Jump to content

COVID-19 lockdowns

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns)
"The lockdowns" redirects here. For the general topic, see Lockdown. For other uses, see Lockdown (disambiguation).

A usually congested highway in Penang, Malaysia, deserted during the Movement Control Order
Healthcare workers in Hong Kong prepare to conduct mass COVID-19 testing of Jordan residents during a localised lockdown.
Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon delivers a press conference instructing the public to stay at home during the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland.
At a community quarantine checkpoint in Bohol, Philippines, police officers check a passing jeepney.
Queue in front of a supermarket in Italy caused by social distancing measures and supply shortages during the lockdown
Volunteers in Cape Town pack food parcels to distribute to the needy during the pandemic lockdown in South Africa.
Part of a series on the
COVID-19 pandemic
Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom.
Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom.
Timeline
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Locations
By country and territory
By conveyance
International response
National responses
Medical response
Vaccines
Current vaccines
Variants
Variants of concern
Other variants
Economic impact and recession
By country
By sport
Impacts
Long COVID
Society
Politics
virus icon COVID-19 portal

During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of non-pharmaceutical interventions, particularly lockdowns (encompassing stay-at-home orders, curfews, quarantines, cordons sanitaires and similar societal restrictions), were implemented in numerous countries and territories around the world.[1] These restrictions were established with the intention to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.[2] By April 2020, about half of the world's population was under some form of lockdown, with more than 3.9 billion people in more than 90 countries or territories having been asked or ordered to stay at home by their governments.[3] Although similar disease control measures have been used for hundreds of years, the scale of those implemented in the 2020s is thought to be unprecedented.[4][failed verification]

Research and case studies have shown that lockdowns were generally effective at reducing the spread of COVID-19, therefore flattening the curve.[5][6][contradictory][7] The World Health Organization's recommendation on lockdowns is that they should be very brief, short-term measures to reorganize, regroup, rebalance resources, and protect health workers who are exhausted.[citation needed] To achieve a balance between restrictions and normal life, the WHO recommends a response to the pandemic that consists of strict personal hygiene, effective contact tracing, and isolating when ill.[8][better source needed]

In addition to the health effects of lockdown restrictions,[9] researchers have found the lockdowns have reduced crime and violence by armed non-state actors, such as the Islamic State, and other terrorist groups.[10] They have also had profound negative economic impacts, and have been met with protests in some territories.

Efficacy

[edit]

Several researchers, from modeling and demonstrated examples, have concluded that lockdowns were somewhat effective at reducing the spread of, and deaths caused by, COVID-19.[5][6][11][7][12][13][14][15][16] Lockdowns are thought to be most effective at containing or preventing COVID-19 community transmission, healthcare costs and deaths when implemented earlier, with greater stringency, and when not lifted too early.[17][18][19][20][21]

A study investigating the spread based on studies of the most common symptoms such as loss of taste and smell in France, Italy and the UK showed a marked decrease in new symptoms just a few days after the start of confinement on the countries (Italy and France) with the strongest lockdowns.[22] Modelling on the United States pandemic suggested "the pandemic would have been almost completely suppressed from significantly taking off if the lockdown measures were implemented two weeks earlier" and that the second wave would have been less severe had the lockdown lasted another two weeks.[17]

The stringent lockdown in Hubei in early 2020 proved effective at controlling the COVID-19 outbreak in China.[15][23] The relatively high number of cases and deaths in Sweden, which has kept much of its society open during the pandemic, when compared to its neighbours with comparable demographics Norway, Denmark and Finland that did enforce lockdowns, is thought to be at least partly attributable to this difference in policy.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Similarly, modelling on Australian data concluded that achieving zero community transmission through a strict lockdown lowers healthcare and economic costs compared to less stringent measures that allow transmission to continue, and warned that early relaxation of restrictions have greater costs.[19][20] This "zero community transmission" approach was adopted in Australia, and a strict four month lockdown in the state of Victoria during an outbreak in Melbourne, combined with other measures, averted a wider outbreak in the country in 2020.[31] New Zealand and Vietnam also adopted a "Zero-COVID" strategy throughout 2020 that included targeted lockdowns.[32][33]

The emergence of the highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in 2021 has led some commentators to suggest that although lockdowns continue to reduce the spread of COVID-19, they have become less effective at containing it. Lockdowns in Australia and Vietnam in response to Delta outbreaks proved less effective at containment than previous lockdowns were against the spread of other variants.[34][35][36]

Voluntary versus mandatory restrictions

[edit]
A member of the Peruvian Army with a police dog enforces curfew on 31 March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.

One study led by an economist at the University of Chicago found that involuntary lockdowns had little impact, with voluntary distancing making up nearly 90% of the fall in consumer traffic as people feared the virus itself.[37] Similarly, a National Bureau of Economic Research study found stay-at-home orders increased staying at home by just 5–10%.[38] Another study from Yale University found that most social distancing was voluntary, driven primarily by "media coverage of morbidity and mortality".[39]

On the other hand, some studies have argued[14][40] that coercive measures probably decreased interactions, while accepting that most of the reduction may have been voluntary. One of those two studies, by Flaxman et al., has been criticized, among other things for having a country-specific adjustment factor, without which the model would predict a massive number of deaths for Sweden.[41] One widely cited economic simulation asserting that shelter-in-place orders reduced total cases three-fold, however, held voluntary distancing constant.[42] Another study found a 30% difference among border-counties where stay-at-home orders were imposed.[43]

Another study that compared the impact of 'less restrictive interventions' on the spread of COVID-19 in Sweden and South Korea, with mandatory stay-at home orders in 8 other countries, such as France and Spain, did not find evidence for greater disease control in the countries with more restrictions.[44] However, the findings of the study have been questioned due to its numerous limitations, including the small sample size of countries.[45][46]

Some research has also found that an "advisory" approach is not adequate to control COVID-19 outbreaks. An analysis of an outbreak in northern Italy found that an effective reduction in community transmission occurred during a strict national lockdown, and that earlier less stringent measures were ineffective at reducing mobility to a level low enough to reduce the spread of COVID-19.[18]

Since the beginning of the pandemic, Google has consistently collected data on movements, showing rapid declines in public activity long before legal restrictions were imposed.[47] An April 2020 poll found that 93% of Americans voluntarily chose to only leave home when necessary, regardless of legal restrictions.[48]

Reception

[edit]

A February 2021 review of 348 articles concluded there was acknowledgement of the importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions in controlling the spread of COVID-19.[7] However, later research also acknowledges high societal costs, though in some circumstances less than the costs of allowing the pandemic to spread without mitigation.[6][5][7]

[edit]

Epidemiological evidence supports generalized non-pharmaceutical interventions to curb the spread of COVID-19.[7][49][50][51]

During the early stages of the pandemic in Europe and the United States, statistical modeling which advised that restrictions were helpful to prevent a large number of deaths were used as the basis for lockdowns.[16] This includes an Imperial College projection, led by epidemiologist Neil Ferguson.[52] Despite some criticisms, academics defended the Imperial projection as fundamentally sound, while admitting the code was "a buggy mess".[53] Retrospective evaluation of lockdowns and computer modeling has verified that they have significantly contributed to reducing mortality and morbidity from COVID-19.[54]

A notable opponent of lockdowns has included Sweden's state epidemiologist Anders Tegnell, who has frequently criticised the strategy.[55][56] The Swedish government's approach has included minimal restrictions and has been controversial in part due to the relatively high death toll due to widespread transmission.[57][58] However, the Swedish government began considering enacting a lockdown in early 2021.[59][60]

While arguing in August 2020 for the need for further lockdowns in the United States, physicians Ranu Dhillon and Abraar Karan argued for "smarter lockdowns" that impose restrictions on areas with high levels of transmission, and to increase support to vulnerable populations in these locations to offset the economic costs.[61]

A number of medical experts signed the Great Barrington Declaration in October 2020 which called for "Focused Protection" on high risk groups and minimal restrictions on the general population to achieve herd immunity through COVID-19 infection. However, the majority of medical experts and the WHO have strongly criticised this proposed strategy for its lack of scientific basis and for being unethical.[50][62][63] The declaration has also attracted controversy over its funding and the authenticity of its signatures.[49][64]

[edit]
See also: Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic and Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

The lockdowns had multiple effects on people's everyday lives. Some of these were direct effects, such as cancelling or postponing a social event, and others had indirect effects, such as losing a sense of identity.[65] For example, teachers often derive meaning and a sense of life purpose from teaching, but the schools were closed, which caused many of them to feel disconnected from their identity as teachers.[65] Many people also felt that they could not trust that the things (e.g., doorknobs) and people around them were safe.[65] People also lost a sense of time, with the feelings of unpredictability developing into the opposite of the normal human ontological security.[65] Instead of knowing what to do, what to trust, and what to expect in the future, people felt disconnected and at a loss.[65] It also made people more aware of the pre-existing problems they were facing, such as abuse, addiction, and racism.[65] The sociologist Ann Swidler compared the social changes to anomie, an absence of social norms that was first described at the end of the Industrial Revolution, as the prior, socially agreed-upon system of interpersonal connections, values, interdependence, and ideas about normal behavior was set aside, and a new system had not yet emerged.[65]

Some commentators have suggested that states' use of emergency powers to curb freedom of assembly and movement are authoritarian and may result in long-term democratic backsliding.[66] Centralization of power by political leadership in Hungary, Poland, China and Cambodia in response to the COVID-19 pandemic have been cited as examples.[67][68][69]

Some researchers have noted that COVID-19 pandemic restrictions have come with mental health costs, compounded by those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic itself.[7][70][71][72][73]

Due to their closure, educational institutions worldwide transitioned to online learning. Teachers and faculty had to learn new ways to engage with students while in a COVID-19 pandemic. Examples of online teaching tools are podcasts, videos, and virtual classrooms.[74][better source needed]

UN Women warned in an April 2020 report that COVID-19 pandemic restrictions exacerbate gender inequalities and have led to an increase in domestic violence.[75] Many women were being forced to 'lockdown' at home with their abusers at the same time that services to support survivors are being disrupted or made inaccessible.[76] For instance, in France there was around a 30% spike in cases of violence against women since the lockdown in March 2020.[75]

Telehealth had an important role to allow physicians not to miss the follow-up of patients with different chronic diseases and potentially helped to contain SARS-CoV-2 spreading among both patients and healthcare providers [77] During the COVID-19 pandemic, video-communications became an easy-to-use quick-to-learn tool for many people, and the anxiety to contract COVID-19 could have counterbalanced some patients' low level of trust in technology. For these reasons, most patients accepted to receive a video-consultation in spite of the traditional in-person visit and trusted telemedicine. [78]

In late 2023, former Director of the National Institutes of Health Francis Collins went viral online amongst critics of the lockdown response when he discussed the lack of weight that public health authorities had given to the potential downsides of the lockdown measures when they were formulating the official response to COVID-19.[79]

[edit]
An anti-lockdown protest at the Ohio Statehouse in April 2020 amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the state
Police presence in Melbourne at an anti-lockdown protest

Some economists supported increased government funding for mitigation efforts, even at the cost of tolerating a very large economic contraction.[80] They agreed that lockdowns should continue until the threat of resurgence has declined, even when considering only the economic impact.[81] There was a general agreement, at least in some economic circles, that "severe lockdowns — including closing non-essential businesses and strict limitations on people's movement — are likely to be better for the economy in the medium term than less aggressive measures".[82]

Both the World Food Programme (WFP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have published statements noting the impact of the lockdowns on livelihoods and food security, and David Nabarro, WHO Special Envoy on COVID-19 stated in October 2020 that "lockdowns just have one consequence that you must never ever belittle, and that is making poor people an awful lot poorer".[83][84][85]

Protests

[edit]
Further information: Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic

There have also been a number of protests worldwide in opposition to lockdowns, including in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, Canada and New Zealand. The motivations for and sizes of these protests have varied. Some have been spurred by the economic and social impacts of lockdowns, but have also been associated with misinformation related to the pandemic, conspiracy theories and anti-vaccination.[86][87]

