Jump to content

Business court

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Business courts, sometimes referred to as commercial courts, are specialized courts for legal cases involving commercial law, internal business disputes, and other matters affecting businesses. In the US, they are trial courts that primarily or exclusively adjudicate internal business disputes and/or commercial litigation between businesses, heard before specialist judges assigned to these courts. Commercial courts outside the United States may have broader or narrower jurisdiction than state trial level business and commercial courts within the United States, for example patent or admiralty jurisdiction; and jurisdiction may vary between countries. Business courts may be further specialized, as in those that decide technology disputes and those that weigh appeals. Alternative dispute resolution and arbitration have connections to business courts.

Description

[edit]

Business courts and commercial courts are specialized courts for cases involving commercial law, internal business disputes, and other matters affecting businesses.

Business and commercial courts in the United States

[edit]

Business courts in the United States are trial courts that primarily or exclusively adjudicate internal business disputes and/or commercial litigation between businesses, heard before specialist judges assigned to these courts.[1][2] They have been established in approximately twenty-seven states. In some cases, a state legislature may choose to create a business court by statute. In other cases, business courts have been established by judicial rule or order, at the state supreme court or trial court level.[3] Georgia created a statewide business court by constitutional amendment.[4]

Types of jurisdictional models

[edit]

In virtually all cases, the jurisdiction of the court to hear certain cases is limited to disputes that are in some way related to "business" or commercial disputes, and generally fall into two categories: (1) those courts which require that cases have an additional complexity component; and (2) those courts which establish jurisdictional parameters (i) through a defined list of case types (ii) combined with a specified minimum amount of damages in controversy, irrespective of complexity.[5]

In New York, for example, the trial level Supreme Court Commercial Division[6] follows the case type and jurisdictional amount in controversy model, giving jurisdiction over 12 listed business and commercial case categories while setting out monetary thresholds ranging from $50,000 in some counties to $500,000 in Manhattan.[7] The Massachusetts Superior Court's Business Litigation Session (BLS)[8] includes a jurisdictional list of case types, but instead of focusing on monetary thresholds as a gatekeeping mechanism, cases are included only where "the BLS in the sound discretion of the BLS Administrative Justice, based principally on the complexity of the case and the need for substantial case management," selects a case for inclusion.[9]

There are mixed models as well, with some mandatory case type categories specifically listed, and other discretionary types requiring an element of complexity. The Maryland Circuit Court's Business and Technology Case Management Program includes certain "presumptive" mandatory case types, while others categories require a judge to more subjectively determine if they are complex enough to include on the docket.[10] North Carolina's Business Court[11] has a similar mixed model that makes jurisdiction mandatory if the listed commercial case type is over $5,000,000, but discretionary if under,[12] as well as a seldom used rule allowing judicial discretion.[13]

History of business and commercial court creation and development

[edit]

The modern creation of specialized Business Courts in the United States began in the early 1990s, and has expanded greatly in the last thirty years.[1][3] Business courts (which are often business programs or divisions within existing trial level courts) are operating (as of October 2024) in New York County/Manhattan, and 10 other jurisdictions throughout New York State as the New York Supreme Court Commercial Division, Chicago, North Carolina, New Jersey, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Reno and Las Vegas, Nevada, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Maryland, Orlando, Miami, Ft. Lauderdale, and Tampa, Florida, Michigan, Cincinnati, Cleveland and Toledo, Ohio, Iowa, Maine, New Hampshire, Metro Atlanta regionally and statewide via the Georgia State-wide Business Court, Delaware's Superior Court and Court of Chancery, Nashville, Tennessee, Indiana, Phoenix, Arizona, Kentucky, South Carolina, West Virginia, and Wyoming,[14] as well as Utah and Texas.

In 2023, Utah adopted legislation creating a statewide Business and Chancery Court, which became operational on October 1, 2024.[15][16] In 2023, Texas' governor signed legislation creating a trial level Business Court and an appellate business court, the Fifteenth Court of Appeals. These courts have been open for cases since September 1, 2024.[17] In August 2024, the Texas Supreme Court rejected a constitutional challenge to the appellate business court's creation.[18]

While Wisconsin still has the remnant of a business court as of October 2024, by a 4-3 vote its Supreme Court issued an order on October 7, 2024, ending the assignment of new cases to the commercial court pilot project, first established by that court in April 2017.[19]

Delaware's Court of Chancery, the pre-eminent court addressing intra-business disputes, has functioned as a business court of limited jurisdiction for over a century.[20] However, its traditional equity jurisdiction has evolved and expanded since 2003 to include technology disputes, some purely monetary commercial disputes, and to expand its role in the alternative dispute resolution of business and commercial disputes. This includes the use of mediation, Masters in Chancery to adjudicate matters, and agreements to make decisions non-appealable.[21]

Other states have a mixed history. In New York,[22] Chicago,[23] Philadelphia,[24] Massachusetts,[25] North Carolina,[26] South Carolina,[27] and New Jersey,[28] among other locations with business courts, the original programs have expanded by adding judges and/or by expanding into additional cities and counties. Around 2000, Colorado's Supreme Court studied a business court, but did not pursue it,[29] and the Denver District Court later experimented for three years with a business court, known as the Civil Access Pilot Project.[30] Orlando's business court was restored in October 2019,[31] after an earlier funding shortage.[32] In 2015, New Jersey's Supreme Court created a statewide Complex Business Litigation Program[33] after having only a few counties with business courts before that.[34] In 2009, Milwaukee's Circuit Court ended a little used business court program,[35] but Wisconsin's Supreme Court implemented a business court pilot program in 2017 which has expanded to a number of circuit courts and judicial districts,[36] which project has now been ended as of October 2024.[19] In May 2024, Oklahoma enacted a law creating a task force to study business courts.[37] The Hamilton County, Ohio Court of Common Pleas in Cincinnati discontinued its Commercial Docket in 2017, but revived it in 2024.[38]

U.S. complex civil litigation dockets and complex business/commercial cases

[edit]

There is a distinct type of specialized civil litigation docket designed to handle complex litigation, often referred to as complex civil litigation programs or complex civil litigation courts.

