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C11orf98

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C11orf98
Identifiers
AliasesC11orf98, C11orf48, chromosome 11 open reading frame 98
External IDsMGI: 1913526; HomoloGene: 84408; GeneCards: C11orf98; OMA:C11orf98 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

102288414

66276

Ensembl

ENSG00000278615

ENSMUSG00000071653

UniProt

E9PRG8

Q9D937

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001286086

NM_025463

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001273015

NP_079739

Location (UCSC)Chr 11: 62.66 – 62.67 MbChr 19: 8.87 – 8.87 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

C11orf98 is a protein-encoding gene on chromosome 11 in humans of unknown function. It is otherwise known as c11orf48.[5] The gene spans the chromosomal locus from 62,662,817-62,665,210.[6] There are 4 exons. It spans across 2,394 base pairs of DNA[7] and produces an mRNA that is 646 base pairs long.[8]

Gene

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Expression

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This gene is expressed at a very high level,4.4 times the average gene.[9] The c11orf98 protein is expressed in a wide array of tissues. RNA-seq dat showed this gene to be expressed highest in the appendix, lymph node, and thymus.[10]

An analysis via PSORT II concluded that the C11orf98 gene product is localized to the nucleus 82.6% reliability. This nuclear localization suggests that C11orf98 protein may have a function related to the expression and regulation of genes in the nucleus.

Regulation

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Several different transcription factors are predicted to regulate the expression of the c11orf98 gene. These transcription factors were predicted based on DNA sequences found in the gene using Genomatix which also provided the name and description.[11]

# Name TF Description
1 V$ZIC3.03 Zinc finger protein of the cerebellum (Zic3)
2 V$SPZ1.01 Spermatogenic Zip 1 transcription factor
3 V$YB1.01 Y box binding protein 1, has a preference for binding ssDNA
4 V$PAX5 PAX5 paired domain protein
5 V$TCF21.02 Transcription factor 21
6 V$GFI1B.02 Growth factor independence 1 zinc finger protein Gfi-1B
7 V$SPI1.02 SPI-1 proto-oncogene; hematopoietic transcription factor PU.1
8 V$ZKSCAN3.01 Zinc finger with KRAB and SCAN domains 3
9 V$EGR2.03 Early growth response 2
10 V$ZNF300.01 KRAB-containing zinc finger protein 300
11 V$AP4.03 Activating enhancer binding protein 4
12 V$AML2.01 RUNX3 (Runt-related transcription factor 3), AML2 (Acute myeloid leukemia 2)
13 V$WHN.01 Winged helix protein, involved in hair keratinization and thymus epithelium differentiation
14 O$DINR.01 Drosophila initiator motifs
15 V$ZTRE.03 5' half site of ZTRE motif
16 V$ZNF35.01 Human zinc finger protein ZNF35
17 V$SP1.02 Stimulating protein 1, ubiquitous zinc finger transcription factor
18 V$DMP1.02 Cyclin D binding myb-like transcription factor
19 V$ETV1.02 Ets variant 1
20 V$WT1.02 Wilms Tumor Suppressor

Protein

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The c11orf98 gene encodes a protein that is 123 amino acids long.[12] The predicted molecular weight of the protein is 14.2 kDa.[13] The basal isoelectric point was determined to be 11.53.[14] The protein's subcellular localization was predicted to be in the nucleus.[15][16]

Domain

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The c11orf98 protein contains a region of unknown function (DUF5564) that spans from amino acids 1-98. There are also 2 disordered regions within the protein that span from amino acids 1-21 and 32-123.[17] C11orf98 contains 4 bipartite nuclear localization signals (NLS_BP) which indicates the protein will be 'tagged' for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport. The NLS_BP sequence usually consists of positively charged arginines, which would also explain the arginine rich region (ARG_RICH).[18]

Structure

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The secondary structures of the c11orf98 protein was predicted to have multiple alpha helices as well as beta sheets.[19] The tertiary structure was predicted using AlphaFold[20]

Alphafold predicted tertiary structure of c11orf98 protein

Post-translational Modifications

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C11orf98 protein undergoes modifications following translation. The c11orf98 protein was predicted to have an amidation site. This functions as an active peptide precursor cleavage site. Next, a cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site was predicted as well as other phosphorylation sites such as a Casein kinase II phosphorylation site and a protein kinase C phosphorylation site . An N-myristoylation site was predicted as well. Phosphorylation is significant because a phosphoryl group is added to the site, which only can occur in the nucleus or in cytosol. Myristoylation is significant because a myristoyl group (fatty acid group) is added to the site which helps anchor the transmembrane protein or cytosolic protein to the membrane.[21][22][16] There were twelve predicted o-beta-GlcNAc glycosylation sites. This is significant because this modification is exclusively found on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins rather than membrane proteins and secretory proteins.[16] One sumoylation site was predicted. Sumoylation is a post-translational modification involved in nuclear-cytosolic transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, protein stability, response to stress, and progression through the cell cycle.[23]

Interactions

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[24]

Abbreviated Name Name Basis of ID Score Description
JUN C-jun Proximity-dependent biotin identification Various c-Jun, in combination with c-Fos, forms the AP-1 early response transcription factor
FBL Fibrillarin Proximity-dependent biotin identification Various component of a nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particle thought to participate in the first step in processing pre-ribosomal (r)RNA
ESR1 Estrogen receptor 1 Tandem affinity purification 0.35 activated by the sex hormone estrogen, is a transcription factor composed of several domains important for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activation of transcription
SCARB2 Scavenger Receptor Class B Member 2 Pull Down 0.35 protein is primarily found in the membrane of cellular structures called lysosomes, which are specialized compartments that digest and recycle materials
OAS3 2'-5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase 3 Pull Down 0.35 This enzyme is induced by interferons and catalyzes the 2', 5' oligomers of ATP