Table of pandemic lockdowns

[edit]
COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns
Country / territory Place First lockdown Second lockdown Third lockdown Fourth lockdown Fifth lockdown Sixth lockdown Seventh lockdown Eighth lockdown Total length (days) Level
Start date End date Length (days) Start date End date Length (days) Start date End date Length (days) Start date End date Length (days) Start date End date Length (days) Start date End date Length (days) Start date End date Length (days) Start date End date Length (days)
Albania 2020-03-13[88] 2020-06-01[89] 80 80 National
Algeria Algiers 2020-03-23[90] 2020-05-14[91] 52 52 City
Blida
Argentina Greater Buenos Aires 2020-03-19[92] 2020-11-08[93] 234 2021-05-22[94] 2021-05-30 9 2021-06-05[95] 2021-06-06 2 245 Metropolitan area
Rest of the country 2020-03-19[92] 2020-05-10[96] 52 2021-05-22[94] 2021-05-30 9 2021-06-05[95] 2021-06-06 2 63 National
Armenia 2020-03-24[97] 2020-05-04[98] 41 41 National
Australia Melbourne 2020-03-31[99] 2020-05-12[100][a] 43 2020-07-09[b][101][102] 2020-10-27[103] 111 2021-02-13[104] 2021-02-17[104] 5 2021-05-28[105] 2021-06-10[106] 14 2021-07-16[107] 2021-07-27[108] 12 2021-08-05[109] 2021-10-21[110] 78 263 Metropolitan area
Greater Shepparton 2020-03-31 2020-05-12[100] 43 2020-08-06[102] 2020-09-16[102] 41 2021-02-13[104] 2021-02-17[104] 5 2021-05-28 2021-06-03 7 2021-07-16[107] 2021-07-27[108] 12 2021-08-05[109] 2021-08-09 5 2021-08-21[111] 2021-09-15[112][113] 25 2021-10-02[114] 2021-10-09[115] 7 145 Local government area
Ballarat 2020-03-31 2020-05-12[100] 43 2020-08-06[102] 2020-09-16[102] 41 2021-02-13[104] 2021-02-17[104] 5 2021-05-28 2021-06-03 7 2021-07-16[107] 2021-07-27[108] 12 2021-08-05[109] 2021-08-09 5 2021-08-21[111] 2021-09-09[112][113] 20 2021-09-16[116] 2021-09-22[c][117][118] 7 140
Greater Geelong 2020-03-31 2020-05-12[100] 43 2020-08-06[102] 2020-09-16[102] 41 2021-02-13[104] 2021-02-17[104] 5 2021-05-28 2021-06-03 7 2021-07-16[107] 2021-07-27[108] 12 2021-08-05[109] 2021-08-09 5 2021-08-21[111] 2021-09-09[112][113] 20 2021-09-20[119] 2021-09-26[120] 7 140
Surf Coast Shire 2020-03-31 2020-05-12[100] 43 2020-08-06[102] 2020-09-16[102] 41 2021-02-13[104] 2021-02-17[104] 5 2021-05-28 2021-06-03 7 2021-07-16[107] 2021-07-27[108] 12 2021-08-05[109] 2021-08-09 5 2021-08-21[111] 2021-09-09[112][113] 20 2021-09-20[119] 2021-09-26[120] 7 140
Mitchell Shire 2020-03-31 2020-05-12[100] 43 2020-07-09[b][121] 2020-09-16[102] 70 2021-02-13[104] 2021-02-17[104] 5 2021-05-28 2021-06-03 7 2021-07-16[107] 2021-07-27[108] 12 2021-08-05[109] 2021-08-09 5 2021-08-21[111] 2021-09-09[112][113] 20 2021-09-20[119] 2021-10-13[d][122] 24 186
Mildura 2020-03-31 2020-05-12[100] 43 2020-08-06[102] 2020-09-16[102] 41 2021-02-13[104] 2021-02-17[104] 5 2021-05-28 2021-06-03 7 2021-07-16[107] 2021-07-27[108] 12 2021-08-05[109] 2021-08-09 5 2021-08-21[111] 2021-09-09[112][113] 20 2021-10-09[123] 2021-10-22[124] 14 147
Latrobe Valley 2020-03-31 2020-05-12[100] 43 2020-08-06[102] 2020-09-16[102] 41 2021-02-13[104] 2021-02-17[104] 5 2021-05-28 2021-06-03 7 2021-07-16[107] 2021-07-27[108] 12 2021-08-05[109] 2021-08-09 5 2021-08-21[111] 2021-09-09[112][113] 20 2021-09-29[125] 2021-10-06[126] 7 140 Region
Rest of regional Victoria[e] 2020-03-31 2020-05-12[100] 43 2020-08-06[102] 2020-09-16[102] 41 2021-02-13[104] 2021-02-17[104] 5 2021-05-28 2021-06-03 7 2021-07-16[107] 2021-07-27[108] 12 2021-08-05[109] 2021-08-09 5 2021-08-21[111] 2021-09-09[112][113] 20 133 State
South Australia 2020-11-19[127] 2020-11-22[128] 3 2021-07-21[129] 2021-07-27 7 62
Southern Tasmania 2021-10-16[130] 2021-10-19 3 55
Northern Beaches (NSW) 2020-12-19[131] 2021-01-10[132] 22 2021-06-26 2021-10-11[f][133] 107 181 Local government area
Brisbane 2021-01-08[134] 2021-01-11[134] 3 2021-03-29[135] 2021-04-01[136] 3 2021-06-29[137] 2021-07-03 4 2021-07-31[138] 2021-08-08[139] 8 67 Metropolitan area
Perth 2021-01-31[140] 2021-02-05[140] 5 2021-04-23[141] 2021-04-26[141] 3 2021-06-28[142] 2021-07-02[142] 4 61 Metropolitan area
Peel 2021-01-31[140] 2021-02-05[140] 5 2021-04-23[141] 2021-04-26[141] 3 2021-06-28 2021-07-02 4 61 Region
South West 2021-01-31[140] 2021-02-05[140] 5 57
Illawarra 2021-06-26[143] 2021-10-11[g][144][145][133] 107 159
Greater Sydney 2021-06-26[143] 2021-10-11[h][144][145][133] 107 159 Metropolitan area
Darwin 2021-06-27[146] 2021-07-02[147] 5 2021-08-16 2021-08-19 3 57 Metropolitan area
South East Queensland 2021-06-29[137] 2021-07-02 3 2021-07-31 2021-08-08 8 63 Region
Townsville 2021-06-29[137] 2021-07-02 3 2021-07-31 2021-08-08 8 63 Metropolitan area
Alice Springs 2021-06-30 [148] 2021-07-03 3 55 Metropolitan area
Central West 2021-07-20[149] 2021-07-27[149] 7 2021-08-14 2021-10-11[i][150] 58 117 Region
Hunter Region 2021-08-05[151][152] 2021-10-11[j][150] 67 119
Upper Hunter 2021-08-05[151] 2021-09-16[k][150][153] 42 94
Muswellbrook 2021-08-05[151] 2021-09-16[l][150][153] 42 2021-09-28[154] 2021-10-11[m] 13 107 Local government area
Armidale 2021-08-07[155] 2021-09-10[156] 34 87
Cairns Region 2021-08-08[157] 2021-08-11[158] 3 55 Region
Yarrabah 2021-08-08[157] 2021-08-11[158] 3 55 Local government area
Richmond Valley 2021-08-09[159] 2021-09-10[150][160] 32 84
Lismore 2021-08-09[159] 2021-09-10[150][156] 32 2021-09-16[153] 2021-09-23 7 2021-10-03[161] 2021-10-11 8 99
Byron Shire 2021-08-09[159] 2021-09-10[150][160] 32 2021-09-21[162] 2021-09-28 7 91
Ballina 2021-08-09[159] 2021-09-10[150][160] 32 84
Tamworth 2021-08-09[163] 2021-09-10[150][160][156] 32 84
Dubbo 2021-08-11[164] 2021-10-11[n][150][156] 61 113
Australian Capital Territory 2021-08-12[165] 2021-10-15[166] 61 114 Territory
Regional NSW[o] 2021-08-14[167] 2021-09-10[150][156] 28 81 Region
Mid-Coast 2021-08-14[167] 2021-09-10[150][156][168] 28 81 Local government area
South Coast[p] 2021-08-14[167] 2021-10-11[q][150][156] 57 109 Region
Bega Valley 2021-08-14[167] 2021-09-16[r][150][156][169] 33 85 Local government area
Goulburn–Mulwaree 2021-08-14[167] 2021-10-11[s][150][156] 57 109
Snowy Monaro 2021-08-14[167] 2021-09-16[t][150][156][169] 33 2021-09-30[170] 2021-10-11[171] 11 96
Yass Valley 2021-08-14[167] 2021-09-10[156] 28 2021-09-14[172] 2021-09-27 14 94
Albury (NSW) 2021-08-14[167] 2021-09-10[150][156] 28 2021-09-16[153] 2021-09-23 7 87
Cowra 2021-08-14[167] 2021-09-10[150][156] 28 2021-09-20[173] 2021-10-05[174] 14 94
Glen Innes Severn (NSW) 2021-08-14[167] 2021-09-10[150][156] 28 2021-09-17[175] 2021-09-24 7 87
Hilltops (NSW) 2021-08-14[167] 2021-09-10[150][156] 28 2021-09-17[175] 2021-10-01[176] 14 94
Port Macquarie-Hastings 2021-08-14[167] 2021-09-10[150][156] 28 2021-09-28[154] 2021-10-05 7 87
Oberon 2021-08-14[167] 2021-09-10[150][156] 28 2021-09-29[177] 2021-10-11[171] 12 92
Gunnedah 2021-08-14[167] 2021-09-10[150][156] 28 2021-10-05[178] 2021-10-11 6 86
Casino 2021-08-14[167] 2021-09-10[150][156] 28 2021-10-02[179] 2021-10-11 9 89 Town
Rest of the country[u] 2020-03-23[180] 2020-05-15[181] 52 52 National
Austria 2020-03-16[182] 2020-04-13[183] 28 2020-11-03[184] 2020-11-30[184] 27 2020-12-26[185] 2021-02-07[186] 43 2021-11-22[187] 2021-12-11[188] 20 118
Azerbaijan 2020-03-31[189] 2020-08-30[189] 152 152
Bangladesh 2020-03-26[190] 2020-05-16[191] 51 2021-04-05[192] 2021-07-14[193] 100 2021-07-23[194] 2021-08-10[195] 18 169
Barbados 2020-03-28[196] 2020-05-03[196] 36 36
Belgium 2020-03-18[197] 2020-05-04 [198] 47 2020-11-02[199] 2020-12-14[199] 42 2021-03-27[200] 2021-04-26[201] 30 119
Bermuda 2020-04-04[196] 2020-05-02[202] 28 28
Bhutan 2020-08-11[203] 2020-09-01[204] 21 21
Bolivia 2020-03-22[205] 2020-07-31[206] 131 131
Botswana 2020-04-02[207] 2020-04-30[207] 28 28
Brazil Santa Catarina 2020-03-17[208] 2020-04-07[208] 21 21 State
São Paulo 2020-03-24[209] 2020-05-10[210] 47 47
Bulgaria 2020-03-13[v][214][215] 2020-06-15[w][217][218] 94 2020-11-28 (de facto)[x][220] 2021-01-31[y][220][221] 65 2021-03-22[z][223] 2021-03-31 10 169 National
Cambodia Phnom Penh 2021-04-15[224] 2021-05-05[225] 21 21 Municipality
Ta Khmau
Canada British Columbia 2020-03-18[226] 2020-05-18[227] 61 2020-11-07[228] 2021-01-08[228] 62 123 Province
Ontario 2020-03-17[229][230] 2020-05-14 58 2021-04-03[231] 2021-05-01 28 86
Ontario - South 2020-12-26[232] 2021-01-23[232] 28 2021-04-08[233] 2021-06-02[233] 55 83 Region
Ontario - North 2020-12-26[232] 2021-01-09[232] 14 14
Quebec 2020-03-18 2020-05-04 47 2020-12-25[234] 2021-01-11[234] 18[234] 65 Province
Colombia 2020-03-25[235] 2020-06-30[236] 97 97 National
Congo 2020-03-31[237] 2020-04-20[237] 20 20
Costa Rica 2020-03-23[238] 2020-05-01[239] 39 39
Croatia 2020-03-18[240] 2020-05-11 32 2020-12-22[241] 2020-12-29[242] 7 39
Cyprus 2020-03-24[243] 2020-04-13[243] 20 2021-01-10[244] 2021-01-31[244] 21 2021-04-26[245] 2021-05-09[245] 13 54
Czech Republic 2020-03-16[182] 2020-04-12[246] 27 2020-10-22[247] 2021-03-28[247] 174 201
Denmark 2020-03-12[248] 2020-04-13[249] 33 2020-12-25[250] 2021-03-01[251] 66 99
Ecuador 2020-03-16[252] 2020-03-31[252] 15 15
El Salvador 2020-03-12[253] 2020-04-02[253] 21 21
Eritrea 2020-04-02[254] 2020-04-23[254] 21 21
Estonia 2021-03-11[255] 2021-04-11[255] 31 31 National
Fiji Lautoka 2020-03-20[256] 2020-04-07[257] 18 2021-04-19 18 City
Suva 2020-04-03[258] 2020-04-17[259] 14 14
France Nationwide 2020-03-17[260] 2020-05-11[261] 55 2020-10-30[262] 2020-12-15[263] 46 2021-04-04[264] 2021-05-03[264] 29 130 National
Paris 2021-03-19[265] 2021-04-18 30 131 Region
Finland 2021-03-08[266] 2021-03-28[266] 20 20 National
Georgia 2020-03-31[267] 2020-04-21[267] 21 21
Germany different regionally 2020-03-16[aa][269] 2020-05-30[270][271]
to 2020-05-11[272] 		76 2020-11-02[273] 2021-03-01 to 2021-06-11[274][275] 119 to 222 179 to 298
Berchtesgadener Land 2020-10-20[276] 2020-11-03[277] 14 43 to 64 District
Ghana Accra 2020-03-30[278] 2020-04-12[279] 13 13 Metropolitan area
Kumasi
Greece Nationwide 2020-03-23[280] 2020-05-04[281] 42 2020-11-07[282] 2021-03-22[283] 135 177 National
Thessaloniki 2020-11-03[284] 139 181 Regional unit
Serres
Guernsey 2020-03-25[285] 2020-06-20[286] 87 2021-01-23[287] 2021-02-22[288] 30 117 National
Honduras 2020-03-20[289] 2020-05-17[290] 58 58
Hungary 2020-03-28[291] 2020-04-10[291] 13 13
India Nationwide 2020-03-25[292] 2020-06-07[293] 74 74
Bengaluru 2021-04-27[294] 2021-05-09 12 12 Region
Delhi 2021-04-19[295] 2021-05-31[296] 42 42 Region
Haryana 2021-05-03[297] 2021-05-10 7 7 State
Maharashtra 2021-04-14[298] 2021-06-15[299] 62 62 State
Odisha 2021-05-05[300] 2021-05-19 14 14 State
Rajasthan 2021-05-10[301] 2021-06-08[302] 29 29 State
Uttar Pradesh 2021-04-30[303] 2021-05-10[304] 10 10 State
Iran 2020-03-14[305] 2020-04-20[306] 37 2021-04-14[307] 2021-04-24 14 47 National
Iraq 2020-03-22[308] 2020-04-11[309] 20 20
Ireland All 26 counties 2020-03-12[ab][310][311] 2020-05-18[312] 67 2020-10-21[313] 2020-12-01[314] 41 2020-12-24[ac][315] 2021-04-12[316] 119 227
Kildare 2020-08-07[317][318] 2020-08-31[319] 24 24 Regional
Laois 2020-08-21[320] 14 14
Offaly
Israel Bnei Brak 2020-04-02[321] 2020-04-16[322] 14 30 42 86 City
Nationwide 2020-09-18[323] 2020-10-18[324] 2020-12-27[325] 2021-02-07[326] 72 National
Italy Nationwide 2020-03-09[ad][327] 2020-05-18[328] 70 2020-12-24[329][ae] 2021-01-06[329] 13 2021-03-15[330] 2021-04-30 46 129 National
Lombardy 2020-11-06[331] 2020-12-03[332] 27 2021-01-17 [333] 2021-01-30 13 110 Region
Piedmont 2020-11-06[331] 2020-12-03[332] 97
Aosta Valley 2020-11-06[331] 2020-12-03[332]
Calabria 2020-11-06[331] 2020-12-03[332]
Sicily 2021-01-17[333] 2021-01-30 13 83
Province of Bolzano 2021-01-17 [333] 2021-01-30 Province
Jamaica Saint Catherine 2020-04-15[334] 2020-04-22[334] 7 7 Parish
Jordan 2020-03-18[335] 2020-04-30[336] 43 2020-11-10[337] 2020-11-15[337] 5 48 National
Kosovo 2020-03-14[338] 2020-05-04 [339] 51 51
Kuwait 2020-05-10[340] 2020-05-31[340] 21 21
Lebanon 2020-03-15[341] 2020-03-28[341] 13 2020-11-14[342] 2020-11-28 14 27
Libya 2020-03-22[343] 2020-06-27[344] 97 97
Lithuania 2020-03-16[345] 2020-06-18[346] 94 2020-11-07[347] 2020-11-28 21 115
Madagascar Antananarivo 2020-03-23[348] 2020-04-20[349] 28 28 City
Toamasina
Malaysia 2020-03-18[350] 2020-06-09[351] 83 2021-01-13 2021-02-10 28 2021-06-01[352] 2021-08-16[353] 76 187 National
Mexico Nationwide 2020-03-23[354] 2020-06-01[354] 70 70
Chihuahua 2020-10-23[355] 2020-12-06 44 114 State
Durango 2020-11-03[356] 2020-12-06 33 103
Baja California 2020-12-07 70
Mexico City 2020-12-19[357] 70
State of Mexico 2020-12-19[357] 70
Morelos 2021-01-04 70
Guanajuato 2021-01-04 70
Mongolia 2020-03-10[358] 2020-03-16[358] 6 2020-11-17[359] 2020-12-01 15 21 National
Montenegro Tuzi 2020-03-24[360] 2020-05-05[361] 42 42 Municipality
Morocco 2020-03-19[362] 2020-06-10[363] 83 83 National
Myanmar 		Yangon 2020-04-18[364] 2020-07-01[365] 74 2020-09-01[366] 2021-04-10[367] 220 2021-07-08[368] 2021-10-27[369] 111 405 City
Namibia 2020-03-27[af][370] 2020-05-04[371] 38 38
Nepal Nepal Nationwide 2020-03-24[372] 2020-07-21[373] 120 120
Kathmandu 2020-08-20[374] 2020-09-09[374] 21 141 City
Netherlands 2020-03-15[375] 2020-04-06[375] 22 2020-12-15[376] 2021-06-05[377] 172 2021-12-19[378] 2022-01-14[379] 26 220 National
New Zealand Nationwide 2020-03-23[380][381] 2020-05-13[382] 52 2021-08-18[380] 2021-09-07[380] 21 73 National
Auckland 2020-08-12[383] 2020-08-30[380] 19 2021-02-14[384] 2021-02-17[384] 3 2021-02-28[380] 2021-03-07[380] 7 2021-08-18[380] 2021-11-29(TBC)[385] 104 185 Region
Nigeria Abuja 2020-03-30[386] 2020-04-12[386] 13 13 City
Lagos
Ogun State
Northern Cyprus 2020-03-30[387] 2020-05-04[388] 35 35 National
North Korea Nationwide 2022-05-12[389] not set not set National
Kaesong 2020-07-25[390] 2020-08-14[391] 20 20 City
Oman Muscat 2020-04-10[392] 2020-05-29[393] 49 49 Governorate
Jalan Bani Bu Ali 2020-04-16[394] 2020-05-29[395] 43 43 Province
Pakistan 2020-03-24[396] 2020-05-09[397] 46 2021-05-08[398] 2021-05-18 10 46 National
Panama 2020-03-25[399] 2020-05-31
(downgraded to a night and weekend curfew)[400] 		67 67
Papua New Guinea 2020-03-24[401] 2020-04-07[401] 14 14
Paraguay 2020-03-20[402] 2020-05-03[403] 44 44
Peru 2020-03-16[404] 2020-06-30[405] 106 106
Philippines Cebu 2020-03-27[406] 2020-05-15[ag][407]
to 2020-05-31[ah][408] 		49 to 65 49 to 65 Province
Davao Region 2020-03-19[409] 2020-05-15[407] 57 57 Region
Luzon 2020-03-15[ai][410] 2020-04-30[aj][411]
to 2020-05-15[ak][412]
to 2020-05-31[ah][408] 		46 to 61 to 77 2020-08-04[413][al] 2020-08-18[413][al] 15 2021-01-25 2021-02-15 21 2021-03-29 2021-09-15 170 61 to 92 Island group
Soccsksargen 2020-03-23[409] 2020-05-15[414] 53 53 Region
Poland 2020-03-13[415] 2020-04-11[416] 29 2020-12-28[417] 2021-01-17[417] 20 2021-03-20[418] 2021-04-25[419] 36 85 National
Portugal 2020-03-19[420] 2020-04-02[416] 14 2021-01-15[421] 2021-03-15[422] 59 73
Qatar Doha Industrial Area 2020-03-11[423] 2020-06-15[424] 96 96 Industrial park
Romania 2020-03-25[425] 2020-05-12[426] 48 48 National
Russia Moscow 2020-03-30[427] 2020-05-12[428][429] 43 2021-10-28[430] 2021-11-04 7 50 Metropolitan area
Rest of the country[am] 2020-03-28[431] 2020-04-30[431] 33 33 National
Rwanda 2020-03-21[432] 2020-04-19[433] 29 29
Samoa 2020-03-26[434] 2020-04-08[435] 13 13
San Marino 2020-03-14[436] 2020-05-05[437] 52 52
Saudi Arabia Jeddah 2020-03-29[438] 2020-06-21[439] 84 84 City
Mecca 2020-03-26[438] 87 87
Medina
Qatif 2020-03-09[440] 104 104 Area
Riyadh 2020-03-26[438] 87 87 City
Serbia 2020-03-15[416] 2020-04-21[441]
to 2020-05-04[442] 		37 to 50 37 to 50 National
Singapore 2020-04-07[443] 2020-06-01[444] 56 2021-05-16[445] 2021-06-13 28 2021-07-22 2021-08-09 18 2021-09-27 2021-11-21