At least California, Connecticut, Oregon, and Minnesota courts have created specialized dockets for complex civil litigation within their civil trial courts.[14][39] These programs define jurisdiction through the complexity of how a case presents itself procedurally and the processes that will be used to manage a case, rather than by expressly limiting jurisdiction to cases with a specific legal subject matter, as business courts do. California's complex civil litigation program provides an example of defining jurisdiction based on litigation process criteria, such as the presence of large numbers of witnesses, parties, and pre-trial motions, and the need for coordination with other cases (though some categories of case types are deemed provisionally complex).[40] California's complex litigation programs are not statewide, but include at least the following county Superior Courts: Alameda,[41] Contra Costa,[42] Los Angeles,[43] Orange,[44] Riverside,[45] Sacramento,[46] San Francisco,[47] San Mateo,[48] and Santa Clara.[49]

Some complex litigation programs do not have any case type overlap with the kind of cases heard in business courts, such as Philadelphia's Complex Litigation Center which only handles mass tort cases.[50] Other complex civil programs expressly include some business and commercial case types within their jurisdiction, along with more numerous non-business court complex case types, such as Connecticut (which includes complex cases involving "formation, governance, dissolution or transfer of control of business entities," the Uniform commercial code, complex contracts, intellectual property, and business torts),[51] Minnesota (ownership or control of businesses cases),[52] and Lane County, Oregon's Commercial Court that expressly includes within its jurisdiction both commercial and non-commercial complex cases.[53] The San Francisco Superior court complex civil litigation program helps deal with business litigation in that court.[54]

Former Orange County Complex Litigation Program judge Gail A. Andler[55] is a past president of the American College of Business Court Judges (ACBCJ),[56] and a number of California's complex litigation judges (including judge Elihu Berle[57]), and Minnesota complex litigation judge Jerome B. Abrams,[58] have served as Business Court Representatives[59] to the American Bar Association's Section of Business Law. Abrams is a 2023-2024 vice president of the ACBCJ.[56] Berle is also a current officer of the ACBCJ (as of May 2024), has spoken at its judicial education programs, and participated in its first meeting in 2005.[56][60][61]

International business and commercial courts

[edit]
See also: Commercial Court (Belgium), Commercial Court (England and Wales), Commercial Court (Victoria), and Tribunal de commerce

Business and Commercial courts exist internationally as well.[62][63] Commercial courts outside the United States may have broader or narrower jurisdiction than state trial level business and commercial courts within the United States, for example patent or admiralty jurisdiction;[64] and jurisdiction may vary between countries.[62] Examples exist in England and Wales,[64][65] Toronto,[66] Montreal,[67] Quebec,[68] and Alberta,[69] Canada, Ireland,[70] Scotland,[71] Denmark,[72] Hong Kong, Belgium, Bermuda,[73] Queensland[74] and Victoria (Commercial Court),[75] Australia, New Zealand (Commercial Panel),[76] Northern Ireland,[77] Spain,[78] in France[79] (where the commercial courts are not divisions of other civil courts, but are autonomous[62]), Switzerland,[80][81] Austria,[82] Tanzania,[83] Rwanda,[84] Lesotho,[85] South Africa,[86] the British Virgin Islands,[87] St. Lucia,[88] Cayman Islands,[89] Guyana,[90] India,[91] Japan,[92][93] Malaysia,[94] Thailand,[95] Kenya,[96] Malawi,[97] Saudi Arabia,[98] and Croatia.[99]

Use of the term "international commercial court" can also mean a forum for adjudicating disputes between parties from different nations, and not as a means to reference commercial courts in a country other than the United States. New English language commercial courts have been created in Paris, Frankfurt, the Netherlands,[100][101][102] Stuttgart and Mannheim, Germany,[103] Singapore,[104] Abu Dhabi, Qatar, and Dubai (the DIFC Courts),[101] Kazakhstan (Astana International Financial Center),[105] and Bahrain.[106] This reflects the growth in international commercial courts designed to hear disputes among parties from different nations.[107][108][109] Some international commercial courts include foreign judges with commercial court experience on their bench,[110][111] for example, former Delaware vice chancellor and Supreme Court justice Carolyn Berger serving on Singapore's International Commercial Court.[112]

The Business and Property Courts of England and Wales, located in the Rolls Building, encompass 13 different courts or lists, for example, the Commercial Court,[64] the Business List,[113] and the Intellectual Property Enterprise Court.[114] One object of creating this consolidated forum for the business and commercial courts of England and Wales was to maintain the international preeminence of their courts for dispute resolution.[115]

In 2023, 40% of London's Commercial Court cases involved opposing parties from different nations, and 64% involved a mix of UK parties and international parties.[116][2] There is a view that the more recently created commercial courts designed to hear disputes between parties of different nations will compete with the London based commercial courts as the preferred litigation forum for international commercial disputes.[117] In 2017, New York's Commercial Division added a "Large Complex Case List," modeled on the Business and Property Courts' Financial List[118] for high stakes commercial litigation, as part of an overall effort to compete with the London based commercial courts as a preferred forum for international litigation.[119][120][121]

The jurisdictional scope of commercial courts outside the United States[62] may have some differences with American state level specialized business and commercial courts. For example, the Business and Property Courts of England and Wales include specialized courts or lists for admiralty,[122] insolvency,[123] and patents,[124] which in the United States would typically be subject to jurisdiction in federal tribunals, such as the United States Bankruptcy Courts[125] or the United States District Courts, and not in specialized state trial level business courts. The scope of any commercial court's jurisdiction may vary between countries.[62]

The Standing International Forum of Commercial Courts (SIFoCC) was created in 2016.[126] From 2017 through 2024, the SIFoCC has held five full meetings, with dozens of judges from around the world, most recently in April 2024 in Doha, Qatar.[127][128][129][130] In its 2023 policy resolution, the Association of Corporate Counsel recognizes and endorses the creation and support of business courts internationally, as well as in the United States.[131]

Technology disputes & cyber courts

[edit]

In the United States and internationally, "[t]he notion of specialized courts to decide technology disputes has a rich history with noteworthy milestones."[132]

Some states have established specialized business and commercial courts that include technology disputes as part of their express jurisdiction.[133] Through legislative effort and court rule, in 2003, Maryland established a Business and Technology Case Management Program.[134] In May 2003, Delaware expanded the Court of Chancery's jurisdiction to include technology disputes.[21] West Virginia's Business Court Division Rules includes technology issues.[135] The Tennessee's Business Court Docket encompasses technology and biotechnology licensing.[136] North Carolina's Business Court jurisdiction includes computer software, information technology and systems, data and data system security, biotechnology and bioscience technology.[137] Michigan's business court jurisdiction includes disputes "involving information technology, software, or website development, maintenance, or hosting...."[138] Wyoming Chancery Court Rules provide jurisdiction over disputes concerning registered digital assets.[139] New York's Commercial Division Rule were amended in 2024 to expressly include "technology transactions and/or commercial disputes involving or arising out of technology".[140] This amendment is intended to make clear that New York is as experienced in handling technology as any other state's courts.[141]

