. Gavrilovićem". Slobodna Dalmacija (10588): 16. 21 April 1979.
- ^ "Despotovu potvrđena smrtna kazna". Slobodna Dalmacija (10268): 3. 8 April 1978.
- ^ "Ратном злочинцу Рајчићу - смртна казна". Borba. 58 (90): 14. 2 April 1980.
- ^ Tomić, Vladan (1989). Nema mesta na nebu (PDF) (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade: Književne novine. p. 158. ISBN 86-391-0156-6.
- ^ "Izvršena smrtna kazna nad dvostrukim ubojicom". Slobodna Dalmacija (11365): 3. 23 October 1981.
- ^ "Izvršena smrtna kazna nad ubojicom". Slobodna Dalmacija (11503). Split: 12. 6 April 1982. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ^ "Smrtna kazna Feratu Muji". Slobodna Dalmacija (11599). Split: 4. 29 July 1982. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ^ "Izvršena smrtna kazna nad zločincem". Slobodna Dalmacija (12134). Split: 12. 26 April 1984. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ^ "Izvršena smrtna kazna". Slobodna Dalmacija (13168). Split: 23. 23 July 1987. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ^ "Smrtna kazna ubojici milicionera". Slobodna Dalmacija (11917). Split: 2. 12 August 1983. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ^ Schiavo Lena, Enrico (10 December 2022). "KRATKA BELEŠKA O POGUBLJENJIMA U SFRJ OD 1985. DO 1992". SPSK. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
- ^ "Strijeljan dvostruki ubojica". Slobodna Dalmacija (13290). Split: 27. 21 November 1987. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ^ "Smrtna kazna za monstruma iz Kanjiže". Slobodna Dalmacija (12726): 27. 5 April 1986.
- ^ "Izvršena smrtna kazna". Slobodna Dalmacija (13532): 39. 30 July 1988.
- ^ "Smrtna kazna ubojici milcionera". Slobodna Dalmacija (13416): 40. 31 March 1988.
- ^ "Izvršena smrtna kazna". Slobodna Dalmacija (13898): 5. 9 August 1989.
- ^ "Svirepom ubojici smrtna kazna". Slobodna Dalmacija (13401): 38. 16 March 1988.
- ^ Simić, Jovanka (30 July 2005). "Njeno ime samo šapućemo". Večernje novosti.[dead link]
External links
[edit]- www.deathpenalty.rs Serbia against Capital Punishment, a site devoted exclusively to the death penalty in Serbia and the former Yugoslavia