[446]

56 158
South Africa 2020-03-26[447] 2020-04-30[448] 35 2020-12-28 2021-01-15 18 2021-06-28 2021-07-25 27 80
Spain 2020-03-14[449] 2020-05-09[450] 56 56
Sri Lanka 2020-03-18[451] 2020-06-21[452] 95 2021-08-20[453] 2021-10-01[454] 42 137
Switzerland 2020-03-17[455] 2020-04-27[456] 41 2021-01-18[457] 2021-03-01[458] 42 83
Thailand 2020-03-25[459] 2020-05-31[460] 67 67
Trinidad and Tobago 2020-03-17[461] 2020-03-31[461] 14 14
Tunisia 2020-03-22[462] 2020-04-19[463] 28 28
Turkey 2020-04-23[464] 2020-04-27[464] 4 4 Only in 30 metropolitan cities and Zonguldak.
Nationwide 2021-04-29[465] 2021-05-17[465] 18 18 National
Ukraine 2020-03-17[416] 2020-04-24[416] 38 38
United Arab Emirates 2020-03-26[466] 2020-04-17[467] 22 22
United Kingdom England 2020-03-23[468] 2020-07-04[469] 103 2020-11-05[470] 2020-12-02[470] 27 2021-01-05[471] 2021-03-28[472][an] 83 213
Scotland 2020-06-29[473] 98 2020-12-26[474] 2021-04-02[475] 97 195
Northern Ireland 2020-07-03[476] 102 2020-11-27[477] 2020-12-11[477] 14 2020-12-26[478] 2021-04-12[479] 107 223 Country
Wales 2020-07-13[480] 112 2020-10-23[481] 2020-11-09[481] 17 2020-12-20[482] 2021-03-13[483][484][ao] 83 212
North West 2020-12-31[485] 2021-03-29 88 88 Region
North East 2020-12-31[485] 2021-03-29 88 88
East Midlands 2020-12-31[485] 2021-03-29 88 88
West Midlands 2020-12-31[485] 2021-03-29 88 88
Norfolk 2020-12-26[486] 2021-03-29 93 93 County
Suffolk 2020-12-26[487] 2021-03-29 93 93
Cambridgeshire 2020-12-26[488] 2021-03-29 93 93
Essex 2020-12-26[489] 2021-03-29 93 93
London area 2020-12-20[490] 2021-03-29 99 99 City
Kent & South East 2020-12-20[490] 2021-03-29 99 99 Region
Leicester 2020-06-30[491] 2020-07-24[492] 24 24 County
Glasgow 2020-11-20[493] 2020-12-11[493] 21 21
East Renfrewshire
Renfrewshire
East Dunbartonshire
West Dunbartonshire
North Lanarkshire
South Lanarkshire
East Ayrshire
South Ayrshire
West Lothian
Stirling
United States California 2020-03-19[494] 2021-06-15[495] 453 453 State
Connecticut 2020-03-23[496] 2020-04-22[497] 30 30 State
Illinois 2020-03-21[498] 2020-05-30[499] 70 70
Kansas City in Kansas 2020-03-24[500] 2020-04-19[501] 26 26 City
Massachusetts 2020-03-24[502] 2020-05-04[502] 41 41 State
Michigan 2020-03-24[503] 2020-04-13[497] 20 20
New York 2020-03-22[504] 2020-06-13[505] 83 83
Oregon 2020-03-24[506] 2020-05-15[507] 53 53
Wisconsin 2020-03-24[508] 2020-05-13[509] 50 50
Venezuela 2020-03-17[510] 2020-05-13 57 57 National
Vietnam Nationwide 2020-04-01[511] 2020-04-22[512] 21 21
Da Nang 2020-07-28[513] 2020-09-05[514] 39 60 City
Hai Duong 2021-02-16[515] 2021-03-02 14 35 Province, Chi Linh city lockdown began from 28 January.
Bac Ninh 2021-05-18[516][517] 23 23 4 districts and 1 city
Bac Giang 2021-05-18[518][519] 23 6 districts
Zimbabwe 2020-03-30[520] 2020-05-02[521] 33 33 National

Notes

  1. ^ Restrictions were further eased on the 1st of June 2021, however during the time between then and the 12th of May 2021, "Stay at home orders" were not active and hence this period didn't constitute what is internationally considered a "lockdown".
  2. ^ a b Stage 3 lockdown imposed on 8 July; Stage 4 lockdown imposed on 2 August 2020
  3. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  4. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  5. ^ All of Victoria except Melbourne, Greater Shepparton, Ballarat, Greater Geelong, Surf Coast Shire and Mitchell Shire
  6. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  7. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  8. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  9. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  10. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  11. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  12. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  13. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  14. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  15. ^ Applies for all others Regional NSW outside Greater Sydney, Hunter Region, Dubbo, Central West, South Coast, Goulburn, Queanbeyan-Palerang and Snowy Monaro
  16. ^ Applies for all South Coast except Bega Valley after 16/09/2021
  17. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  18. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  19. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  20. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  21. ^ Applies for further measures in each Australian state and territory
  22. ^ Initially to last until 13 April 2020, included closures of universities, schools, restaurants and other establishments, a ban on mass gatherings, suspension of sports competitions for more than two months, certain temporary restrictions on the free movement of citizens, but no strict "Stay at home order".[211] A number of lockdown measures were already eased or lifted in April[212] and May 2020.[213]
  23. ^ Depending on the strictness of the definition for a lockdown; some sources such as Politico Europe consider it to have ended by 9 May, with a total duration of 57 days.[216]
  24. ^ Closures of all educational institutions, restaurants and other establishments, a ban on most cultural events, all excursions and forms of group tourism, children forbidden to participate in organized sports events, no "Stay at home order", described as a "soft" or "partial" lockdown and officially entered into force at 23:30 on 27 November.[219]
  25. ^ The lockdown was initially to end on 21 December 2020, but was subsequently extended until 31 January 2021, though with a few of the restrictions relaxed, such as children in kindergartens and in grades 1-4 being able to attend in-person classes from January 2021.
  26. ^ Preceded by some measures on the regional level, no "Stay at home order".[222]
  27. ^ Lockdown was started in Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria on 20 March 2020. Two days later, it was expanded to the whole of Germany[268]
  28. ^ A national stay-at-home order was officially declared on 27 March
  29. ^ A full third lockdown was declared from 30 December and was repeatedly extended.
  30. ^ Lockdown was first started in Northern Italy on 8 March 2020, then expanded to the rest of Italy the following day
  31. ^ The lockdown was suspended on 28, 29, 30 December 2020 and 4 January 2021
  32. ^ Lockdown was started in the regions of Erongo and Khomas but effectively enforced countrywide. On 14 April the lockdown was extended to 4 May and to all of Namibia.
  33. ^ Except in Cebu City only where it was extended to 16 days
  34. ^ a b Lockdown was extended to areas under high risk COVID-19 zones
  35. ^ Lockdown was started in Metro Manila, but expanded to the rest of Luzon two days later, 17 March 2020
  36. ^ In most Luzon areas only, except Metro Manila and selected areas of Luzon are on high risk COVID-19 zones
  37. ^ Lockdown was extended to Metro Manila and remaining areas of Luzon
  38. ^ a b Metro Manila, Bulacan, Cavite and Rizal only.
  39. ^ Applies for mandatory holidays and further measures in each Russian region
  40. ^ England has followed an incremental easing of restrictions since 8 March 2021. Most lockdown restrictions were lifted between March and June, July 19 is the date set for the expiry of most legal restrictions in England. Although some sources describe this date as the "end" of lockdown, March 28 was the date in which the "stay at home orders" were ended. This fits the most internationally accepted definition of what constitutes a lockdown.
  41. ^ Most lockdown restrictions were lifted between March and June. March 13 was the date in which the "stay at home orders" were ended. This fits the most internationally accepted definition of what constitutes a lockdown.


In the table, pandemic lockdowns are defined as the shutdown of parts of the economy,[522] due to non-pharmaceutical anti-pandemic measures and enforceable by law like:

These measures caused the COVID-19 recession in 2020.[523] The table does not contain:

The pandemic resulted in the largest number of shutdowns worldwide at the same time in history.[524] By 26 March, 1.7 billion people worldwide were under some form of lockdown,[525] which increased to 3.9 billion people by the first week of April – more than half of the world's population.[526][527] Lockdowns affected 93% of workers worldwide. 30% lived in nations with complete workplace closures, save for critical businesses, and 42% in countries with partial closures. Nearly 20% lived in nations with recommended but not compulsory workplace shutdown.[528]

Major restrictions first began in China,[529] with other countries in East Asia like Vietnam soon implementing widespread containment measures. Much of Europe, North America and Africa took much longer to bring in tough measures. Restrictions on travel between and activity within nations were of varying stringency.[530]

By mid April, nearly 300 million people, or about 90% of the population, were under some form of lockdown in the United States,[531] with around 100 million in the Philippines[532] and about 59 million in South Africa,[533] while around 1.3 billion were under lockdown in India, which was the largest of all lockdowns.[534][535]

By the end of April, around 300 million people were under lockdown in various countries of Europe, including but not limited to Italy, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom; while around 200 million people were under lockdown in Latin America.[532] In Germany, 35% of workers worked from home in addition to their regular on-site duties, while 26% worked from home exclusively.[536]

Variation by countries and territories

[edit]
A drive through COVID-19 testing site in South Korea in February 2020. South Korea did not implement any lockdown measures; its K-Quarantine strategy included rapidly developing mass testing capacity and infrastructure.
This section is an excerpt from COVID-19 lockdowns by country.[edit]

Countries and territories around the world enforced lockdowns of varying stringency in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Some include total movement control while others have enforced restrictions based on time. In many cases, only essential businesses are allowed to remain open. Schools, universities and colleges have closed either on a nationwide or local basis in 63 countries, affecting approximately 47 percent of the world's student population.[537][538]

Beginning with the first lockdown in China's Hubei province[539] and nationwide in Italy in March 2020, lockdowns continued to be implemented in many countries throughout 2020 and 2021. On 24 March 2020, the entire 1.3 billion population of India was ordered to stay at home during its lockdown, making it the largest of the pandemic.[540] The world's longest continuous lockdown lasting 234 days took place in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 2020. As of October 2021, the city of Melbourne, Australia, and certain cities in Peru and Chile spent the most cumulative days in lockdown over separate periods, although measures varied between these countries.[541][542]

A few countries and territories did not use the strategy, including Japan, Belarus, Nicaragua, Sweden, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Tanzania, Uruguay, two states in Brazil and certain United States states.