There are also examples of international courts expressly addressing technology disputes as part of their jurisdiction. Singapore's International Commercial Court includes a Technology, Infrastructure, and Construction List.[142] The Commercial Court within Ireland's High Court has an the Intellectual Property and Technology division.[143] The Victoria, Australia Commercial Court expressly includes jurisdiction over "Proceedings relating to technology, engineering and/or construction...."[144] The DIFC Courts Technology and Construction Division has jurisdiction over, among other things, "claims relating to the design, supply and/or installation of computers, computer software and related network and information technology systems and services...."[145]

Some jurisdictions emphasized the idea that newly created business courts would make use of cutting edge technologies in handling business litigation, becoming so-called "cyber courts."[133][146][147] For example, North Carolina's Business Court was an early proponent of electronic filing and high-tech courtrooms.[148] New York's Commercial Division created "Courtroom 2000" making various technologies available for use by the courts and parties, while also serving as "a technological laboratory" for later use in all of New York's state courts.[149] The use of technology in case management may be especially apt in international commercial courts, with litigation between parties from different nations.[150] For example, the ADGM Courts in Abu Dhabi self-describe as "the world's first end-to-end, fully digital courts platform...."[151]

Entities and committees involved in developing and maintaining business courts

[edit]

The history of business and commercial courts in the United States provides considerable examples of task forces, advisory bodies, bar associations and other entities involved in their creation, development and refinement, and in providing education on their operations.

Entities created by or with courts, legislature or executive branch of government

[edit]

A number of business courts were created after studies carried out by task forces preceding a business court's creation. For example, North Carolina's Governor established the North Carolina Commission on Business Laws and the Economy,[152] New York Chief Judge Judith S. Kaye created a Commercial Courts Task Force,[153] a Nevada Legislative Commission formed a Subcommittee to Encourage Corporations and Other Business Entities to Organize and Conduct Business in this State,[154] Maryland's General Assembly created a Business and Technology Court Task Force,[155] and the South Carolina Bar, with South Carolina Supreme Court approval, created a Task Force on Courts.[156] Other examples of states creating task forces to study and make recommendations concerning the implementation of business courts include, among others, Indiana,[157] Michigan,[158] West Virginia,[159] Arizona,[160] Georgia,[161] Iowa,[162] New Jersey,[163] Ohio,[164] Delaware,[165] Mississippi[166] (no court created), Texas,[167] and Oklahoma (May 2024).[37]

Other groups have studied and reported on operations and practices in functioning business and commercial courts, to provide information and/or recommendations. Massachusetts, Superior Court Chief Justice Suzanne V. DelVecchio[168] created a Business Litigation Resource Committee.[169] Arizona's Supreme Court created the Commercial Court Review Committee.[170] Iowa's State Court Administration has made annual reviews of the Iowa Business Specialty Court .[171] Tennessee's Supreme Court created a Business Court Docket Advisory Commission.[172] The North Carolina Administrative Office of the Courts submits annual reports on the North Carolina Business Court.[173] West Virginia's Business Court Division makes annual reports.[174] Wisconsin's Supreme Court created the Business Courts Advisory Committee.[175] In 2023, Utah's Supreme Court created an Advisory Committee on the Rules of Business and Chancery Procedure.[176]

Some councils and committees take an active role in business courts' ongoing operations. In 2013, New York Court of Appeals Chief Judge Jonathan Lippman established the New York Commercial Division Advisory Council (CDAC) to implement an earlier task force's recommendations.[177] The CDAC "is composed of distinguished commercial practitioners and Judges from around the state and [has been] chaired by Robert L. Haig, Esq. [since its inception]."[22][178] In addition to providing education about the Commercial Division,[179] the CDAC has regularly recommended Commercial Division rule changes that have been adopted after an opportunity for public comment.[180] Indiana's Commercial Courts Working Group evolved into the Commercial Courts Committee which has been intimately involved with developing Indiana's Commercial Court Pilot Program and permanent courts.[181]

International examples include, among others, the DIFC Courts' "Court Users Committee"[182] and Rules Committee,[183] Scotland's Consultive Committee on Commercial Actions,[184] the Singapore International Commercial Courts Committee,[185] Rwanda's Business Law Reform Cell,[186] and Kenya's Business Court Users Committee.[187]

[edit]

Bar associations are also involved. The Philadelphia Bar Association's Business Litigation Committee plays a role in selecting lawyers as Judges Pro Tempore to serve as court appointed neutrals in Philadelphia Commerce Court cases.[188] The Chicago Bar Association created its Commercial Litigation Committee "to promote discourse between judges and lawyers who handle business-related disputes" with an initial focus on the Law Division's Commercial Calendars.[189] The Boston Bar Association's Business and Commercial Litigation Section holds an annual event, "Business Litigation Session Year in Review", where lawyers hear directly from Business Litigation Session judges.[190] The Florida Bar's Business Law Section has a Business Courts Task Force.[191] The Ohio State Bar Association's Corporation Law Committee urged a detailed resolution to expand the Commercial Docket statewide.[192] The Kentucky Bar Association's Business Law Section put on early programming about Kentucky's newly established business court.[193][194]

The American Bar Association has a long history in supporting the development of business courts,[195] including, among other things, the creation of an Ad Hoc Committee on Business Courts in the 1990s,[196] which evolved into the permanent Business Courts Subcommittee[197] within the Business Law Section's Business and Corporate Litigation Committee; the development of a Business Court Representatives Program;[59] and a clerkship program placing law students with business court judges for summer clerkships.[198] The Business Law Section's Judges Initiative Committee was inspired by North Carolina Business Court Judge Ben F. Tennille (as was the Business Court Representatives Program), who served as its first judicial co-chair.[199] South Carolina Business Court Judge Clifton Newman, Michigan Business Court Judge Christopher P. Yates, and New York Commercial Division Judge Timothy S. Driscoll have also served as Judges Initiative Committee co-chairs.[200][201][202]

Private entities

[edit]