Homology and evolution

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Orthologs

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The c11orf98 gene has 148 orthologs.[25] The oldest ortholog appeared in invertebrates. Other orthologs were found in birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates.[26]

Seq # C11orf98 Genus, Species Common Name Taxonomic Group Divergence Date (Million Years Ago)[27] Accession Number[28] Query Cover Sequence Length (aa) Sequence Identity (%) Sequence Similarity (%)
0 MAMMALIA Homo sapiens human Primates 0 NP_001273015 100 123 100 100
1 Pan Paniscus bonobo (pygmy chimpanzee) Primates 6.7 XP_008952146.1 100 123 99.2 100
2 Mus musculus house mouse Rodentia 90 NP_079739.1 100 123 82.93 91.1
3 AVES Dromaius novaehollandiae emu Aves 312 XP_025975290 96 200 35.6 43.4
4 Apteryx mantelli North Island brown kiwi Aves 312 XP_013806542 90 155 48.4 61.9
5 REPTILIA Chelydra serpentina comman snapping turtle Reptilia 312 KAG6938024.1 97 127 62.2 74
6 AMPHIBIAN Bufo bufo common toad Amphibian 351.8 XP_040265882.1 98 135 51.5 75
7 Ranitomeya imitator mimic poison frog Amphibian 351.8 CAF5124592.1 59 97 51.2 56.6
8 FISH Danio rerio zebrafish Actinoptergyii (bony fish) 435 XP_009298201.1 65 177 33.7 43.7
9 Perca flavescens yellow perch Actinoptergyii (bony fish) 435 XP_028427042.1 97 129 58.3 71.2
10 Rhincodon typus whale shark Chondrichthyes 473 XP_020392632.1 95 125 59.1 73.2
11 Carcharodon carcharias great white shark Chondrichthyes 473 XP_041069108.1 95 130 57.6 74.2
12 Callorhinchus milii elephant shark Chondrichthyes 473 XP_007910732.1 61 134 47.1 63.6
13 INVERTEBRATES Styela Clava stalked sea squirt Chordata 676 XP_039269774.1 91 125 36.8 51.9
14 Branchiostoma belcheri belcher's lancelet Chordata 684 XP_019641031.1 93 127 39.9 55.8
15 Priapulus caudatus penis worm Priapulimorphida 797 XP_014677581.1 95 157 28.7 40.7
16 Owenia fusiformis tubeworm Polychaeta 797 CAC9620481.1 92 148 34.2 50
17 Lingula anatina lingula Brachiopoda 797 XP_013399665.1 69 141 35.2 55.6
18 Exaiptasia diaphana sea anemone Anthozoa 824 XP_020906605.1 78 110 30.6 52.4
19 Actinia tenebrosa Waratah anemone Anthozoa 824 XP_031558418.1 70 113 36.2 57.5
20 Nematostella vectensis Starlet sea anemone Anthozoa 824 XP_001639221.1 80 112 34.9 54
C11orf98's mutation rate compared to fibrinogen and cytochrome c.

Evolution rate

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The relative evolution rate for c11orf98 is slower than the rate of fibrinogen alpha, but faster than cytochrome c.[29] This is shown on the graph on the right

Phylogenetic tree

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Unrooted phylogenetic tree of vertebrate and invertebrate c11orf98 orthologs

On the right is a phylogenetic tree displaying the evolutionary history of the gene.

Clinical significance

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Currently, the c11orf98 gene is not associated with any disease or medical condition.

References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000278615 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000071653 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ "C11orf98 chromosome 11 open reading frame 98 [Homo sapiens (human)]". Gene. NCBI. Retrieved 2021-10-04.
  6. ^ "Human hg38 chr11:62,662,817-62,665,210 UCSC Genome Browser v424". genome.ucsc.edu. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  7. ^ "Human hg38 chr11:62,662,817-62,665,210 UCSC Genome Browser v424". genome.ucsc.edu. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  8. ^ "Homo sapiens chromosome 11 open reading frame 98 (C11orf98), transcript variant 1, mRNA". 2021-07-01.
  9. ^ "AceView: Gene:C11orf48andINTS5, a comprehensive annotation of human, mouse and worm genes with mRNAs or ESTsAceView". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  10. ^ "C11orf98 chromosome 11 open reading frame 98 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
  11. ^ "GenoMatix". Archived from the original on 2021-12-16.
  12. ^ "uncharacterized protein C11orf98 [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  13. ^ "SAPS Results". www.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  14. ^ "C11orf98 (human)". www.phosphosite.org. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  15. ^ "PSORT II Prediction". psort.hgc.jp. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  16. ^ a b c "Services". www.healthtech.dtu.dk. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  17. ^ "uncharacterized protein C11orf98 [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-25.
  18. ^ "Motif Scan". myhits.sib.swiss. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  19. ^ "Bioinformatics Toolkit". toolkit.tuebingen.mpg.de. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  20. ^ "AlphaFold Protein Structure Database". alphafold.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  21. ^ "Motif Scan". myhits.sib.swiss. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  22. ^ "GPS 5.0 - Kinase-specific Phosphorylation Site Prediction". gps.biocuckoo.cn. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  23. ^ "GPS-SUMO: Prediction of SUMOylation Sites & SUMO-interaction Motifs". sumosp.biocuckoo.org. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  24. ^ "PSIQUIC View". Archived from the original on 2010-04-11.
  25. ^ "Gene: C11orf98". Ensembl.
  26. ^ "BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool". blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  27. ^ "TimeTree :: The Timescale of Life". timetree.org. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  28. ^ "BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool". blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  29. ^ "TimeTree :: The Timescale of Life". timetree.org. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
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