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to COVID-19 curfews and lockdowns.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Li L, Taeihagh A, Tan SY (3 February 2023). "A scoping review of the impacts of COVID-19 physical distancing measures on vulnerable population groups". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 599. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14..599L. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36267-9. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9897623. PMID 36737447.
  2. ^ "Coronavirus: 7 dead, 229 infected in Italy as Europe braces for COVID-19". NBC News. 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  3. ^ Sandford A (2 April 2020). "Coronavirus: Half of humanity on lockdown in 90 countries". euronews. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  4. ^ Levenson M (22 January 2020). "Scale of China's Wuhan Shutdown Is Believed to Be Without Precedent". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  5. ^ a b c Bendavid E, Oh C, Bhattacharya J, Ioannidis J (April 2021). "Assessing mandatory stay-at-home and business closure effects on the spread of COVID-19". European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 51 (4): e13484. doi:10.1111/eci.13484. PMC 7883103. PMID 33400268.
  6. ^ a b c Bjørnskov C (29 March 2021). "Did Lockdown Work? An Economist's Cross-Country Comparison". CESifo Economic Studies. 67 (3): 318–331. doi:10.1093/cesifo/ifab003. PMC 8083719.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Perra N (13 February 2021). "Non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic: A review". Physics Reports. 913: 1–52. arXiv:2012.15230. Bibcode:2021PhR...913....1P. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2021.02.001. ISSN 0370-1573. PMC 7881715. PMID 33612922.
  8. ^ Doyle M (11 October 2020). "WHO doctor says lockdowns should not be main coronavirus defence". ABC. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  9. ^ Greenhut S (25 March 2022). "COVID Revealed America To Be a Nation of Rulers, Not of Laws". reason.com. Reason. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  10. ^ Brancati D (2023). "Locking Down Violence: The COVID-19 Pandemic's Impact on Non-State Actor Violence" (PDF). American Political Science Review. January (1): 1327–1343. doi:10.1017/S0003055422001423. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  11. ^ Sharma M, Mindermann S, Rogers-Smith C, Leech G, Snodin B, Ahuja J, Sandbrink JB, Teperowski Monrad J, Altman G, Dhaliwal G, Finnveden L (5 October 2021). "Understanding the effectiveness of government interventions against the resurgence of COVID-19 in Europe". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 5820. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.5820S. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26013-4. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8492703. PMID 34611158.
  12. ^ Brauner JM, Mindermann S, Sharma M, Johnston D, Salvatier J, Gavenčiak T, Stephenson AB, Leech G, Altman G, Mikulik V, Norman AJ, Monrad JT, Besiroglu T, Ge H, Hartwick MA, Teh YW, Chindelevitch L, Gal Y, Kulveit J (15 December 2020). "Inferring the effectiveness of government interventions against CO ID-19". Science. 371 (6531): eabd9338. doi:10.1126/science.abd9338. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 7877495. PMID 33323424.
  13. ^ Flaxman S, et al. (8 June 2020). "Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe" (PDF). Nature. 584 (7820): 257–261. Bibcode:2020Natur.584..257F. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2405-7. PMID 32512579. S2CID 219549825. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2020.
  14. ^ a b Hsiang S, Allen D, Annan-Phan S, Bell K, Bolliger I, Chong T, Druckenmiller H, Huang LY, Hultgren A, Krasovich E, Lau P, Lee J, Rolf E, Tseng J, Wu T (8 June 2020). "The effect of large-scale anti-contagion policies on the COVID-19 pandemic". Nature. 584 (7820): 262–267. Bibcode:2020Natur.584..262H. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2404-8. hdl:1903/26870. PMID 32512578. S2CID 219552534. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020.
  15. ^ a b Lau H, Khosrawipour V, Kocbach P, Mikolajczyk A, Schubert J, Bania J, Khosrawipour T (18 May 2020). "The positive impact of lockdown in Wuhan on containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China". Journal of Travel Medicine. 27 (3). doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa037. PMC 7184469. PMID 32181488.
  16. ^ a b Adam D (2 April 2020). "Special report: The simulations driving the world's response to COVID-19". Nature. 580 (7803): 316–318. Bibcode:2020Natur.580..316A. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01003-6. PMID 32242115. S2CID 256820433.
  17. ^ a b Ngonghala CN, Iboi EA, Gumel AB (1 November 2020). "Could masks curtail the post-lockdown resurgence of COVID-19 in the US?". Mathematical Biosciences. 329: 108452. doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108452. ISSN 0025-5564. PMC 7431430. PMID 32818515.
  18. ^ a b Vinceti M, Filippini T, Rothman KJ, Ferrari F, Goffi A, Maffeis G, Orsini N (1 August 2020). "Lockdown timing and efficacy in controlling COVID-19 using mobile phone tracking". eClinicalMedicine. 25: 100457. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100457. ISSN 2589-5370. PMC 7355328. PMID 32838234.
  19. ^ a b Grafton Q, Kompas T, Parslow J, Glass K, Banks E, Lokuge K (2 September 2020). "Health and economic effects of COVID-19 control in Australia: Modelling and quantifying the payoffs of hard versus soft lockdown". medRxiv 10.1101/2020.08.31.20185587v1.
  20. ^ a b Blakely T, Thompson J, Carvalho N, Bablani L, Wilson N, Stevenson M (28 September 2020). "The probability of the 6-week lockdown in Victoria (commencing 9 July 2020) achieving elimination of community transmission of SARS-CoV-2". The Medical Journal of Australia. 213 (8): 349–351.e1. doi:10.5694/mja2.50786. hdl:11343/276363. PMC 8446958. PMID 32981108. S2CID 222170291. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  21. ^ Davies NG, Barnard RC, Jarvis CI, Russell TW, Semple MG, Jit M, Edmunds WJ (23 December 2020). "Association of tiered restrictions and a second lockdown with COVID-19 deaths and hospital admissions in England: a modelling study". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 21 (4): 482–492. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30984-1. ISSN 1473-3099. PMC 7758181. PMID 33357518.
  22. ^ Pierron D, Pereda-Loth V, Mantel M, Moranges M, Bignon E, Alva O, Kabous J, Heiske M, Pacalon J, David R, Dinnella C (14 October 2020). "Smell and taste changes are early indicators of the COVID-19 pandemic and political decision effectiveness". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5152. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5152P. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18963-y. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7560893. PMID 33056983. S2CID 222842241.
  23. ^ Lai S, Ruktanonchai NW, Zhou L, Prosper O, Luo W, Floyd JR, Wesolowski A, Santillana M, Zhang C, Du X, Yu H (September 2020). "Effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions to contain COVID-19 in China". Nature. 585 (7825): 410–413. Bibcode:2020Natur.585..410L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2293-x. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 7116778. PMID 32365354.
  24. ^ Conyon MJ, He L, Thomsen S (1 June 2020). "Lockdowns and COVID-19 Deaths in Scandinavia". SSRN 3616969.
  25. ^ Yarmol-Matusiak EA, Cipriano LE, Stranges S (February 2021). "A comparison of COVID-19 epidemiological indicators in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland". Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 49 (1): 69–78. doi:10.1177/1403494820980264. ISSN 1651-1905. PMC 7797349. PMID 33413051.
  26. ^ Folkestad S (19 June 2020). "Comparing Norway and Sweden: Norwegian coronavirus measures reduced hospitalizations drastically". partner.sciencenorway.no (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  27. ^ "What have Norway, Finland and Denmark got right on Covid-19?". www.newstatesman.com. 22 December 2020. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  28. ^ Juranek S, Zoutman F (27 April 2020). "The Effect of Social Distancing Measures on Intensive Care Occupancy: Evidence on COVID-19 in Scandinavia". SSRN 3588314.
  29. ^ Wang X, Wallentin FY, Yin L (1 June 2022). "The statistical evidence missing from the Swedish decision-making of COVID-19 strategy during the early period: A longitudinal observational analysis". SSM - Population Health. 18: 101083. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101083. ISSN 2352-8273. PMC 8968210. PMID 35386859.
  30. ^ Born B, Dietrich AM, Müller GJ (8 April 2021). "The lockdown effect: A counterfactual for Sweden". PLOS ONE. 16 (4): e0249732. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1649732B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249732. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8031244. PMID 33831093.
  31. ^ Smith P (23 December 2020). "Hard lockdown and a "health dictatorship": Australia's lucky escape from covid-19". BMJ. 371: m4910. doi:10.1136/bmj.m4910. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 33361106. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  32. ^ "Emerging COVID-19 success story: Vietnam's commitment to containment". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  33. ^ Baker MG, Wilson N, Anglemyer A (7 August 2020), "Successful Elimination of Covid-19 Transmission in New Zealand", New England Journal of Medicine (letter), 383 (8): e56, doi:10.1056/nejmc2025203, PMC 7449141, PMID 32767891
  34. ^ Klein A. "Covid-19: Lockdown not enough to stop Australia's delta variant crisis". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  35. ^ "Has the Delta variant of Covid-19 curbed the effectiveness of lockdowns?". South China Morning Post. 21 July 2021. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  36. ^ "Covid: New Zealand pandemic strategy in doubt amid Delta spread". BBC News. 22 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  37. ^ Goolsbee A, Syverson C (23 June 2020). Fear, Lockdown, and Diversion: Comparing Drivers of pandemic Economic Decline 2020 (PDF) (Report). doi:10.2139/ssrn.3631180. S2CID 219939172. SSRN 3631180. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  38. ^ Dave D, Friedson AI, Matsuzawa K, Sabia JJ (3 August 2020). "When Do Shelter-in-Place Orders Fight COVID-19 Best? Policy Heterogeneity Across States and Adoption Time". Econ Inq. 59 (1): 29–52. doi:10.3386/w27091. PMC 7436765. PMID 32836519. S2CID 218484815.
  39. ^ Yan Y, Malik AA, Bayham J, Fenichel EP, Couzens C (6 May 2020). Measuring voluntary social distancing behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic (PDF) (Report). doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.20087874. S2CID 218515391. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2020.
  40. ^ Flaxman S, Mishra S, Gandy A, Unwin HJ, Mellan TA, Coupland H, Whittaker C, Zhu H, Berah T, Eaton JW, Monod M, Ghani AC, A Donnelly C, Riley SM, Vollmer MA, Ferguson NM, Okell LC, Bhatt S (22 May 2020). "Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe" (PDF). Nature. 584 (7820): 257–261. Bibcode:2020Natur.584..257F. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2405-7. PMID 32512579. S2CID 219549825. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2020.
  41. ^ Soltesz K, Gustafsson F, Timpka T, Jaldén J, Jidling C, Heimerson A, Schön TB, Spreco A, Ekberg J, Dahlström Ö, Bagge Carlson F (8 June 2020). "The effect of interventions on COVID-19". Nature. 588 (7839): E26–E28. Bibcode:2020Natur.588E..26S. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-3025-y. PMID 33361787.
  42. ^ Courtemanche C, Garuccio J, Le A, Pinkston J, Yelowitz A (14 May 2020). "Strong Social Distancing Measures In The United States Reduced The COVID-19 Growth Rate". Health Affairs. 39 (7): 1237–1246. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00608. hdl:1903/25989. PMID 32407171. S2CID 218648003.
  43. ^ Lyu W, Wehby GL (15 May 2020). "Comparison of Estimated Rates of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Border Counties in Iowa Without a Stay-at-Home Order and Border Counties in Illinois With a Stay-at-Home Order". JAMA Network Open. 3 (5): e2011102. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.11102. PMC 7229521. PMID 32413112. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020.
  44. ^ Eran Bendavid (5 January 2021). "Assessing Mandatory Stay-at-Home and Business Closure Effects on the Spread of COVID-19". European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 51 (4): e13484. doi:10.1111/eci.13484. PMC 7883103. PMID 33400268. S2CID 230655481.
  45. ^ Besançon L, Meyerowitz-Katz G, Flahault A (2021). "Sample size, timing, and other confounding factors: toward a fair assessment of stay-at home orders" (PDF). European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 51 (6): e13518. doi:10.1111/eci.13518. ISSN 0014-2972. PMID 33580547. S2CID 231909650. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  46. ^ Besançon L, Meyerowitz-Katz G, Zanetti Chini E, Fuchs H, Flahault A (18 June 2021). "Challenges in determining causality: An ongoing critique of Bendavid et al's 'Assessing mandatory stay-at-home and business closure effects on the spread of COVID-19'". European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 51 (8). Wiley: e13599. doi:10.1111/eci.13599. ISSN 0014-2972. PMC 8209814. PMID 33998694.
  47. ^ "COVID-19 Community Mobility Report". Google. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  48. ^ "Fauci, Governors Get Highest Marks for Response to Coronavirus, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Majority Say Trump's Response Not Aggressive Enough" (PDF). Quinnnipiac Poll. 8 April 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  49. ^ a b Reynolds M. "There is no 'scientific divide' over herd immunity". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  50. ^ a b Alwan NA, Burgess RA, Ashworth S, Beale R, Bhadelia N, Bogaert D, Dowd J, Eckerle I, Goldman LR, Greenhalgh T, Gurdasani D (31 October 2020). "Scientific consensus on the COVID-19 pandemic: we need to act now". The Lancet. 396 (10260): e71–e72. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32153-X. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 7557300. PMID 33069277.
  51. ^ Hale T, Angrist N, Hale AJ, Kira B, Majumdar S, Petherick A, Phillips T, Sridhar D, Thompson RN, Webster S, Zhang Y (9 July 2021). "Government responses and COVID-19 deaths: Global evidence across multiple pandemic waves". PLOS ONE. 16 (7): e0253116. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1653116H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253116. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8270409. PMID 34242239.
  52. ^ Ferguson NM, Laydon D, Nedjati-Gilani G, Imai N, Ainslie K, Baguelin M, Bhatia S, Boonyasiri A, Cucunubá Z, Cuomo-Dannenburg G, Dighe A, Dorigatti I, Fu H, Gaythorpe K, Green W, Hamlet A, Hinsley W, Okell LC, van Elsland S, Thompson H, Verity R, Volz E, Wang H, Wang Y, Walker PG, Walters C, Winskill P, Whittaker C, Donnelly CA, Riley S, Ghani AC (16 March 2020). "Report 9: Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2020.
  53. ^ Singh Chawla D (8 June 2020). "Critiqued coronavirus simulation gets thumbs up from code-checking efforts". Nature. 582 (7812): 323–324. Bibcode:2020Natur.582..323S. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01685-y. PMID 32546864. S2CID 219700526.
  54. ^ von Csefalvay C (2023), "Modeling the control of infectious disease", Computational Modeling of Infectious Disease, Elsevier, pp. 173–215, doi:10.1016/b978-0-32-395389-4.00015-3, ISBN 978-0-323-95389-4, archived from the original on 5 March 2023, retrieved 5 March 2023
  55. ^ Booth W (8 May 2020). "A tale of two epidemics: Scientists in Sweden and Britain fight over who took the right public health path". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020.
  56. ^ "Sweden no longer stands out in pandemic, says architect of 'no lockdown' policy". Financial Times. 12 November 2021. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  57. ^ Vogel G (6 October 2020). "'It's been so, so surreal.' Critics of Sweden's lax pandemic policies face fierce backlash". Science | AAAS. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  58. ^ Claeson M, Hanson S (22 December 2020). "COVID-19 and the Swedish enigma". The Lancet. 397 (10271): 259–261. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32750-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 7755568. PMID 33357494.
  59. ^ "Swedish Prime Minister Sees High Risk of New Wave of Covid Infections". Bloomberg.com. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  60. ^ Orange R (26 February 2021). "Sweden hesitates to use new Covid lockdown laws as infection rate leads western Europe". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  61. ^ Dhillon RS, Karan A (12 August 2020). "The U.S. Needs Smarter Lockdowns. Now". Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  62. ^ "WHO chief says herd immunity approach to pandemic 'unethical'". The Guardian. 12 October 2020. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  63. ^ Mandavilli A, Stolberg SG (19 October 2020). "A Viral Theory Cited by Health Officials Draws Fire From Scientists". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  64. ^ Finucane M (14 October 2020). "Boston researchers join letter in The Lancet rejecting herd immunity strategy". BostonGlobe.com. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  65. ^ a b c d e f g Mooallem J (22 February 2023). "Three Years into Covid, We Still Don't Know How to Talk About It". The New York Times Magazine.