Private entities have also carried out implementation or operational studies at the behest of courts. Some examples are: the Institute for the Advancement of the American Legal System[203] studies and reports for Colorado's pilot business courts (Civil Access Pilot Project);[204] the National Center for State Courts (NCSC) Commercial Court Evaluation for the Superior Court of Arizona in Maricopa County[205] and its study of civil programs in Philadelphia's Court of Common Pleas (including its Commerce Court);[206] a private consulting firm's study to create a business court in Atlanta (Fulton County Superior Court);[207] and a good government organization (The Committee of Seventy) study of Philadelphia's Commerce Case Management Program.[208] The NCSC, working with the Tennessee Administrative Office of the Courts, also has developed a curriculum and faculty guide for creating business courts.[209]

The American College of Business Court Judges was established in 2005.[56] Since 1996, the Association of Corporate Counsel has endorsed the creation of business courts in the United States where appropriate.[210]

Appellate business and commercial courts

[edit]

In 2023, Texas passed a law creating an appellate level business court, the Fifteenth Court of Appeals, which became operational on September 1, 2024.[17] On August 23, 2024, the Texas Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the law creating the Fifteenth Court of Appeals.[18] It is the first operational specialized appellate level business court in the United States.[211] In 2020, Pennsylvania passed a law encouraging the Superior Court of Pennsylvania to create a specialized appellate Commerce Court,[212] but that Pennsylvania intermediate appellate court has not done so.

Other appellate courts have been described as commercial or business courts, not by design, but in reference to their actual case work, such as the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit,[213] and the Delaware Supreme Court.[214] Retired Seventh Circuit Judge Richard Posner wrote that in the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth century, "t]he New York Court of Appeals was the nation's premier commercial court."[215] The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has been similarly described as "the country's leading commercial court during the 1940s and 1950s...."[216]

India's Commercial Courts law includes provisions for specialized commercial appellate divisions.[217][218] There is a Netherland's Commercial Court of Appeals, and Enterprise Chamber of the Amsterdam Court of Appeals.[219][220] Singapore's International Commercial Court is designated to hear appeals from Bahrain's International Commercial Court.[221]

Business courts and alternative dispute resolution

[edit]

The significant relationship between business courts and alternative dispute resolution (ADR), such as mediation, neutral evaluation,[222] and arbitration, is well recognized, both in seeing business courts as a competitor forum with arbitration, and in using ADR as a complementary adjunct to the litigation process.[223][224] Thus, for example, New York Commercial Division Rule 3 allows for court appointed mediators and neutral evaluators,[225] Philadelphia's Commerce Case Management Program created an alternative dispute resolution program using Judges Pro Tempore in mandated settlement conferences, and discretionary referrals to private mediation,[188] the North Carolina Business Court Rules address mandatory mediation,[226] and Florida's Ninth Judicial Circuit Business Court Procedures, Section 8, requires mandatory ADR, and addresses non-binding arbitration as well as mediation.[227] The Michigan Supreme Court business court case management standards emphasize early mediation.[228]

International examples include, among others, the Business and Property Courts of England and Wales Commercial Court Guide, Section G, addressing "Negotiated Dispute Resolution",[229] Ireland's Commercial List, section 6(a)(b)(xiii), giving its judges power to adjourn proceedings so the parties may consider mediation, conciliation, or arbitration,[230] Part 27 of the DIFC Court Rules (Dubai) addressing ADR,[231] and the ADGM Courts' court annexed mediation.[232]

Some U.S. business courts expressly encourage the use of special masters or referees in expediting some types of decision making during the litigation process, for example in North Carolina,[233] Kentucky,[234] New York,[140] Indiana,[235] Orlando,[236] Ft. Lauderdale,[237] and Georgia.[238] Delaware's Court of Chancery also uses magistrates, who can potentially be final decision makers.[239]

The New York Commercial Division and the Metro Atlanta Business Case Division are empowered to hear court-based disputes concerning international arbitration proceedings.[240][241] A substantial part of the Commercial Court of England and Wales' docket involves arbitration appeals.[242] The Miami-Dade County, Florida Circuit Court has an International Commercial Arbitration Court. Miami circuit judges Jennifer D. Bailey and Lisa S. Walsh have served as both business court judges in the Complex Business Litigation Division and International Commercial Arbitration Court judges.[243][244][245][246]

Business and commercial court judges in the United States since 1993

[edit]

Following is a non-exhaustive list of business court judges serving over a period of years in U.S. business and commercial courts, in and after 1993, and/or identifying many judges who were pioneers on their bench and/or have had an impact beyond their bench, such as participation in the American College of Business Court Judges (ACBCJ) or American Bar Association. 1993 is when the first modern business court programs began in the United States. The list does not include Chancellors and Vice-Chancellors from the Delaware Court of Chancery, which has been a pre-eminent business court for over a century, and whose judges have held an important place as business court judges over that time.

