CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing protein 3 (i.e. CMTM3), also termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 3 (i.e. CKLFSF3), is a member of the CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family (i.e. CMTM) of proteins. In humans, CMTM2 protein is encoded by the CMTM3gene located in band 22.1 on the long (i.e. "q") arm of chromosome 16.[5] This protein is expressed in a wide range of tissues, including fetal tissues.[6] It is highly expressed in the male reproductive system, particularly testicular tissues and may play a role in the development of this tissue.[7] It is also highly expressed in the immune system including circulating blood cells, i.e. B lymphocytes, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and monocytes.[5][8] However, CMTM3 protein is weakly expressed or unexpressed in the malignant tissues of several types of cancers. In many but not all of theses cancers, this decreased or lack of expression appears due to methylation of the GpC islands in the promoter region, and thereby the silencing, of the CMTM3 gene.[6][9][8]
Studies of CMTM3 protein levels in normal versus malignant tissues found that the malignant tissue levels of several types of cancer were lower, in a variable percentage of cases, than the levels in the normal tissues as well as the cases with high CMTM2 levels in the same cancer type. These cancers included those of the stomach, breast, nasopharynx (e.g. oral squamous cell carcinoma), male larynx, esophagus, prostate gland, colon,[7] and kidney (i.e. the kidney clear-cell type).[9] Moreover, low cancer tissue levels of CTMT3 protein were found to be associated with poorer prognoses compared to cases with higher levels of this protein in cancers of the stomach,[10] esophagus,[11] nasopharynx (i.e. oral squamous cell carcinoma type),[12] and prostate gland.[13] These finding suggest that the CMTM3 protein may act to suppress the development and/or progression of these cancers. Further studies are needed to support this suggestion and determine if CMTM3 protein can be a useful clinical marker to predict the severity of these cancers and/or serve as a therapeutic target for treating them.[5][6][7]
Contrastingly, other studies have reported that: 1) CMTM3 protein promoted the proliferation of cultured glioblastoma immortalized cells; 2) high levels of CMTM3 protein were associated with shorter survival times in individuals with glioblastomas[7][14] and gastric cancer;[15]3) analyses of 178 patients with pancreatic cancer found that their tumor tissues had higher CMTM3 protein levels than normal nearby pancreas tissues; and 4) patients with high levels of CMTM3 protein in their pancreatic cancer tissues had poorer prognoses and overall survival rates compared to patients with lower CMTM3 levels in their pancreatic cancer tissues.[16] These findings suggest that CMTM3 acts to promote the development and/or progression of these three cancer types. They support further studies to confirm this suggestion, to determine if CMTM3 can be use as a prognostic indicator and a clinical therapeutic target for these three cancer types. Further investigations into the mechanisms behind the apparent ability of CMTM3 to suppress or promote these cancers are also needed.[7][15][16]
^ abLu J, Wu QQ, Zhou YB, Zhang KH, Pang BX, Li L, Sun N, Wang HS, Zhang S, Li WJ, Zheng W, Liu W (2016). "Cancer Research Advance in CKLF-like MARVEL Transmembrane Domain Containing Member Family (Review)". Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 17 (6): 2741–4. PMID27356683.
^Zhang H, Zhang J, Nan X, Li X, Qu J, Hong Y, Sun L, Chen Y, Li T (September 2015). "CMTM3 inhibits cell growth and migration and predicts favorable survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma". Tumour Biology. 36 (10): 7849–58. doi:10.1007/s13277-015-3504-1. PMID25946973. S2CID17821126.
^Hu F, Yuan W, Wang X, Sheng Z, Yuan Y, Qin C, He C, Xu T (August 2015). "CMTM3 is reduced in prostate cancer and inhibits migration, invasion and growth of LNCaP cells". Clinical & Translational Oncology. 17 (8): 632–9. doi:10.1007/s12094-015-1288-9. PMID25990505. S2CID22632846.
^Delic S, Thuy A, Schulze M, Proescholdt MA, Dietrich P, Bosserhoff AK, Riemenschneider MJ (July 2015). "Systematic investigation of CMTM family genes suggests relevance to glioblastoma pathogenesis and CMTM1 and CMTM3 as priority targets". Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 54 (7): 433–43. doi:10.1002/gcc.22255. PMID25931111. S2CID25545349.
Han W, Ding P, Xu M, Wang L, Rui M, Shi S, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Yang T, Ma D (2003). "Identification of eight genes encoding chemokine-like factor superfamily members 1-8 (CKLFSF1-8) by in silico cloning and experimental validation". Genomics. 81 (6): 609–17. doi:10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00095-8. PMID12782130.
Wang Y, Li T, Qiu X, Mo X, Zhang Y, Song Q, Ma D, Han W (2008). "CMTM3 can affect the transcription activity of androgen receptor and inhibit the expression level of PSA in LNCaP cells". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 371 (1): 54–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.03.143. PMID18402773.
Xie J, Yuan Y, Liu Z, Xiao Y, Zhang X, Qin C, Sheng Z, Xu T, Wang X (2014). "CMTM3 is frequently reduced in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and exhibits tumor suppressor activities". Clin Transl Oncol. 16 (4): 402–9. doi:10.1007/s12094-013-1092-3. PMID23907292. S2CID28925122.
Delic S, Thuy A, Schulze M, Proescholdt MA, Dietrich P, Bosserhoff AK, Riemenschneider MJ (2015). "Systematic investigation of CMTM family genes suggests relevance to glioblastoma pathogenesis and CMTM1 and CMTM3 as priority targets". Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 54 (7): 433–43. doi:10.1002/gcc.22255. PMID25931111. S2CID25545349.
Zhang H, Zhang J, Nan X, Li X, Qu J, Hong Y, Sun L, Chen Y, Li T (2015). "CMTM3 inhibits cell growth and migration and predicts favorable survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma". Tumour Biol. 36 (10): 7849–58. doi:10.1007/s13277-015-3504-1. PMID25946973. S2CID17821126.
Hu F, Yuan W, Wang X, Sheng Z, Yuan Y, Qin C, He C, Xu T (2015). "CMTM3 is reduced in prostate cancer and inhibits migration, invasion and growth of LNCaP cells". Clin Transl Oncol. 17 (8): 632–9. doi:10.1007/s12094-015-1288-9. PMID25990505. S2CID22632846.