  66. ^ Lundgren M, Klamberg M, Sundström K, Dahlqvist J (2020). "Emergency Powers in Response to COVID-19: Policy Diffusion, Democracy, and Preparedness". Nordic Journal of Human Rights. 38 (4): 305–318. arXiv:2007.00933. doi:10.1080/18918131.2021.1899406.
  67. ^ Whetstone A, Mhajne C (16 October 2020). "The Rise of the COVID Dictatorships". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  68. ^ The Economist, 28 March 2020, page 7.
  69. ^ "Fears as Cambodia grants PM vast powers under Covid-19 pretext". The Guardian. 10 April 2020. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  70. ^ "The COVID Pandemic Could Lead to 75,000 Additional Deaths from Alcohol and Drug Misuse and Suicide". Archived from the original on 13 July 2020.
  71. ^ Every-Palmer S, Jenkins M, Gendall P, Hoek J, Beaglehole B, Bell C, Williman J, Rapsey C, Stanley J (November 2020). "Psychological distress, anxiety, family violence, suicidality, and wellbeing in New Zealand during the COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study". PLOS ONE. 15 (11): e0241658. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1541658E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241658. PMC 7641386. PMID 33147259.
  72. ^ Ozamiz-Etxebarria N, Idoiaga Mondragon N, Dosil Santamaría M, Picaza Gorrotxategi M (June 2020). "Psychological symptoms during the two stages of lockdown in response to the COVID-19 outbreak: an investigation in a sample of citizens in Northern Spain". Frontiers in Psychology. 11: 1491. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01491. PMC 7314923. PMID 32625157.
  73. ^ Lashley MA, Acevedo M, Cotner S, Lortie CJ (2020). "How the ecology and evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic changed learning". Ecology and Evolution. 10 (22): 12412–7. Bibcode:2020EcoEv..1012412L. doi:10.1002/ece3.6937. PMC 7679547. PMID 33250980.
  74. ^ Strickland BK, Brooke JM, Zischke MT, Lashley MA (2021). "Podcasting as a tool to take conservation education online". Ecology and Evolution. 11 (8): 3597–3606. Bibcode:2021EcoEv..11.3597S. doi:10.1002/ece3.7353. PMC 8057326. PMID 33898012.
  75. ^ a b "UN Secretary-General's policy brief: The impact of COVID-19 on women | Digital library: Publications". UN Women. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  76. ^ "El impacto de la covid-19 en las mujeres". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 11 March 2021. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  77. ^ Hincapié MA, Gallego JC, Gempeler A, Piñeros JA, Nasner D, Escobar MF (2020). "Implementation and Usefulness of Telemedicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review". J Prim Care Community Health. 11: 2150132720980612. doi:10.1177/2150132720980612. PMC 7734546. PMID 33300414.
  78. ^ Costantino A, Noviello D, Mazza S, Berté R, Caprioli F, Vecchi M (March 2021). "Trust in telemedicine from IBD outpatients during the COVID-19 pandemic". Dig Liver Dis. 53 (3): 291–4. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2020.10.035. PMC 7644233. PMID 33187917.
  79. ^ Jr JW. "This doctor admitted COVID pandemic mistakes. Then his critics attacked him again". USA TODAY. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  80. ^ Gandjour A (14 October 2020). "The clinical and economic value of a successful shutdown during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Germany". The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance. 84: 502–509. doi:10.1016/j.qref.2020.10.007. PMC 7554483. PMID 33071532.
  81. ^ policy-for-the-COVID-19-crisis/ Archived 15 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine http://www.igmchicago.org
  82. ^ Sandbu M (7 April 2020). "Economists are united in support of the coronavirus lockdown". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020.
  83. ^ "WFP Chief warns of grave dangers of economic impact of Coronavirus as millions are pushed further into hunger". World Food Programme. 17 September 2020. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  84. ^ "Impact of COVID-19 on people's livelihoods, their health and our food systems". World Health Organization. 13 October 2020. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  85. ^ Cockburn (12 October 2020). "The incredible vanishing World Health Organization". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  86. ^ Tharoor I (30 July 2021). "Analysis | The pandemic leads to another summer of anger". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  87. ^ Haddad M. "Mapping coronavirus anti-lockdown protests around the world". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  88. ^ "Albania extends lockdown till end of coronavirus outbreak". National Post. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  89. ^ "Albania: COVID-19 lockdown measures eased from June 1 /update 12". National Post. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  90. ^ "Algeria: Government implements lockdown and curfew in Blida and Algiers March 23 /update 7". garda.com. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  91. ^ "Algeria: Authorities extend movement restrictions until May 14 /update 14". GardaWorld. 27 April 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  92. ^ a b "Argentina Orders 'Exceptional' Lockdown in Bid to Contain Virus". Bloomberg.com. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  93. ^ "AMBA moves from 'isolation' to 'distancing'; Fernández talks up vaccine hopes". Buenos Aires Times (Perfil). 6 November 2020.
  94. ^ a b "Buenos Aires Times | Argentina enters strict nine-day lockdown as Covid cases soar". www.batimes.com.ar.
  95. ^ a b "Argentina: Authorities ease some COVID-19 restrictions until June 11; strict measures in place June 5-6 /update 35". GardaWorld.
  96. ^ "Argentina extends mandatory lockdown in Buenos Aires and metropolitan area". MercoPress. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  97. ^ "Armenia Extends Coronavirus Lockdown". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  98. ^ Mejlumyan A (4 May 2020). "Armenia ends lockdown even as COVID cases spiking". Eurasianet. China. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  99. ^ "Victoria moves to 'stage 3' shutdown as aged care worker tests positive". www.abc.net.au. 29 March 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  100. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Statement From The Premier". www.premier.vic.gov.au. 11 May 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  101. ^ "Melbourne lockdown extended by two weeks". BBC News. 6 September 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  102. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Regional Victoria stage 3 Covid-19 restrictions and lockdown rules explained". The Guardian. 3 August 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  103. ^ "Melbourne's coronavirus restrictions ease as Victorian Premier Daniel Andrews announces end to lockdown". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  104. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Victoria to enter five-day 'circuit breaker' lockdown from tonight". www.9news.com.au. 12 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  105. ^ "Victoria enters COVID-19 lockdown as cases from Melbourne outbreak grow". ABC News. 27 May 2021.
  106. ^ "Here are the new COVID restrictions for regional Victoria and Melbourne". ABC News. 10 June 2021.
  107. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Victoria to enter five-day snap lockdown as more COVID-19 cases recorded". ABC News. 15 July 2021.
  108. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Victoria's lockdown extended by a week, rules tightened for residents returning from red zones". ABC News. 20 July 2021.
  109. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Victoria to enter sixth lockdown in response to new mystery COVID-19 cases". ABC News. 5 August 2021.
  110. ^ Knowlton C. "Call your mates! You can finally go to the pub on this date". Time Out Melbourne. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  111. ^ a b c d e f g h "All of Victoria now in lockdown after more than 61 new COVID-19 cases, Shepparton outbreak grows". abc.net.au. 21 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  112. ^ a b c d e f g h "Premier flags regional lockdown reprieve, but warns some restrictions will remain". abc.net.au. 1 September 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  113. ^ a b c d e f g h "Regional Victoria is about to leave COVID-19 lockdown. Here's what's changing". abc.net.au. 8 September 2021.
  114. ^ "Greater Shepparton to enter snap, seven-day COVID-19 lockdown". abc.net.au. 1 October 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  115. ^ "Mildura enters COVID-19 lockdown as regional Victorian regions of Shepparton and Moorabool exit". abc.net.au. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  116. ^ "Ballarat to enter week-long lockdown as regional city records four cases". abc.net.au. 15 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  117. ^ "Modest easing of Victoria's COVID lockdown rules to kick in from Friday night as state records 514 new COVID cases". ABC News. 16 September 2021.
  118. ^ "Ballarat to be released from COVID-19 lockdown as western Victoria sees first exposure sites in months". ABC News. 22 September 2021.
  119. ^ a b c "Greater Geelong, Surf Coast Shire and Mitchell Shire plunged into seven-day snap lockdown". 9news.com.au. 19 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  120. ^ a b "Victoria records 705 new COVID-19 cases as Geelong and Surf Coast leave lockdown". ABC News. 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  121. ^ "Victoria reimposes coronavirus stage 3 lockdown on metropolitan Melbourne and Mitchell Shire after record rise in cases". ABC News. 7 July 2020. Archived from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  122. ^ "Mitchell Shire in regional Victoria to exit lockdown at 11.59pm on Wednesday". 7news.com.au. 13 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  123. ^ "Mildura enters COVID-19 lockdown as regional Victorian regions of Shepparton and Moorabool exit". ABC News. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  124. ^ "Mildura lockdown extended by a week". sunraysiadaily.com.au. 15 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  125. ^ "Latrobe Valley to enter seven-day COVID-19 lockdown from midnight". ABC News. 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  126. ^ "Latrobe Valley lockdown to end at midnight tonight". ABC News. 5 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  127. ^ South Australia ordered into six-day lockdown amid coronavirus outbreak 18 November 2020 Australian Broadcasting Corporation, accessed 18 November 2020
  128. ^ South Australia to end Covid lockdown early as premier 'fuming' over pizza lie 20 November 2020 The Guardian, accessed 20 November 2020
  129. ^ "South Australia 'moves into lockdown' after five COVID cases associated with Modbury Hospital cluster". www.abc.net.au. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  130. ^ "Hobart region enters three-day lockdown after COVID hotel quarantine breach". www.abc.net.au. 15 October 2021.
  131. ^ "Sydney's Northern Beaches enter day one of lockdown as NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian flags higher daily COVID-19 cases". ABC News. 20 December 2020.
  132. ^ "Three-week coronavirus lockdown lifts in northern zone of Sydney's northern beaches". ABC News. 10 January 2020.
  133. ^ a b c "Here are the new NSW COVID restrictions including a Sydney curfew, work permits and exercise limits". www.abc.net.au. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  134. ^ a b "Covid: Brisbane to enter three-day lockdown over single infection". bbc.co.uk. 8 January 2021.
  135. ^ "Greater Brisbane will go into a three-day lockdown after recording 10 new cases of coronavirus, four in the community". ABC News. 29 March 2021.
  136. ^ "Brisbane's lockdown now lifted after only one case of community transmission". ABC News. 1 April 2021.
  137. ^ a b c "Queenslanders heading for three-day lockdown after unvaccinated hospital worker tests positive to COVID-19". ABC News. 29 June 2021.
  138. ^ "South-east Queensland enters three-day COVID lockdown as businesses and residents scramble to adhere to restrictions". ABC News. 1 August 2021.
  139. ^ "Queensland records 16 new community cases of COVID-19, 11 detected in ship off Gladstone coast". ABC News. 5 August 2021.
  140. ^ a b c d e f "Covid: Australian city of Perth goes into snap lockdown after guard tests positive". BBC News. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  141. ^ a b c d "Perth enters snap three-day lockdown after Covid spreads from hotel quarantine into community". The Guardian. 23 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  142. ^ a b "Perth and Peel plunged into lockdown after another local coronavirus case detected". ABC News. 28 June 2021.
  143. ^ a b "COVID-19 lockdown expanded to cover Greater Sydney, Blue Mountains, Wollongong and Central Coast". ABC News. 26 June 2021.
  144. ^ a b "Big changes for shopping, schools and singles as NSW records 177 new COVID-19 cases". www.abc.net.au. 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  145. ^ a b "Sydney lockdown extended for one month as NSW records 644 COVID-19 cases, four deaths". www.abc.net.au. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  146. ^ "Darwin region sent into snap lockdown with five new Granites mine COVID-19 cases, fears more to come". ABC News. 27 June 2021.
  147. ^ "Greater Darwin lockdown extended by 72 hours as NT records one new case of COVID-19". ABC News. 28 June 2021.
  148. ^ "Alice Springs airport exposure sites listed as town enters 'critical' lockdown". www.abc.net.au. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  149. ^ a b "NSW Central West lockdown to end as planned as testing blitz pays off". ABC News. 27 July 2021.
  150. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "COVID sewage detection a concern as 'tinder box' NSW regions stay in lockdown". ABC News. 26 August 2021.
  151. ^ a b c "Newcastle, Hunter in snap lockdown as COVID cases grow". ABC News. 5 August 2021.
  152. ^ "NSW records 345 cases of locally acquired COVID-19, two deaths". ABC News. 12 August 2021.
  153. ^ a b c d "NSW records 1,351 COVID-19 cases and 12 deaths; Lismore and Albury LGAs go back into lockdown". ABC News. 16 September 2021.
  154. ^ a b "Port Macquarie-Hastings, Muswellbrook under snap lockdown for seven days". ABC News. 28 September 2021.
  155. ^ "NSW COVID crisis deepens after record 319 new cases found, Armidale plunged into lockdown". ABC News. 7 August 2021.
  156. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Lockdown lifted for parts of regional NSW, but freedom comes with a warning". ABC News. 9 September 2021.
  157. ^ a b "Cairns and Yarrabah enter three-day lockdown as tests reveal taxi driver case linked to reef pilot COVID case". ABC News. 9 August 2021.
  158. ^ a b "Cairns lockdown to lift as Queensland records four COVID-19 cases linked to school cluster". ABC News. 11 August 2021.
  159. ^ a b c d "Byron Bay, Richmond Valley, Ballina, Lismore in lockdown after COVID-19 case in region". ABC News. 9 August 2021.
  160. ^ a b c d "Parts of regional NSW to come out of COVID-19 lockdown midnight Friday, ABC understands". ABC News. 8 September 2021.
  161. ^ "Stay-at-home order introduced for Lismore". health.nsw.gov.au. 3 October 2021.
  162. ^ "Tweed Heads, Byron Bay and Kempsey under lockdown for seven days". ABC News. 21 September 2021.
  163. ^ "NSW records 283 new COVID-19 cases and another death". ABC News. 9 August 2021.
  164. ^ "Dubbo in lockdown, child's COVID-19 infection confirmed". ABC News. 11 August 2021.
  165. ^ "ACT to enter lockdown for 7 days from 5:00pm as one new case of COVID-19 recorded". ABC News. 12 August 2021.
  166. ^ "The COVID-19 lockdown has ended in the ACT — here's what you can and can't do". ABC News. 15 October 2021.
  167. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Regional NSW in COVID-19 lockdown, joins the rest of the state". ABC News. 14 August 2021.
  168. ^ "MidCoast local government area COVID lockdown lifted at midnight". 10 September 2021.
  169. ^ a b "Changes to stay-at-home orders for Regional NSW Local Government Areas". www.nsw.gov.au. 16 September 2021.
  170. ^ "Snowy Monaro snapped into lockdown today as case numbers grow". ABC News. 30 September 2021.
  171. ^ a b "Changes to stay-at-home orders for regional NSW local government areas". www.health.nsw.gov.au (Press release). NSW Health. 6 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  172. ^ "Stay-at-home order for Yass Valley Council". www.health.nsw.gov.au (Press release). NSW Health. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  173. ^ "Cowra records case number one of COVID-19 and will return to lockdown orders from today". ABC News. 20 September 2021.
  174. ^ "Cowra's lockdown extended for further seven days". 27 September 2021.
  175. ^ a b "COVID live updates: NSW to trial shorter quarantine periods for fully vaccinated arrivals, Glen Innes and Hilltops into lockdown". ABC News. 17 September 2021.
  176. ^ "Hilltops lockdown extended for a further seven days". youngwitness.com.au. 23 September 2021.