  • Brent T. Adams, Second Judicial District, Washoe County, Nevada, Business Court.
  • James M. Alexander (judge), Michigan Circuit Court, Business Court.
  • Nancy L. Allf, Business Court, Eighth Judicial District Court, Las Vegas, Clark County, Nevada.
  • Jon Van Allsburg, Michigan Circuit Court, Business Court. Van Allsburg has been an Ottawa County Business Court judge since its inception in 2013 (as of May 2024).[247]
  • Michael J. Aprahamian, Wisconsin Circuit Court, Commercial Docket Pilot Project. Waukesha County Judge Aprahamiam was on the Business Court Advisory Committee that petitioned to create Wisconsin's Commercial Docket Pilot Project in 2016,[248] was among the first judges to be appointed to the pilot business court after it was approved as a three-year pilot program, and remains a Commercial Docket judge (as of May 2024).[249][250][251] Aprahamian has written and spoken extensively in explaining this business court,[252][253][254][255] which was effectively ended on October 7, 2024.[19]
  • Leonard B. Austin, New York Supreme Court Commercial Division, Nassau County.
  • Louis A. Bledsoe III, North Carolina Superior Court.
  • Craig J. Bobay, Indiana Superior Court, Commercial Court.
  • Alice D. Bonner, Fulton County Georgia Superior Court Business Case Division, later Metro Atlanta Business Case Division. In 2005, Bonner was appointed as one of the original judges in the Business Case Division. She continued serving for over 15 years.[256] She participated in the first meeting of the American College of Business Court Judges in 2005.[61]
  • Herman Cahn, New York Commercial Division. In 1993, Cahn was appointed as one of the original pilot Commercial Part judges in Manhattan, after he had been instrumental in creating this pilot business court. He continued his role as a business court judge after the creation of the Commercial Division in 1995, serving there until 2008.[257]
  • Audrey J.S. Carrion, Circuit Court of Baltimore City, Maryland, Business and Technology Case Management Program.
  • Carolyn E. Demarest, New York Commercial Division, Brooklyn, Kings County.
  • Mark R. Denton, Eighth Judicial District Court, Nevada, Business Court. Denton has served in the Las Vegas District Court's business court docket for over 15 years.[258] He is the immediate past president of the American College of Business Court Judges.[56]
  • John P. DiBlasi, New York Commercial Division. DiBlasi was the first Commercial Division judge in Westchester County in 1999, and served in the Commercial Division for ten years. Now a nationally known mediator, he was early to implement ADR in the Commercial Division.[259][260]
  • Timothy S. Driscoll, New York Supreme Court Commercial Division, Nassau County.
  • Elizabeth Hazlitt Emerson, New York Supreme Court Commercial Division, Suffolk County.
  • Helen E. Freedman, New York Supreme Court Commercial Division, New York County.
  • Gill S. Freeman, Eleventh Judicial Circuit of Florida, Miami-Dade County, Complex Business Litigation Section.
  • James L. Gale, North Carolina Business Court.
  • Ira Gammerman, New York Supreme Court Commercial Division, Manhattan.
  • Allan van Gestel, Suffolk (Massachusetts) Superior Court, Business Litigation Session.
  • Gary S. Glazer, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas, Commerce Case Management Program.
  • Allen S. Goldberg, Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, Commercial Calendar.
  • Elizabeth Gonzalez, Eighth Judicial District Court, Clark County, Nevada, Business Court.
  • John W. Herron, Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas Commerce Case Management Program.
  • Joseph Iannazzone, State Court of Gwinnett County, Georgia Business Court, later Metro Atlanta Business Case Division. Iannazzone was one of two judges in Gwinnett County's Business Court, which later joined the Metro Atlanta Business Case Division.[261] He is a past president of the American College of Business Court Judges.[56]
  • Mary Miller Johnston, Superior Court of Delaware, Complex Commercial Litigation Division.
  • John R. Jolly, Jr., North Carolina Business Court. Jolly served on the Business Court from 2005-2014, 2011 to 2014 as its Chief Judge.[11] Jolly participated in the first meeting of the American College of Business Court Judges in 2005.[61]
  • M. Randall Jurrens, Circuit Court of Michigan, Business Court. Jurrens was appointed to the Saginaw County Business Court upon its inception in 2013, and remains a judge in that program (as of May 2024), with his term currently ending in 2025.[262][263]
  • Deborah H. Karalunas, New York Supreme Court Commercial Division, Onondaga County (Syracuse).
  • Elizabeth E. Long, Fulton County Georgia Superior Court Business Case Division, later Metro Atlanta Business Case Division. In 2005, Long was appointed as one of the original judges in the Business Case Division. She continued serving for over 15 years.[264] She participated in the first meeting of the American College of Business Court Judges in 2005.[61]
  • Ellen Hobbs Lyle, Davidson County (Nashville), Tennessee Chancery Court, Business Court Pilot Project. In 2015, Hobbs Lyle became Tennessee's first business court judge, and established the new program as its sole judge through the end of 2017, and as one of two into 2019.[265][266]
  • Albert J. Matricciani, Jr., Circuit Court of Baltimore City, Maryland, Business and Technology Case Management Program.
  • Patricia A. McInerney, Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas, Commerce Case Management Program.
  • Richard B. McNamara, New Hampshire Superior Court, Business and Commercial Dispute Docket.
  • Clifton B. Newman, South Carolina Circuit Court Business Court.
  • Steven I. Platt, Circuit Court of Maryland, Business and Technology Case Management Program.
  • Charles Ramos, New York Commercial Division. Ramos served as a Commercial Division judge in Manhattan from 1996-2018.[267] During his tenure, in 2013, Ramos was designated to hear all international arbitration cases before the Commercial Division.[268]
  • Randolph G. Rich, State Court of Gwinnett County Georgia Business Court, Metro Atlanta Business Case Division. Then State Court Judge Randy Rich implemented Gwinnett County's Business Court as a pilot program over 15 years ago,[269] and remained a Business Court judge in Gwinnett until that program became part of the Metro Atlanta Business Case Division,[270] where, by then Superior Court Judge Rich continued to serve as a business court judge until 2020.[271][272]
  • Renee A. Roche, Ninth Judicial Circuit of Florida, Business Court.
  • Ronald B. Rubin, Circuit Court of Maryland, Business and Technology Case Management Program (BTCMP). Rubin served on the Montgomery County Circuit Court BTCMP from 2008 to November 2021, and has continued to serve in that program as a senior judge (as of May 2024).[273] He has been the statewide BTCMP's most prolific opinion writer.[274]
  • J. Stephen Schuster, who handled complex business litigation in the Superior Court of Cobb County, Georgia, is a past president of the American College of Business Court Judges,[56] past co-chair of the ABA Section of Business Law's Judges Initiative Committee,[275] and served as a Business Court Representative to the ABA's Business Law Section.[59]
