2-Butanol

2-Butanol
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name Butan-2-ol
	Other names sec-Butanol; sec-Butyl alcohol; 2-Butanol; 2-Butyl alcohol
Identifiers
CAS Number	78-92-2 ; 14898-79-4 (R) ; 4221-99-2 (S) ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
Beilstein Reference	773649; 1718764 (R); 1718763 (S)
ChEBI	CHEBI:35687 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL45462 ;
ChemSpider	6320 ; 76392 (R) ; 392543 (S) ;
DrugBank	DB02606 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.001.053
EC Number	201-158-5;
Gmelin Reference	1686; 396584 (R); 25655 (S)
MeSH	2-butanol
PubChem CID	6568; 84682 (R); 444683 (S);
RTECS number	EO1750000;
UNII	0TUL3ENK62 ; DLH38K423J (R) ; 69KXU5NDTO (S) ;
UN number	1120
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID9021762 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C4H10O/c1-3-4(2)5/h4-5H,3H2,1-2H3 Key: BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	SMILES CCC(C)O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C4H10O
Molar mass	74.123 g·mol−1
Density	0.808 g cm−3
Melting point	−115 °C; −175 °F; 158 K
Boiling point	98 to 100 °C; 208 to 212 °F; 371 to 373 K
Solubility in water	290 g/L
log P	0.683
Vapor pressure	1.67 kPa (at 20 °C)
Acidity (pKa)	17.6
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−5.7683×10−5 cm3 mol−1
Refractive index (nD)	1.3978 (at 20 °C)
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	197.1 J K−1 mol−1
Std molar; entropy (S⦵298)	213.1 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−343.3 to −342.1 kJ mol−1
Std enthalpy of; combustion (ΔcH⦵298)	−2.6611 to −2.6601 MJ mol−1
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H226, H319, H335, H336
Precautionary statements	P261, P305+P351+P338
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1 3 0
Flash point	22 to 27 °C (72 to 81 °F; 295 to 300 K)
Autoignition; temperature	405 °C (761 °F; 678 K)
Explosive limits	1.7–9.8%
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LCLo (lowest published)	16,000 ppm (rat, 4 hr); 10,670 ppm (mouse, 3.75 hr); 16,000 ppm (mouse, 2.67 hr)
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 150 ppm (450 mg/m3)
REL (Recommended)	TWA 100 ppm (305 mg/m3) ST 150 ppm (455 mg/m3)
IDLH (Immediate danger)	2000 ppm
Safety data sheet (SDS)	inchem.org
Related compounds
Related butanols	n-Butanol; Isobutanol; tert-Butanol
Related compounds	Butanone
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Butan-2-ol, or sec-butanol, is an organic compound with formula C H₃CH(OH)CH₂CH₃. Its structural isomers are 1-butanol, isobutanol, and tert-butanol. 2-Butanol is chiral and thus can be obtained as either of two stereoisomers designated as (R)-(−)-butan-2-ol and (S)-(+)-butan-2-ol. It is normally encountered as a 1:1 mixture of the two stereoisomers — a racemic mixture.

This secondary alcohol is a flammable, colorless liquid that is soluble in three parts water and completely miscible with organic solvents. It is produced on a large scale, primarily as a precursor to the industrial solvent methyl ethyl ketone.



(R)-(−)-2-butanol	(S)-(+)-2-butanol

Manufacture and applications

Butan-2-ol is manufactured industrially by the hydration of 1-butene or 2-butene:

Sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst for this conversion.^[6]

In the laboratory it can be prepared via Grignard reaction by reacting ethylmagnesium bromide with acetaldehyde in dried diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran.

Although some butan-2-ol is used as a solute, it is mainly converted to butanone (methyl ethyl ketone, MEK), an important industrial solvent and found in many domestic cleaning agents and paint removers. Though most paint removers have ceased using MEK in their products due to health concerns and new laws. Volatile esters of butan-2-ol have pleasant aromas and are used in small amounts as perfumes or in artificial flavors.^[6]

Solubility

The listed solubility of butan-2-ol is often incorrect,^[3] including some of the most well-known references such as the Merck Index, the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, and Lange's Handbook of Chemistry. Even the International Programme on Chemical Safety lists the wrong solubility. This widespread error originated because of Beilstein's Handbuch der Organischen Chemie (Handbook of Organic Chemistry). This work cites a false solubility of 12.5 g/100 g water. Many other sources used this solubility, which has snowballed into a widespread error in the industrial world. The correct data (35.0 g/100 g at 20 °C, 29 g/100 g at 25 °C, and 22 g/100 g at 30 °C) were first published in 1886 by Alexejew and then similar data was reported by other scientists including Dolgolenko and Dryer in 1907 and 1913, respectively.^[3]