  177. ^ "Stay-at-home orders introduced for Oberon". health.nsw.gov.au. 29 September 2021.
  178. ^ "Changes to stay-at-home orders for regional NSW local government areas". health.nsw.gov.au. 4 October 2021.
  179. ^ "Stay-at-home order introduced for Casino". health.nsw.gov.au. 1 October 2021.
  180. ^ "Australia starts lockdown measures as coronavirus cases jump". The Straits Times. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  181. ^ "Australia's biggest state to ease coronavirus lockdown from May 15". Reuters. 10 May 2020 uk.reuters.com, accessed 31 October 2020
  182. ^ a b red Oa (16 March 2020). "Ausgangsbeschränkungen: Was nun erlaubt ist und was nicht". news.ORF.at (in German). Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  183. ^ AFP (20 March 2020). "Austria extends confinement measures until April 13". The Local. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  184. ^ a b Austria goes into 4-week partial lockdown starting Tuesday, imposes curfew and restrictions on private gatherings pendect.com, accessed 2 November 2020
  185. ^ "Austria to introduce new lockdown until January 18". apa.az. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  186. ^ "Austria extends coronavirus lockdown until February 7th". 18 January 2021.
  187. ^ "Austria to go into full lockdown as Covid surges". 19 November 2021.
  188. ^ "Austria to go into full lockdown as Covid surges". 19 November 2021.
  189. ^ a b "Azərbaycan Respublikasının ərazisində xüsusi karantin rejiminin müddətinin uzadılması barədə" [On the Extension of the Special Quarantine Regime on the Territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan] (in Azerbaijani). Cabinet of Azerbaijan. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  190. ^ "Coronavirus: Bangladesh declares public holiday from March 26 to April 4". Dhaka Tribune. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  191. ^ "Bangladesh Eases Some Restrictions, Extends Lockdown to May 16". US News. 4 May 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  192. ^ Service TN. "Bangladesh to impose 1-week lockdown from Monday". Tribuneindia News Service.
  193. ^ "Bangladesh extends 'strict' nationwide Covid-19 lockdown till July 14". 6 July 2021 – via Business Standard.
  194. ^ "Bangladesh reimposes COVID lockdown for two weeks". www.aljazeera.com.
  195. ^ "Bangladesh extends strict lockdown by five days to August 10". Dhaka Tribune. 3 August 2021.
  196. ^ a b c "Curfew extended". nationnews.com. 11 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  197. ^ "Belgium enters lockdown over coronavirus crisis – in pictures". The Guardian. 18 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  198. ^ Brzozowski A (24 April 2020). "Belgian government to relax lockdown measures in three phases, starting 4 May". www.euractiv.com. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  199. ^ a b Belgium announces six-week lockdown in Covid-19 crackdown 30 October 2020 www.lbc.co.uk, accessed 31 October 2020
  200. ^ Brzozowski A (25 March 2021). "Belgium enters new four-week Easter lockdown". www.euractiv.com.
  201. ^ "Belgium to start easing lockdown Monday, including for travel, schools". POLITICO. 14 April 2021.
  202. ^ "Fifth person dies as Bermuda extends lockdown to May 2". jamaicaobserver.com. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  203. ^ "Bhutan govt imposes nationwide lockdown to curb coronavirus spread". Business Standard. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  204. ^ Bhutan eases nationwide lockdown in phases 2020-09-01, www.xinhuanet.com, accessed 6 November 2020
  205. ^ "Under siege: island braces for 24-hour lockdown". royalgazette.com. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  206. ^ "Bolivia amplía un mes más la cuarentena ante el aumento de casos de COVID-19". www.efe.com.
  207. ^ a b Ngatane N (31 March 2020). "Botswana declares state of emergency, lockdown in wake of COVID-19 cases". Eyewitness News. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  208. ^ a b "Casos de pacientes com coronavírus sobe para 197 em SC e governo prorroga quarentena | Santa Catarina | G1". G1.globo.com. 18 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  209. ^ Soares R (24 March 2020). "Quarentena começa a valer nesta terça-feira em todo o estado de SP". Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  210. ^ Santiago T (17 April 2020). "Doria prorroga quarentena no estado de SP até 10 de maio devido a pandemia de coronavírus". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  211. ^ Nikolov, Krassen (9 July 2020). "Bulgaria extends 'epidemic emergency' and mulls tightening COVID-19 restrictions". euractiv.com. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  212. ^ Kirov, Nikolay (21 April 2020). "Борисов: България облекчи 5 мерки от вчера и днес". vesti.bg (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  213. ^ "Облекчаване на мерките: разрешават се посещения на кина и концерти". btvnovinite.bg (in Bulgarian). 11 May 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  214. ^ "Bulgaria Closes Schools, Restricts Travel Over Coronavirus". usnews.com. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  215. ^ Krasimirov, Angel (3 May 2020). "Easing lockdown measures, Bulgaria to allow movement outside local communities". reuters.com. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  216. ^ Hirsch, Cornelius (21 June 2020). "Europe's post-lockdown rules compared". politico.eu. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  217. ^ "Covid-19 in Bulgaria: All but social measures fall away on June 15, PM says". sofiaglobe.com. 3 June 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  218. ^ "След разпореждане на премиера Борисов дискотеките ще отворят още на 15 юни". svobodnaevropa.bg (in Bulgarian). 13 June 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  219. ^ "Борисов одобри частичния локдаун, предложен от здравния министър" (in Bulgarian). economic.bg. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  220. ^ a b "България в мек локдаун до Коледa: Какво затваря и какво не" (in Bulgarian). mediapool.bg. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  221. ^ "Частичният локдаун официално се удължава до 31 януари" (in Bulgarian). economic.bg. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  222. ^ "Заведенията за локдауна: Всичко или нищо" (in Bulgarian). mediapool.bg. 17 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  223. ^ Bozukova, Martina (18 March 2021). "България влиза в 10-дневен локдаун от понеделник" (in Bulgarian). mediapool.bg. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  224. ^ Voun D. "Phnom Penh, Takmao lockdown extended for another week". Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  225. ^ Balagot DA (15 April 2021). "Government imposes two-week lockdown in Phnom Penh and Takhmao in Kandal province". IPS Cambodia. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  226. ^ "B.C. declares state of emergency in response to coronavirus pandemic". Global News. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  227. ^ Engagement GC. "Phase 1| BC's Restart Plan". www2.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  228. ^ a b "B.C. extends ban on social gatherings until Jan. 8, restricting Christmas and New Year's events". Global News. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  229. ^ Rodrigues G (17 March 2020). "Ontario government declares state of emergency amid coronavirus pandemic". Global News. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  230. ^ "Today's coronavirus news: Parts of Ontario now in Stage 3 report slow start to reopening; province takes over another LTC home; masks will be mandatory on GO Transit". thestar.com. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  231. ^ "Ontario to enter four-week, provincewide COVID-19 shutdown on Saturday". Toronto. 1 April 2021.
  232. ^ a b c d "Ontario to implement provincewide lockdown on Christmas Eve, sources say | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  233. ^ a b "COVID-19: enhanced public health and workplace safety measures | Ontario.ca". Ontario.ca. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  234. ^ a b c "Quebec heads into 18-day lockdown; non-essential businesses to close from Dec. 25 to Jan. 11". Montreal. 14 December 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  235. ^ Gamba L (21 March 2020). "Colombia announces lockdown as coronavirus cases surge". aa.com.tr. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  236. ^ "Gobierno amplía aislamiento obligatorio hasta el 1 de julio". El Espectador. 28 May 2020.
  237. ^ a b "COVID-19: Lagos, Brazzaville lockdown begins". Africanews. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  238. ^ "The government tightens sanitary measures to avoid contagion.Closed beaches and quarantine nationwide". Ministry of Health. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  239. ^ Costa Rica begins easing some coronavirus measures Alejandro Zúñiga 27 April 2020 ticotimes.net, accessed 31 October 2020
  240. ^ Simmonds L (18 March 2020). "Croatia COVID-19 Lockdown: Bars, Restaurants etc to Close Midnight March 18, 2020". Total Croatia News. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  241. ^ Thomas M. "County lockdown across Croatia from December 22 as Covid-19 measures tighten - The Dubrovnik Times". www.thedubrovniktimes.com. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  242. ^ "Ukidaju se propusnice za cijelu Hrvatsku". Grad Rijeka (in Croatian). 29 December 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  243. ^ a b "Cyprus to Impose Lockdown to Contain Spread of Coronavirus". Bloomberg. 23 March 2020.
  244. ^ a b "Cyprus goes into new lockdown from January 10 as COVID surges". 8 January 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
  245. ^ a b "COVID19: Cyprus enters two-week national lockdown". Financial Mirror. 26 April 2021.
  246. ^ "Ministry of the Interior, Czech Republic". Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  247. ^ a b Janicek, Karel (22 October 2020). "Czechs enter 2nd lockdown to avoid health system collapse". Associated Press. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  248. ^ "Denmark goes on lockdown". www.themayor.eu. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  249. ^ "Denmark: Lockdown extended until April 13 due to COVID-19 /update 6". GardaWorld. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  250. ^ "Denmark announces national Covid-19 lockdown from Christmas Day". 16 December 2020.
  251. ^ "Denmark to ease some COVID-19 restrictions from 1 March". 25 February 2021.
  252. ^ a b "Ecuador shrimp, tuna processors endure despite lockdown, curfew". undercurrentnews.com. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  253. ^ a b "El Salvador bans mass gatherings as virus spreads – as it happened". The Guardian. Reuters. 12 March 2020.
  254. ^ a b "Eritrea enforces 21-day lockdown to contain spread of COVID-19". Xinhua News Agency. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  255. ^ a b "Prime minister unveils plan for lockdown from March 11". 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  256. ^ "Fiji city sealed off as first COVID-19 case confirmed". 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  257. ^ Vacala K (7 April 2020). "Part of Kashmir in Lautoka under lockdown". Fijian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  258. ^ Tahana, Jamie (2 April 2020). "Fiji confirms two new Covid-19 cases, Suva will go into lockdown". Radio New Zealand. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  259. ^ Susu A (2 April 2020). "COVID-19: Suva to go on lockdown from tomorrow". The Fiji Times. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  260. ^ "France imposes 15-day lockdown and mobilises 100,000 police to enforce coronavirus restrictions". The Independent. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  261. ^ Cuthbertson A (13 April 2020). "Coronavirus: France extends lockdown until 11 May". The Independent. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  262. ^ Coronavirus: Macron declares second national lockdown in France 29 October 2020, www.bbc.com, accessed 31 October 2020
  263. ^ Coronavirus: France lifts second lockdown and imposes new curfew www.france24.com/, accessed 18 December 2020
  264. ^ a b "France Enters Third Nationwide Lockdown". Opera Wire. 31 March 2021.
  265. ^ "Paris begins month-long lockdown as France faces a third wave of Covid-19". www.northumberlandgazette.co.uk.
  266. ^ a b "Finland announces March shutdown". Yle Uutiset. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  267. ^ a b "COVID-19: Georgia Announces Nationwide Lockdown, Partial Curfew". Civil Georgia. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  268. ^ Bayerische Staatregierung pbs.twimg.com, accessed 31 October 2020
  269. ^ "Germany outlines plan for scaling back coronavirus lockdown". 6 April 2020.
  270. ^ "Germany won't lift coronavirus restrictions before April 20: Chancellory". Deutsche Welle.
  271. ^ "Coronavirus: Germany relaxes shop closures". BBC News. 20 April 2020.
  272. ^ "German social distancing will be extended to May 10: Merkel aide". Reuters.
  273. ^ Coronavirus: France and Germany have announced second national lockdowns 28 October 2020, news.sky.com accessed 31 October 2020
  274. ^ "Coronavirus: Germany extends lockdown with plan to relax restrictions". Deutsche Welle.
  275. ^ "Coronavirus: Germany's Merkel reverses plans for Easter lockdown". 24 March 2021.
  276. ^ "Lockdown ist in Kraft - diese Regeln gelten im Berchtesgadener Land". Der Tagesspiegel. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  277. ^ "Coronavirus: German Alpine region goes into lockdown". BBC News. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  278. ^ "West African countries are trying to shut down to contain the coronavirus spread". qz.com. 28 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  279. ^ Nyabor J (5 April 2020). "We'll decide on extension of lockdown this week – Akufo-Addo". Citi Newsroom. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  280. ^ "Greece imposes lockdown after coronavirus infections jump". Greece. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  281. ^ Kathimerini (23 April 2020). "Greece extends lockdown until May 4|ΕΛΛΑΔΑ". kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  282. ^ "Greece tightens COVID-19 lockdown, shuts primary schools". Reuters. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  283. ^ "Greece lifts some COVID-19 restrictions to relieve lockdown fatigue". Reuters. 20 March 2021.
  284. ^ Greece imposes lockdown on second largest city 2 November 2020 medicalxpress.com, accessed 3 November 2020
  285. ^ "'Strict' lockdown measures from midnight". bbc.co.uk. BBC News. BBC. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  286. ^ "Coronavirus: Guernsey to lift nearly all lockdown restrictions". BBC News. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  287. ^ "Guernsey lockdown: What you need to know". ITV News. 24 January 2021.
  288. ^ "Bailiwick Blueprint | States of Guernsey - COVID-19". covid19.gov.gg.
  289. ^ "Absolute Curfew for the entire country". COVID-19 Honduras (in Spanish). Secretaria de Seguridad. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  290. ^ "Se extiende toque de queda absoluto hasta el 17 de mayo y se restringe circulación a un dígito por día" [Curfew has been extended to 17 May and circulation restricted to one digit per day] (in Spanish). Secretaría de Seguridad. 3 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  291. ^ a b "Hungary PM imposes lockdown, sees coronavirus peak by July". Reuters. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  292. ^ "Coronavirus in India LIVE Updates: PM Modi announces 21-day national lockdown, says extremely necessary to take this step". India Today. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  293. ^ "Lockdown 5.0 Guidelines in India (state-wise): New Lockdown Extension rules announced; night curfew relaxed". The Financial Express. 29 May 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  294. ^ "India reports 352,991 new Covid-19 infections; Bengaluru enters lockdown". 26 April 2021.
  295. ^ "India's Delhi to lock down for six days as COVID-19 outbreak worsens". 19 April 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
  296. ^ "Delhi lockdown extended till May 31". The Hindu. 23 May 2021 – via www.thehindu.com.
  297. ^ "Complete lockdown in Haryana from May 3 for 7 days". Business Today. 2 May 2021.
  298. ^ "Maharashtra enters into 'lockdown-like' restrictions on public movement over next 15 days – See photos". 14 April 2021.
  299. ^ "Covid-19: Maharashtra extends lockdown till June 15, but allows certain relaxations". 31 May 2021.
  300. ^ Writer S (2 May 2021). "Odisha govt announces a 14-day lockdown from 5th to 19th May. Check details". mint.
  301. ^ "Coronavirus in India May 6, 2021: Lockdown in Rajasthan from May 10 till May 24". India Today. 6 May 2021.
  302. ^ Kumar S (23 May 2021). "Lockdown in Rajasthan extended till June 8". India Today.
  303. ^ "Yogi govt imposes full lockdown in UP from April 30; check out details". Business Today. 29 April 2021.
  304. ^ "UP Lockdown news: Lockdown in Uttar Pradesh extended till May 10 | Lucknow News - Times of India". The Times of India. 5 May 2021.