  • Albert W. Sheppard, Jr., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas Commerce Case Management Program.
  • Patrick J. Sherlock, Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, Commercial Calendar. Sherlock was first assigned to the Chicago Circuit Court's Commercial Calendar in 2013,[276] and is now the Supervising Judge of the Commercial Calendars (as of May 2024).[277][278]
  • Michael A. Silverstein, Rhode Island Superior Court Business Calendar.
  • Joseph R. Slights III, Delaware Superior Court Complex Commercial Litigation Division and Delaware Court of Chancery.
  • Thomas Benton Smith (judge), Ninth Judicial Circuit of Florida, Business Court.
  • Thomas A. Stander, New York Seventh Judicial District Commercial Division, Monroe County. The Rochester based Commercial Division was created simultaneously with the Manhattan Commercial Division, effective November 6, 1995, with Stander selected to be its first judge, serving until 2005. He pursued active case management as a key objective.[279][280][281] [282]
  • Brian P. Stern, Rhode Island Superior Court, Business Calendar.
  • Brian R. Sullivan, Michigan Circuit Court, Business Court. Sullivan has been a Business Court judge in Wayne County (Detroit) since the Business Court's inception in 2013 (as of May 2024).[283]
  • John Telleen, Iowa District Court, Business Specialty Court. Seventh Judicial District Judge Telleen was one of the three judges originally appointed to the Iowa Business Specialty Court Pilot Project in 2013,[284] and remains one of the judges on the permanent court (as of May 2024).[285] He is a Director of the American College of Business Court Judges.[56]
  • Ben F. Tennille, North Carolina Business Court.
  • Sean D. Wallace, Circuit Court of Maryland.
  • Christine A. Ward, Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County (Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania, Commerce and Complex Litigation Center. Ward was one of two judges appointed in 2007 to serve on the newly created Commerce and Complex Litigation Center, along with legendary Pennsylvania Judge R. Stanton Wettick Jr.[286] She remains a judge in that program, as of May 2024,[287] while also serving as the Civil Division's Administrative Judge.[288] Judge Ward is a past president of the American College of Business Court Judges.[56]
  • Heather A. Welch, Marion County, Indiana, Superior Court, Commercial Court.
  • Ira B. Warshawsky, New York Commercial Division. Warshawsky served as a Commercial Division Judge in Nassau County from 2002 to 2011, and is a past president of the American College of Business Court Judges.[289][290][56]
  • Craig L. Wellerson, Superior Court of New Jersey, Complex Business Litigation Program (CBLP). Ocean County Judge Wellerson was among the first set of county judges designated to the CBLP at its 2015 inception.[291] He remains a CBLP judge (as of May 2024), and is Chair of the Committee of Complex Business Litigation Judges.[292]
  • Christopher C. Wilkes, Circuit Court of West Virginia, Business Court Division.
  • Robert C. Wilson, Superior Court of New Jersey, Bergen County, Complex Business Litigation Program (CBLP). Wilson was assigned as the CBLP judge in Bergen County when that program began in 2015, until his replacement in 2023,[293] but even before that he had experience as a business court judge in Bergen County,[294] which had a history of specialized assignments of complex commercial cases.
  • Christopher P. Yates, Kent County, Michigan Circuit Court, Business Court.
  • Roger M. Young, Sr., South Carolina Circuit Court, Business Court. Ninth Judicial Circuit (Charleston) Judge Young was among the first judges appointed to the Business Court in 2007,[295] was appointed Chief Business Court Judge for Administrative Purposes in 2016, and through later orders has been reappointed to that position (as of May 2024).[296]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Ad Hoc Committee on Business Courts, Towards a More Efficient Judiciary". The Business Lawyer. 52: 947–961. 1997.
  2. ^ a b "Range of Commercial Court disputes". Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  3. ^ a b Dammann, Jens (2017). "Business Courts and Firm Performance" (PDF).
  4. ^ "Georgia State-wide Business Court, History". 13 July 2020.
  5. ^ Bach, Mitchell L.; Applebaum, Lee. "A History of the Creation and Jurisdiction of Business Courts in the Last Decade, 60 Business Lawyer 147 (2004)" (PDF).
  6. ^ "Commercial Division - NY Supreme Court | NYCOURTS.GOV".
  7. ^ "New York Commercial Division Rule 202.70(a-b)" (PDF).
  8. ^ "Superior Court Business Litigation Session | Mass.gov". www.mass.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
  9. ^ "Superior Court Administrative Directive No. 24.1 (April 5, 2024)".
  10. ^ "Maryland Court Rule 16-308(c)". govt.westlaw.com.
  11. ^ a b "Business Court | North Carolina Judicial Branch". www.nccourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  12. ^ "NCGS § 7A‑45.4". www.ncleg.net. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  13. ^ "Rule 2.1 of the General Rules of Practice for the Superior and District Courts" (PDF).
  14. ^ a b Norman, Benjamin Raymond; Burningham, Benjamin Mark, eds. (March 2024). Recent Developments in Business Courts 2024, chapter in Recent Developments in Business and Corporate Litigation. American Bar Association.
  15. ^ "Gov. Spencer Cox appoints Judge Rita Cornish to new Business and Chancery Court". Utah Policy. 2024-07-29. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  16. ^ "Utah Business and Chancery Court Opens | Utah State Bar". 2024-10-07. Retrieved 2024-10-10.
  17. ^ a b "Breaking Down Texas' New Business Courts - San Antonio Chamber of Commerce". www.sachamber.org. Retrieved 2024-08-28.
  18. ^ a b Manfredi, Richard (2024-08-24). "Texas Supreme Court Unanimously Upholds Constitutionality Of Fifteenth Court Of Appeals". Gibson Dunn. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  19. ^ a b c "WisBar News: Wisconsin Supreme Court Order Discontinues Business Court Pilot Project". State Bar of Wisconsin. Retrieved 2024-10-13.
  20. ^ Parsons Jr., Hon. Donald F.; Slights III, Hon. Joseph R. (2008). "The History of Delaware's Business Courts: Their Rise to Preeminence" (PDF). Business Law Today.
  21. ^ a b "Title 10, Delaware Code, Courts and Judicial Procedures, 10 Del. C. §§ 346 - 351". delcode.delaware.gov.
  22. ^ a b "History | NYCOURTS.GOV".
  23. ^ Austin, Mike (February 10, 1997). "Law Division Adds Judge to Handle Commercial Cases". Chicago Daily Law Bulletin.
  24. ^ Lichtman, Lori (January 22, 2001). "Herron Picks Three Judges as Supervisors". The Legal Intelligencer.
  25. ^ Ricciuti, Chief Justice Superior Court Michael D. (April 5, 2024). "SUPERIOR COURT ADMINISTRATIVE DIRECTIVE 24-1: SUPERIOR COURT BUSINESS LITIGATION SESSIONS".
  26. ^ Rawlings, Russell (January 2006). "Business Court Expands: Diaz, Jolly Appointed". North Carolina Lawyer.
  27. ^ "Administrative Order 2017-02-08-02, In Re: Amended Business Court Pilot Program, Supreme Court of South Carolina". Retrieved 2019-03-04.