Precautions

Like other butanols, butan-2-ol has low acute toxicity. The LD₅₀ is 4400 mg/kg (rat, oral).^[6]

Several explosions have been reported^[7]^[8]^[9] during the conventional distillation of 2-butanol, apparently due to the buildup of peroxides with the boiling point higher than that of pure alcohol (and therefore concentrating in the still pot during distillation). As alcohols, unlike ethers, are not widely known to be capable of forming peroxide impurities, the danger is likely to be overlooked. 2-Butanol is in Class B Peroxide Forming Chemicals^[10]

References

^ "Alcohols Rule C-201.1". Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (The IUPAC 'Blue Book'), Sections A, B, C, D, E, F, and H. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 1979. Designations such as isopropanol, sec-butanol, and tert-butanol are incorrect because there are no hydrocarbons isopropane, sec-butane, and tert-butane to which the suffix "-ol" can be added; such names should be abandoned. Isopropyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol are, however, permissible (see Rule C-201.3) because the radicals isopropyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl do exist
^ "2-butanol - Compound Summary". PubChem Compound. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 26 March 2005. Identification and Related Records. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Alger, Donald B. (November 1991). "The water solubility of butan-2-ol: A widespread error". Journal of Chemical Education. 68 (11): 939. Bibcode:1991JChEd..68..939A. doi:10.1021/ed068p939.1.
^ Serjeant, E.P., Dempsey B.; Ionisation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). IUPAC Chemical Data Series No. 23, 1979. New York, New York: Pergamon Press, Inc., p. 989
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0077". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ ^a ^b ^c Hahn, Heinz-Dieter; Dämbkes, Georg; Rupprich, Norbert (2005). "Butanols". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3527306732..
^ Doyle, R. R. (1986). "2-Butanol safety warning". Journal of Chemical Education. 63 (2): 186. Bibcode:1986JChEd..63..186D. doi:10.1021/ed063p186.2.
^ Peterson, Donald (11 May 1981). "Letters: Explosion of 2-butanol". Chemical & Engineering News. 59 (19): 3. doi:10.1021/cen-v059n019.p002.
^ Watkins, Kenneth W. (May 1984). "Demonstration hazard". Journal of Chemical Education. 61 (5): 476. Bibcode:1984JChEd..61..476W. doi:10.1021/ed061p476.3.
^ "Classification List of Peroxide Forming Chemicals". ehs.ucsc.edu.

External links

International Chemical Safety Card 0112
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0077". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
IPCS Environmental Health Criteria 65: Butanols: four isomers
IPCS Health and Safety Guide 4: 2-Butanol

[iupac1979-1] "Alcohols Rule C-201.1". Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (The IUPAC 'Blue Book'), Sections A, B, C, D, E, F, and H. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 1979. Designations such as isopropanol, sec-butanol, and tert-butanol are incorrect because there are no hydrocarbons isopropane, sec-butane, and tert-butane to which the suffix "-ol" can be added; such names should be abandoned. Isopropyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol are, however, permissible (see Rule C-201.3) because the radicals isopropyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl do exist

[2] "2-butanol - Compound Summary". PubChem Compound. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 26 March 2005. Identification and Related Records. Retrieved 12 October 2011.

[Journal_of_Chemical_Education-3] Alger, Donald B. (November 1991). "The water solubility of butan-2-ol: A widespread error". Journal of Chemical Education. 68 (11): 939. Bibcode:1991JChEd..68..939A. doi:10.1021/ed068p939.1.

[4] Serjeant, E.P., Dempsey B.; Ionisation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). IUPAC Chemical Data Series No. 23, 1979. New York, New York: Pergamon Press, Inc., p. 989

[PGCH-5] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0077". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[Ull-6] Hahn, Heinz-Dieter; Dämbkes, Georg; Rupprich, Norbert (2005). "Butanols". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3527306732..

[7] Doyle, R. R. (1986). "2-Butanol safety warning". Journal of Chemical Education. 63 (2): 186. Bibcode:1986JChEd..63..186D. doi:10.1021/ed063p186.2.

[8] Peterson, Donald (11 May 1981). "Letters: Explosion of 2-butanol". Chemical & Engineering News. 59 (19): 3. doi:10.1021/cen-v059n019.p002.

[9] Watkins, Kenneth W. (May 1984). "Demonstration hazard". Journal of Chemical Education. 61 (5): 476. Bibcode:1984JChEd..61..476W. doi:10.1021/ed061p476.3.

[10] "Classification List of Peroxide Forming Chemicals". ehs.ucsc.edu.

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