  305. ^ "Iran: Natiowide lockdown implemented as over 11,300 COVID-19 cases confirmed March 13 /update 12". garda.com. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  306. ^ "Why Hassan Rouhani Ended Iran's Lockdown". foreignpolicy.com. 5 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  307. ^ "Iran orders 10-day shutdown amid 4th wave of coronavirus pandemic". 10 April 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
  308. ^ "Iraq on total lockdown until March 28 over virus fears". thestar.com.my. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  309. ^ "Iraq extends coronavirus lockdown until mid-April". alarabiya.net. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  310. ^ Leahy P, Cullen P, Lynch S, Kelly F (12 March 2020). "Coronavirus: Schools, colleges and childcare facilities in Ireland to shut". The Irish Times. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  311. ^ Carroll R (27 March 2020). "'Stay home': Varadkar announces sweeping two-week lockdown". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  312. ^ "Ireland extends Covid-19 lockdown to 18 May before phased exit". The Guardian. 2 May 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  313. ^ "Coronavirus: Republic of Ireland to move to highest restrictions". BBC News. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  314. ^ Lehane M (27 November 2020). "Country moves to Level 3 'with modifications' on Tuesday". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  315. ^ Moloney E, McQuinn C, Armstrong K (22 December 2020). "Ireland to return to Level 5 restrictions from Christmas Eve amid projections of up to 2,000 cases per day by New Year's Eve". Irish Independent. Retrieved 22 December 2020. "Ireland placed on Level 5 Restrictions of the Plan for Living with COVID-19 - with a number of specific adjustments". gov.ie. Department of the Taoiseach. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  316. ^ Bray J, Horgan-Jones J, McGee H, O'Halloran M, Carswell S, Clarke V (30 March 2021). "'We are on the final stretch of this terrible journey' insists Taoiseach as he announces phased changes to Covid-19 restrictions". The Irish Times. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  317. ^ Kenny A (7 August 2020). "Taoiseach makes address as local restrictions announced". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  318. ^ Hosford P, Neville S (7 August 2020). "Kildare, Offaly and Laois residents not permitted to travel outside their counties". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  319. ^ Hurley S (31 August 2020). "Kildare Covid-19 restrictions lifted with immediate effect". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  320. ^ Kane C (21 August 2020). "Kildare restrictions extended as cases remain high". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  321. ^ The Times of Israel (2 April 2020). "Government declares virus-hit city of Bnei Brak a 'restricted zone'". Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  322. ^ The Times of Israel (16 April 2020). "Cabinet eases Bnei Brak lockdown, extends Jerusalem neighborhoods closure".
  323. ^ "Israelis brace for unpopular second Covid lockdown". Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  324. ^ Israeli Experts Plan to Ease Lockdown Within Week Save for 14 ‘Red’ Towns www.haaretz.com, accessed 31 October 2020
  325. ^ staff TO. "Israel enters 3rd lockdown; commercial activity shuts down, schools remain open". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  326. ^ staff TO. "Israel's Third Lockdown To Ease Sunday Morning As Death Toll Climbs To 5057". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  327. ^ Legorano ES (9 March 2020). "As Virus Spreads, Italy Locks Down Country". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  328. ^ "Italy begins reopening bars and cafes as rate of deaths and new infections falls again – as it happened". The Guardian. 19 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  329. ^ a b "Covid: Italy latest European country to order Christmas lockdown". 19 December 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  330. ^ "Covid, Italia verso lockdown fino a maggio: solo zone rosse e arancioni" (in Italian). Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  331. ^ a b c d Dpcm, lockdown in Lombardia, Piemonte, Calabria e Valle d’Aosta. Ecco le regioni in zona rossa e arancione e cosa si può fare 4 November 2020 Corriere della Sera, accessed 6 November 2020
  332. ^ a b c d Calabria, Lombardy, Piedmont, Val d'Aosta declared COVID red zones 5 November 2020 www.ansa.it, accessed 6 November 2020
  333. ^ a b c "Regioni in zona arancione e rossa, la nuova mappa dell'Italia: 'lockdown' per Lombardia, Sicilia e Bolzano" [Regions in the orange and red zone, the new map of Italy: 'lockdown' for Lombardy, Sicily and Bolzano]. Il Riformista (in Italian). 15 January 2021.
  334. ^ a b "St. Catherine COVID-19 Lockdown". jis.gov.jm. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  335. ^ Sharif OA (19 March 2020). "Jordan announces lockdown in effort to contain coronavirus". Al-Monitor.
  336. ^ "Jordan extends coronavirus lockdown to end of April". The National. 13 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  337. ^ a b Jordan: Authorities to impose lockdown from November 10-15 /update 47 10 November 2020 www.garda.com, accessed 19 November 2020
  338. ^ "The government declares a state of emergency public health". telegrafi.com. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  339. ^ "The new government measures are valid until May 4!". indeksonline.net. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  340. ^ a b "Coronavirus: Kuwait to impose full lockdown, curfew for 20 days starting May 10". 10 May 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  341. ^ a b AFP (15 March 2020). "Lebanon announces two-week lockdown over coronavirus". France 24. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  342. ^ "Coronavirus:Lebanon to impose new lockdown despite economic cost". 10 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  343. ^ "Libya on lockdown from 6.00 PM to 6.00 AM amid Coronavirus preventive measures". libyanexpress.com. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  344. ^ "Libya: GNA authorities extend lockdown until June 27 /update 8". GardaWorld.
  345. ^ "Karantinas kol kas – pusei mėnesio: ką nuo pirmadienio uždraudė Vyriausybė?". 15min.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  346. ^ [citation needed]
  347. ^ Lithuania to enter three-week COVID lockdown on Saturday 4 November 2020 ca.reuters.com, accessed 19 November 2020
  348. ^ "'Everyone stay at home' - Madagascar orders lockdown of two main cities in virus fight". news24.com. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  349. ^ AFP (20 April 2020). "Lockdown in 3 Madagascar cities set to ease". Medicalxpress. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  350. ^ "Covid-19: Movement Control Order imposed with only essential sectors operating". New Straits Times. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  351. ^ "Conditional MCO extended for another four weeks to June 9". The Star. 10 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  352. ^ Babulal V (28 May 2021). "Malaysia goes under full lockdown again from Tuesday | New Straits Times". NST Online.
  353. ^ Chin ES (15 August 2021). "PM Muhyiddin: Barbers, hair salons among 11 types of businesses allowed to re-open in Phase One states from tomorrow for fully vaccinated individuals | Malay Mail". www.malaymail.com.
  354. ^ a b Mexico begins to lift coronavirus lockdown Washington Post.
  355. ^ "Mexican border state of Chihuahua returns to lockdown". ABC News. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  356. ^ "2nd Mexican state goes to highest COVID-19 alert, lockdown". AP NEWS. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  357. ^ a b "Mexico City, suburbs return to partial coronavirus lockdown". AP NEWS. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  358. ^ a b "Mongolia: Government places Ulaanbaatar and other cities on lockdown due to COVID-19 March 10 /update 7". garda.com. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  359. ^ "Mongolia: Authorities extend nationwide lockdown until December 1 /update 17". 15 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  360. ^ "Montenegro Places First Town under Total Quarantine". 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  361. ^ Montenegrins Return to Streets as Coronavirus Restrictions Eased balkaninsight.com, accessed 2 November 2020
  362. ^ "URGENT. Le Maroc déclare l'état d'urgence sanitaire". H24info (in French). Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  363. ^ Eljechtimi A (18 May 2020). "Morocco extends coronavirus lockdown to June 10". Reuters. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  364. ^ "In photos: Life under lockdown". Frontier Myanmar. 27 April 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  365. ^ "Myanmar Lifts Last Stay-at-Home Restrictions at Its COVID-19 Epicenter". The Irrawaddy. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  366. ^ "Myanmar: COVID-19 Updates - New Stay-at-Home Orders and Mandatory Quarantine for Nay Pyi Taw". Global Compliance News. 19 September 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  367. ^ "Myanmar reports 4 new COVID-19 infections - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  368. ^ "Stay at Home order imposes at 10 townships in Yangon Region, 2 in Mon State and Gantgaw in Magway Region". Eleven Media Group Co., Ltd. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  369. ^ "Myanmar lifts stay-at-home order in 44 townships". www.news.cn. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  370. ^ Shikongo A (25 March 2020). "Partial lockdown in effect from Friday". The Namibian. p. 1.
  371. ^ Ngatjiheue C (30 April 2020). "Namibia to reopen economy ... moves to 'stage two', post-lockdown". The Namibian. p. 1.
  372. ^ "Nepal locks down for a week to stem coronavirus spread". The Jakarta Post. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  373. ^ "Nepal ends COVID-19 lockdown". Nepali Times. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  374. ^ a b "Lockdown extended in Kathmandu Valley with spike in COVID-19 cases". WION. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  375. ^ a b Nsubuga J (15 March 2020). "Netherlands becomes latest country to go into lockdown in battle against coronav".
  376. ^ Daventry M (14 December 2020). "Coronavirus: Netherlands begins imposing tough new five-week lockdown". euronews. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  377. ^ "Einde lockdown in zicht: kabinet versnelt met versoepelingen". GardaWorld.
  378. ^ Meijer B, van den Berg S (19 December 2021). "Netherlands to go into strict Christmas lockdown". Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  379. ^ "Dutch government eases lockdown, opening shops, gyms and hairdressers". 14 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  380. ^ a b c d e f g "History of the COVID-19 Alert System". Unite against COVID-19.
  381. ^ "Covid-19 coronavirus: What the lockdown means for you and how it will be enforced". The New Zealand Herald. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  382. ^ Small Z (11 May 2020). "Livestream: Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern reveals if New Zealand will shift to COVID-19 alert level 2". Newshub. New Zealand. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  383. ^ "As it happened: France coronavirus fight going 'the wrong way', says PM". BBC News. 11 August 2020.
  384. ^ a b "New Zealand announces three-day Covid lockdown in Auckland". LBC.
  385. ^ "Covid 19 Delta outbreak: How new traffic light system will work". NZ Herald. 15 March 2024.
  386. ^ a b Mbah, Fidelis (30 March 2020). "Nigeria announces lockdown of major cities to curb coronaviruss". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  387. ^ "Son dakika haberi: KKTC'de sokağa çıkma yasağı kararı alındı". 30 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  388. ^ The four phases of Cyprus' lockdown exit roadmap knews.kathimerini.com.cy, accessed 31 October 2020
  389. ^ "North Korea orders nationwide lockdown after first confirmed case of Covid-19". The Times of India. 12 May 2022.
  390. ^ Cha S, Smith J (25 July 2020). "North Korea declares emergency in border town over first suspected COVID-19 case". Reuters. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  391. ^ Cha, Sangmi (August 14, 2020). "North Korea lifts lockdown in border town after suspected COVID-19 case 'inconclusive'" Reuters.
  392. ^ "Muscat lockdown from Friday". Oman Observer. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  393. ^ "Muscat governorate lockdown extended". Oman Observer. 5 May 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  394. ^ "Commercial market in Jaalan Bani Bu Ali locked down". Oman Observer. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  395. ^ "Muscat governorate lockdown extended". Oman Observer. 5 May 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  396. ^ "Coronavirus pandemic: Pakistan to extend lockdown for 2 more weeks as death toll reaches 31". The Statesman. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  397. ^ Shehzad R (24 April 2020). "Countrywide lockdown stretched till May 9". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  398. ^ "Pakistan imposes 10-day countrywide lockdown from May 8 to tackle Covid-19". Hindustan Times. 8 May 2021.
  399. ^ "Ejecutivo decreta cuarentena total de manera indefinida | La Prensa Panamá". www.prensa.com. 25 March 2020.
  400. ^ "Decreto Ejecutivo 644 del 29 de mayo de 2020" (PDF). Gaceta Oficial de Panamá. 29 May 2020.
  401. ^ a b "Papua New Guinea in lockdown: what it means for you and your business". businessadvantagepng.com. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  402. ^ "Paraguay Confirms First Death Due to Coronavirus: Health Ministry". NY Times. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  403. ^ "Paraguay plans switch to 'smart' quarantine after coronavirus curve flattens". Reuters. 24 April 2020.
  404. ^ "Coronavirus en Perú: Gobierno anuncia cuarentena obligatoria por 15 días por coronavirus". Gestión (in Spanish). 15 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  405. ^ "Perú extiende cuarentena hasta 30 de junio". Associated Press (in Spanish). 22 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  406. ^ "Cebu province placed under enhanced community quarantine due to COVID-19 threat". CNN Philippines. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  407. ^ a b Ranada, Pia (24 April 2020). "Cebu, Davao City, other areas in VisMin on lockdown until May 15". Rappler. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  408. ^ a b Merez, Arianne (12 May 2020). "'Modified' lockdown set in Metro Manila, 2 other areas". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  409. ^ a b "Sara Duterte says no more localized quarantines as Davao Region lockdown begins". Rappler. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  410. ^ Luna F. "Travel to and from Manila suspended from March 15 as Code Red Sublevel 2 raised over COVID-19". Philippine Star. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  411. ^ Merez, Arianne (7 April 2020). "Philippines extends lockdown of millions in Luzon to April 30". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  412. ^ Calonzo, Andreo (24 April 2020). "Philippines Extends Lockdown of Manila and Nearby Areas to May 15". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  413. ^ a b Dela Cruz, Enrico (3 August 2020). "Philippines to reimpose stricter coronavirus lockdown in capital as cases spike". Reuters. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  414. ^ "Metro Manila, Laguna, 7 other areas shift to modified ECQ". GMA News. 16 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  415. ^ Jones E (13 March 2020). "Poland in COVID-19 LOCKDOWN! PM orders bars, restaurants, shopping centres and borders closed - and cancels ALL flights". The First News. Polish Press Agency. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  416. ^ a b c d e "Coronavirus: What are the lockdown measures across Europe?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  417. ^ a b "Poland to impose nationwide lockdown from Dec. 28 to Jan. 17 - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  418. ^ "Poland goes into near-lockdown as COVID-19 pandemic accelerates". POLITICO. 17 March 2021.
  419. ^ SA TP. "COVID-19: Poland prolongs coronavirus lockdown till April 25". polandin.com.
  420. ^ "State of Emergency Explained". Portugal News Newspaper. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  421. ^ "Portugal announces month-long lockdown". www.aa.com.tr.
  422. ^ "Lockdown Easing Plan: Schedule and Rules". Covid 19 estamos ON.
  423. ^ Pattisson P, Sedhai R (20 March 2020). "Covid-19 lockdown turns Qatar's largest migrant camp into 'virtual prison'". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  424. ^ Qatar to lift lockdown in four phases from June 15 8 June 2020 www.reuters.com, accessed 6 November 2020