  28. ^ Hon. Glenn A. Grant. "Notice to the Bar, Complex Business Litigation Program (November 13, 2014)" (PDF).
  29. ^ "Governor's Task Force on Civil Justice Reform, Report of the Committee on Business Courts" (PDF).
  30. ^ "Civil Access Pilot Project". Archived from the original on 2023-04-02. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  31. ^ "Business Court To Reopen on October 21, 2019 | Ninth Judicial Circuit Court of Florida". ninthcircuit.org. 2024-07-23. Retrieved 2024-07-31.
  32. ^ Lotan, Gal Tziperman (26 October 2017). "Orange-Osceola courts will close business division to bolster family court". OrlandoSentinel.com. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  33. ^ "Complex Business Litigation Program | NJ Courts". www.njcourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
  34. ^ Williams, Administrative Director of the Courts Richard J. (June 21, 2004). "RE: PILOT PROGRAM FOR HANDLING COMPLEX COMMERCIAL CASES IN GENERAL EQUITY" (PDF).
  35. ^ "In re Creation of a Pilot Program for Dedicated Circuit Court Judicial Dockets for Large Claim Business and Commercial Cases" (PDF).
  36. ^ "Wisconsin Court System - For attorneys - Commercial Docket Pilot Project". www.wicourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  37. ^ a b "Oklahoma lawmakers advance district-level business courts". KGOU. 2024-05-30. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  38. ^ Goering, Judge Robert (2024). "Hamilton County Commercial Docket Returns". Cincinnati Bar Association. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  39. ^ Hannaford-Agor, Paula L. "Focus on Business and Complex Litigation Courts, Civil Action Vol. 1 Issue 1 (National Center for State Courts Aug. 2000)". ncsc.contentdm.oclc.org. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
  40. ^ Gertler, Jonathan; Gildor, Dan (January 2012). "Navigating California courts' complex-case departments". plaintiffmagazine.com. Retrieved 2024-08-28.
  41. ^ "Civil Complex | Alameda eCourt Public Portal". eportal.alameda.courts.ca.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  42. ^ Superior Court of California, Contra Costa County. "Complex Litigation".
  43. ^ Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles. "Complex Civil Litigation Program".
  44. ^ Superior Court of California, County of Orange. "Complex Civil".
  45. ^ Superior Court of California, County of Riverside. "Complex Litigation Department" (PDF).
  46. ^ Superior Court of California, County of Sacramento. "Complex Civil Cases".
  47. ^ Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco. "Complex Civil Litigation".
  48. ^ Superior Court of California, County of San Mateo. "Complex Civil Litigation".
  49. ^ Superior Court of California, County of Santa Clara. "Complex Civil Litigation".
  50. ^ Furman, Aleeza (August 4, 2022). "New Mass Torts Gain Momentum in Philadelphia Complex Litigation Center". The Legal Intelligencer. Retrieved 2024-09-19.
  51. ^ "FACTS ABOUT THE CONNECTICUT JUDICIAL BRANCH COMPLEX LITIGATION DOCKET" (PDF). jud.ct.gov. 2018.
  52. ^ "Minnesota Court Rules, General Rules of Practice, Rule 146". revisor.mn.gov.
  53. ^ "Lane County, Oregon Commercial Court". www.courts.oregon.gov. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  54. ^ Ballati, Hon. David L. (Fall 2007). "Business Litigation in the San Francisco Superior Court System" (PDF). Association of Business Trial Lawyers Abtl Report Northern California. 17 (1).
  55. ^ "Judge Gail A. Andler - Comprehensive Profile: Analytics, Rulings & Recent Cases | Trellis.Law". trellis.law. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "American College of Business Court Judges – Law & Economics Center". masonlec.org. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
  57. ^ "Los Angeles Superior Court, Civil Complex Litigation Judges" (PDF).
  58. ^ "Minnesota Judicial Branch - Home | Minnesota Judicial Branch". www.mncourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  59. ^ a b c "Business Court Representatives".
  60. ^ "Fourteenth Meeting of the American College of Business Court Judges, Judicial Education Program, October 30 - November 1, 2019" (PDF).
  61. ^ a b c d American College of Business Court Judges, AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, Judicial Education Program, Washington, D.C., Advanced Law and Economics Institute, October 30 - November 1, 2005, Judicial Participant List
  62. ^ a b c d e Asian Development Bank. "Commercial Courts: Exploring Key Models (2022)" (PDF).
  63. ^ Peeple, Ralph; Nyheim, Hanne. "Beyond the Borders: An International Perspective on Business Courts, Business Law Today, Vol. 17, No. 4 (March/April 2008)" (PDF).
  64. ^ a b c "The Business and Property Courts". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  65. ^ "Business and Property Courts". Thomson Reuters Practical Law. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  66. ^ Bennett, Frank (2015). Bennett on the Commercial List (2nd ed.). LexisNexis. ISBN 9780433478010.
  67. ^ Schafler, Michael D.; Basmajian, Ara (2015). "Litigation and enforcement in Canada: overview". Practical Law, Multijurisdictional Guide 2014/2015, Thomson Reuters.
  68. ^ "- Rules of Practice of the Superior Court of Québec in Civil Matters". www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  69. ^ "Commercial".
  70. ^ "The Commercial Court | Ireland For Law". IrelandForLaw. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  71. ^ "Commercial actions in the Court of Session". Law Society of Scotland. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  72. ^ "Maritime and Commercial High Court of Denmark". www.europeanlawinstitute.eu. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  73. ^ "Supreme Court | Government of Bermuda". www.gov.bm. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  74. ^ Teerds, John (2023-04-27). "Navigating the new Commercial List". Proctor. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  75. ^ "Supreme Court of Victoria – Commercial Court Practice Note (Second Revision)". Gadens. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  76. ^ "How cases are heard". Courts of New Zealand. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  77. ^ Northern Ireland (29 November 2017). "Commercial Lists".
  78. ^ "Spain sets up new commercial courts for IP matters". www.worldtrademarkreview.com. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  79. ^ "Chambre internationale". LE CERCLE DES JUGES CONSULAIRES DE PARIS. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  80. ^ "SWITZERLAND: An Introduction to Litigation Law | Chambers and Partners". chambers.com. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  81. ^ "Introduction of international commercial courts in Switzerland". www.ibanet.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  82. ^ "General information about civil proceedings". oesterreich.gv.at - Österreichs digitales Amt. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  83. ^ Finnegan, David Louis (2004). "Judicial Reform and Commercial Justice: The Experience of Tanzania's Commercial Court, World Bank".