  425. ^ "Klaus Iohannis anunță carantină totală în România: Tot ce era până acum recomandare, devine obligatoriu. Măsurile, în vigoare de mâine". Digi24 (in Romanian). 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  426. ^ "Romania: Government to extend COVID-19 state of emergency by 30 days from week of April 13 /update 5". GardaWorld. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  427. ^ "Moscow goes into lockdown, urges other regions to take steps to slow coronavirus". France 24. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  428. ^ "Moscow extends partial lockdown over coronavirus until May 1". Reuters. 3 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  429. ^ "Coronavirus in Russia: The Latest News | 1 May". Moscow Times. 1 May 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  430. ^ "Moscow announces one-week lockdown as Russia Covid deaths rise". The Guardian. 21 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  431. ^ a b "COVID-19 Information". U.S. Embassy in Russia. 30 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  432. ^ "Coronavirus: Rwanda imposes Africa's first lockdown". dw.com. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  433. ^ Tasamba J (2 April 2020). "Rwanda extends nationwide lockdown until April 19". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  434. ^ "Samoa officially on lock down". Radio New Zealand. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  435. ^ "Samoa officially on lock down". Fijian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  436. ^ Rtv SM (14 March 2020). "Nuovo decreto legge in vigore fino al 6 aprile". San Marino Rtv.
  437. ^ "San Marino, lockdown fino al 5 maggio ma via libera alle vendite a domicilio". libertas SM. 17 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  438. ^ a b c "Saudi Arabia puts fourth city on lockdown over coronavirus". thestar.com.my. 29 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  439. ^ Saudi Arabia eases coronavirus lockdown restrictions www.arabnews.com, accessed 2 November 2020
  440. ^ "Saudi locks down Qatif as coronavirus surges in the Gulf". aljazeera.com. 8 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  441. ^ "Serbia to let some businesses reopen in partial easing of coronavirus lockdown". Reuters. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  442. ^ "Cafes, restaurants to reopen as Serbia eases lockdown". New Straits Times. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  443. ^ Cheong D (3 April 2020). "Coronavirus: Most workplaces to close, schools will move to full home-based learning from next week, says PM Lee". The Straits Times. Singapore. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  444. ^ Lai L (21 April 2020). "Covid-19 circuit breaker to be extended by one month to June 1: PM Lee". The Straits Times. Singapore. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  445. ^ "Singapore returning to lockdown-like conditions as COVID cases rise | The Indian Awaaz". 15 May 2021.
  446. ^ "COVID-19 restrictions extended to Nov 21; more time needed to stabilise situation: MOH". CNA. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  447. ^ Burke, Jason (23 March 2020). "South Africa to go into 21-day lockdown on Thursday night". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  448. ^ Ramaphosa C. "South Africa's coronavirus lockdown extended by 2 weeks". BusinessTechSA. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  449. ^ "Pedro Sánchez anuncia el estado de alarma para frenar el coronavirus 24 horas antes de aprobarlo". ELMUNDO (in Spanish). 13 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  450. ^ "Spain Extends Lockdown as Virus Cases Rise Again in Europe". Bloomberg.com. 23 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  451. ^ "Police Curfew for Puttalam". Hiru News (in Spanish). 18 March 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  452. ^ "Spain Extends Lockdown as Virus Cases Rise Again in Europe". Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  453. ^ "Sri Lanka enters lockdown as Covid overwhelms hospitals – latest updates". Sri Lanka enters lockdown as Covid overwhelms hospitals – latest updates.
  454. ^ "Sri Lanka to end Covid-19 lockdown on October 1 - Times of India". The Times of India. 29 September 2021.
  455. ^ "Verordnung 2 über Massnahmen zur Bekämpfung des Coronavirus (COVID-19)" (PDF). 17 March 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  456. ^ "Measures, ordinance and explanations". 15 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  457. ^ urs sc (15 January 2021). "Switzerland to enter new lockdown amid more contagious virus strains". SWI swissinfo.ch.
  458. ^ "Switzerland Eases Lockdown by Reopening Shops and Museums". Bloomberg. 24 February 2021.
  459. ^ Nortajuddin A (26 March 2020). "Surviving the virus lockdown". The Asean Post. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  460. ^ "Thailand to Extend Coronavirus Emergency Measures, Sees Improvement". USNews. Reuters. 27 April 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  461. ^ a b "Trinidad on lockdown". Nation News. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  462. ^ "Tunisia orders army into streets to enforce coronavirus lockdown". Reuters. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  463. ^ "Tunisia extends lockdown by two weeks, releases prisoners". Al Jazeera. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  464. ^ a b "Turkey to impose four-day lockdown". Hürriyet. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  465. ^ a b "Turkey to enter full lockdown April 29 to May 17". medicalxpress.com.
  466. ^ "UAE: Three-day lockdown scheduled March 26-29 /update 16". garda.com. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  467. ^ "Dubai imposes two-week lockdown as Gulf states step up coronavirus fight". Reuters. 5 April 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  468. ^ "Boris Johnson orders UK lockdown to be enforced by police". The Guardian. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  469. ^ Coronavirus lockdown eased: what you can and can't do from 4 July www.theguardian.com, accessed 31 October 2020
  470. ^ a b uk-lockdown-boris-johnson-coronavirus-winter-death-latest-update www.independent.co.uk, accessed 31 October 2020
  471. ^ "Covid: Boris Johnson set to announce new England lockdown". 4 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  472. ^ "Timeline of UK government coronavirus lockdowns". Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  473. ^ Coronavirus: Shops in Scotland to reopen from 29 June 18 June 2020 www.bbc.co.uk, accessed 31 October 2020
  474. ^ Scotland tightens Covid rules at Christmas 19 December 2020 www.bbc.co.uk, accessed 19 December 2020
  475. ^ "Hairdressers to reopen on 5 April as rules ease". 16 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  476. ^ Coronavirus: NI's hotels and bars can reopen from 3 July 15 June 2020 www.bbc.co.uk, accessed 1 November 2020
  477. ^ a b "Coronavirus: NI to face new lockdown measures from next Friday". 19 November 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  478. ^ "Coronavirus: NI facing six-week lockdown from 26 December". 17 December 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  479. ^ "Stay-at-home order lifted as restrictions ease". BBC News. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  480. ^ Coronavirus in Wales: Pubs and restaurants can open outdoors from 13 July 2 July 2020 www.bbc.co.uk, accessed 1 November 2020
  481. ^ a b "Covid: Wales to go into 'firebreak' lockdown from Friday". BBC News. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  482. ^ "Covid: Two household limit at Christmas to be made law in Wales". BBC News. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  483. ^ "Covid: Most of Wales' coronavirus rules to end Saturday". 6 August 2021 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  484. ^ "Stay local – Wales takes first steps out of lockdown". GOV.WALES. 12 March 2021.
  485. ^ a b c d "Coronavirus: Businesses 'devastated' by New Year's Eve tier 4 move". 31 December 2020 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  486. ^ "Covid-19 tiers: Norfolk moves to tier 4 from 26 December". 23 December 2020 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  487. ^ "Covid-19 tiers: Suffolk moves to tier 4 from 26 December". 23 December 2020 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  488. ^ "Covid-19 tier 4: Cambridgeshire moves to tougher restrictions". 23 December 2020 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  489. ^ "Covid-19: Essex moves to highest tier 4 restrictions". 23 December 2020 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  490. ^ a b "London Put in Emergency Lockdown as U.K. Fights New Strain". Bloomberg.com. 19 December 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  491. ^ "Leicester lockdown tightened as coronavirus cases rise". 30 June 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  492. ^ "Coronavirus: Reopening shops during Leicester lockdown 'pointless'". 24 July 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  493. ^ a b Covid in Scotland: Level 4 lockdown to be imposed in 11 council areas 18 November 2020 www.bbc.co.uk accessed 19 November 2020
  494. ^ Jennifer Calfas, Margherita Stancati, Chuin-Wei Yap (20 March 2020). "California Orders Lockdown for State's 40 Million Residents". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  495. ^ "As California Fully Reopens, Governor Newsom Announces Plans to Lift Pandemic Executive Orders". California Governor. 11 June 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  496. ^ Associated Press, NBC (20 March 2020). "Coronavirus Outbreak Latest: No New Cases in Wuhan; US States Order Lockdowns". NBC Connecticut. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  497. ^ a b Perper R, Al-Arshani S, Secon H (27 March 2020). "Nearly a third of Americans are now under orders to stay home — here's a running list of coronavirus lockdowns in US states and cities". Business Insider. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  498. ^ Petrella D, St Clair S, Johnson S, Pratt G (20 March 2020). "Gov. J.B. Pritzker issues order requiring residents to 'stay at home' starting Saturday". Chicago Tribune. Chicago. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  499. ^ Ahern MA (23 April 2020). "Illinois' Stay-at-Home Order Modified, Extended Through May, Pritzker Announces". NBC 5 Chicago. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  500. ^ Carpenter T, Smith S (21 March 2020). "Kansas coronavirus update: 30-day quarantine ordered for KC; state records second death, 55 cases". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  501. ^ Hauck G, Reyes L, L Ortiz J (21 March 2020). "'Stay Home, Stay Healthy': These states have ordered residents to avoid nonessential travel amid coronavirus". USA Today. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  502. ^ a b Impelli, Matthew (9 April 2020). "Which State Lockdowns in the U.S. Have Been Extended?". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  503. ^ "Michigan governor issues 'stay-at-home' order as COVID-19 cases increase". WDIV-TV. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  504. ^ Stracqualursi V (20 March 2020). "Cuomo orders all nonessential New York workers to stay home". CNN. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  505. ^ Lardieri A (15 May 2020). "Lockdown extended for most of coronavirus-battered New York". CBS News. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  506. ^ Rogoway M (23 March 2020). "Oregon governor issues 'stay home' order to enforce coronavirus restrictions". The Oregonian. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  507. ^ Sickinger T (7 May 2020). "Oregon reopening starts May 15 under governor's coronavirus plan". OregonLive. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  508. ^ "Wisconsin Governor Issues Order Closing Businesses". NBC Chicago. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  509. ^ "Wisconsin Supreme Court Overturns The State's Stay-At-Home Orders". NPR. 13 May 2020.
  510. ^ "Venezuela's to implement nationwide quarantine as coronavirus cases rise to 33". Reuters. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  511. ^ "Vietnam: Borders closed with Laos and Cambodia as nationwide lockdown implemented April 1". GardaWorld. 2 April 2020. Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  512. ^ Fages VM (29 May 2020). "Here are 4 ways Viet Nam has managed to control COVID-19". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020. Vietnam relied on four relatively cost-effective solutions to combat the virus, including strategic testing, contact tracing through apps and effective public communication campaigns. As well as these, it implemented a national lockdown between 1st and 22nd April.
  513. ^ "Da Nang to introduce social distancing measures from 0:00 hour on July 28". People's Army Newspaper. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  514. ^ "Crawl back to normalcy: Da Nang after social distancing eased". VnExpress. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  515. ^ "Hai Duong urged to implement COVID-19 combat measures on wider scale". Vietnamplus. 15 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  516. ^ "TP Bắc Ninh cách ly xã hội 220.000 người từ 6h ngày 18-5". Tuoitre (in Vietnamese). 18 May 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  517. ^ "Đến 15h ngày 20/5, Bắc Ninh cách ly xã hội 4 huyện, thành phố". moh.gov.vn (in Vietnamese).
  518. ^ "Bắc Giang: Tạm dừng hoạt động 4 KCN, cách ly xã hội huyện Việt Yên". Bacgiang (in Vietnamese). 18 May 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  519. ^ "Bắc Giang cách ly xã hội thêm huyện Lạng Giang, Lục Nam và Yên Dũng". Bacgiang (in Vietnamese).
  520. ^ "Zimbabwe Begins Lockdown to Fight COVID19". voanews.com. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  521. ^ "Zimbabwe president extends coronavirus lockdown by two more weeks". Yahoo News. Reuters. 19 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  522. ^ "Europe's coronavirus lockdown measures compared". Politico. 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  523. ^ "Economic Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic". Copenhagen Economics. Archived from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  524. ^ Michie J, Sheehan M (18 August 2022). The Political Economy of Covid-19: Covid-19, Inequality and Government Responses. Taylor & Francis. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-000-63777-9. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  525. ^ Jones S, Kassam A (26 March 2020). "Spain defends response to coronavirus as global cases exceed 500,000". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  526. ^ "Coronavirus: Half of humanity now on lockdown as 90 countries call for confinement". Euronews. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  527. ^ "How the world locked down due to COVID-19". Business Insider. 28 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  528. ^ Al-Jubari I, Mosbah A, Salem SF (July 2022). "Employee Well-Being During COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Adaptability, Work-Family Conflict, and Organizational Response" (PDF). SAGE Open. 12 (3): 215824402210961. doi:10.1177/21582440221096142. ISSN 2158-2440. S2CID 251691776. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  529. ^ Langton K (20 April 2020). "China lockdown: How long was China on lockdown?". Daily Express. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  530. ^ "A third of the global population is on coronavirus lockdown—here's our constantly updated list of countries and restrictions". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  531. ^ "About 90% of Americans have been ordered to stay at home. This map shows which cities and states are under lockdown". Business Insider. 2 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  532. ^ a b "What Share of the World Population Is Already on COVID-19 Lockdown?". Statista. 23 April 2020. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  533. ^ Chutel L, Dahir AL (27 March 2020). "With Most Coronavirus Cases in Africa, South Africa Locks Down". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  534. ^ Nair S (29 March 2020). "For a billion Indians, lockdown has not prevented tragedy". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  535. ^ "Chaos and hunger amid India coronavirus lockdown". Al Jazeera. 27 March 2020. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  536. ^ Arntz M, Ben Yahmed S, Berlingieri F (November 2020). "Working from Home and COVID-19: The Chances and Risks for Gender Gaps". Intereconomics. 55 (6): 381–386. doi:10.1007/s10272-020-0938-5. ISSN 0020-5346. PMC 7704591. PMID 33281218.
  537. ^ "COVID-19 Educational Disruption and Response". UNESCO. 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  538. ^ Aristovnik A, Keržič D, Ravšelj D, Tomaževič N, Umek L (October 2020). "Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life of Higher Education Students: A Global Perspective". Sustainability. 12 (20): 8438. doi:10.3390/su12208438. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  539. ^ Pan SL, Cui M, Qian J (October 2020). "Information resource orchestration during the COVID-19 pandemic: A study of community lockdowns in China". International Journal of Information Management. 54: 102143. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102143. ISSN 0268-4012. PMC 7211621. PMID 32394997.
  540. ^ Gettleman J, Schultz K (24 March 2020). "Modi Orders 3-Week Total Lockdown for All 1.3 Billion Indians". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  541. ^ Boaz J (3 October 2021). "Melbourne passes Buenos Aires' world record for time spent in lockdown". ABC News. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  542. ^ "Is Melbourne really the world's most locked-down city?". ABC News. 24 October 2021. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_lockdowns&oldid=1258754032"