  84. ^ "Case study on Building specialized commercial courts in Rwanda". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  85. ^ "Commercial Division - 2024 - LesLII". lesotholii.org. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  86. ^ "THE COMMERCIAL COURT – WHEN AND HOW TO MAKE USE OF IT - VDMA | CORPORATE AND COMMERCIAL LAW". 2021-08-16. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  87. ^ "A Landmark for BVI Litigation – the Commercial Court". IFC Review. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  88. ^ Branch, Fabian (2016-02-02). "Quicker Resolution to Commercial Disputes in St. Lucia". Compete Caribbean Partnership Facility. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  89. ^ "The Cayman Grand Court's Financial Services Division: A Progress Report - Wealth & Asset Management - Wealth Management - Cayman Islands". www.mondaq.com. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  90. ^ Guyana Supreme of Judicature. "Annual Report 2016 (page 9)" (PDF).
  91. ^ "Simplifying The Commercial Courts Act, 2015 - Contracts and Commercial Law - India". www.mondaq.com. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  92. ^ President of the Tokyo District Court Hiraki Masahiro. "Opening of the Business Court (Oct. 2022)" (PDF).
  93. ^ "Japan's 1st 'Business Court' launched in Tokyo in bid to accrue knowledge". Mainichi Daily News. 2022-10-11. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  94. ^ "Formation of New Commercial Courts (NCC) at Kuala Lumpur High Court :: The Selangor Bar". www.selangorbar.org. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  95. ^ Thammasujarit, Peeraya; Chulajata, Nontaya (July 6, 2023). "Thailand: New Rules for Intellectual Property and International Trade". rouse.com. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  96. ^ Dubai. "DIFC Courts | MoG between the DIFC Courts and the High Court of Kenya, Commercial & Admiralty Division". DIFC Courts. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  97. ^ "High Court of Malawi Commercial Division - MalawiLII". malawilii.org.
  98. ^ Albaheth, Hamza E. "The new Saudi Commercial Courts and Their Jurisdiction over Different Commercial Disputes: Do These new Courts have the Jurisdiction over all Traders' Disputes?, International Journal of Innovation, Creativity, and Change, Vol. 8, Issue 2 (2019)" (PDF).
  99. ^ "European e-Justice Portal - National specialised courts". e-justice.europa.eu. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  100. ^ Ruehl, Giesela (2018-06-05). "Doors open for First Hearing of International Chamber at Paris Court of Appeal". Conflict of Laws. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  101. ^ a b Isidro, Professor Dr. Marta Requejo (2019). "International Commercial Courts in the Litigation Market" (PDF). Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law Research Paper Series.
  102. ^ Kroeze, Martin (March 30, 2007). "The Dutch Companies and Business Court as a Specialized Court". doi:10.2139/ssrn.976277. SSRN 976277.
  103. ^ Fritz, Victoria (January 15, 2021). "Germany: New English-Speaking Commercial Court Opened in the State of Baden-Württemberg". Library of Congress.
  104. ^ Man, Yip (November 2019). "The Singapore International Commercial Court: The Future of Litigation?". Erasmus Law Review. 12 (1). SSRN 3479250.
  105. ^ Rapoza, Kenneth. "Kazakhstan Opens Astana International Financial Center In Hopes To Become Eurasian Finance Hub". Forbes. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  106. ^ "Bahrain International Commercial Court to be established in collaboration with Singapore". May 10, 2023.
  107. ^ Gu, Weixia; Tam, Jacky (2022-04-04), The Global Rise of International Commercial Courts: Typology and Power Dynamics (SSRN Scholarly Paper), Rochester, NY, SSRN 4074819, retrieved 2024-04-25{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  108. ^ "Brexit: Europe sees emergence of specialist commercial courts to compete with the UK". www.ibanet.org. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  109. ^ Avraham-Giller, Shahar; Assy, Rabeea. "How Can International Commercial Courts Become an Attractive Option for the Resolution of International Commercial Disputes?, Journal of Dispute Resolution Vol. 2023, Issue 2, Article 6".
  110. ^ Man, Yip; Rühl, Giesela. "Success and Impact of International Commercial Courts: A First Assessment, Yearbook of Private International Law, Yong Pung How School of Law (posted Dec. 20, 2023)". SSRN 4652802.
  111. ^ "PMO | Appointments of International Judges to the Singapore International Commercial Court and Completion of Term on the Supreme Court Bench (Dec 2023)". Prime Minister's Office Singapore. 2023-12-15. Retrieved 2024-07-31.
  112. ^ "PMO Press Release: Appointments/reappointments to the Singapore International Commercial Court". Default. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  113. ^ "The Business List". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  114. ^ "Intellectual Property Enterprise Court". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  115. ^ Curry, Annalise (2017-07-04). "Launch of Business and Property Courts". Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
  116. ^ Ministry of Justice. "The Business and Property Courts of England and Wales, Cases Issued by List (Powerpoint 2024)" (PDF).
  117. ^ Bookman, Pamela K. (2021-05-18). "The London Commercial Court in global context". Portland. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  118. ^ "The Financial List". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2024-07-17.
  119. ^ "Commercial Division Advisory Council's Subcommittee on Procedural Rules to Promote Efficient Case Resolution: Proposal for a "Large Complex Case List" for Complex, High Stakes Matters in the Commercial Division (March 3, 2017)" (PDF).
  120. ^ Hon. Barry R. Ostrager (7 May 2020). "New York's Commercial Division: The Premier Forum for the Resolution of International Business Disputes, NYSBA Journal (May 7, 2020)".
  121. ^ "International Commercial Litigation In New York - Contracts and Commercial Law - United States". www.mondaq.com. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  122. ^ "Admiralty Court". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  123. ^ "Insolvency List". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  124. ^ "Patents Court". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  125. ^ Ronald S. Gellert. "The Untold Story of the Bankruptcy Courts: A Positive Resource for Business, Business Law Today, Vol. 17, No. 4 (March/April 2008)" (PDF).
  126. ^ Standing International Forum of Commercial Courts. "About Us".
  127. ^ "Events – SIFoCC". Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  128. ^ "Reports from SIFoCC Full Meetings – SIFoCC". Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  129. ^ "Members – SIFoCC". Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  130. ^ "Qatar International Court and Dispute Resolution Centre (QICDRC) successfully launches 5th Full Meeting of SIFoCC This Marks the Largest Gathering of Jurisdictions in Commercial Courts to Date | QICDRC". www.qicdrc.gov.qa. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  131. ^ Campbell, Brian (2024-04-05). "ACC's Evolving Commercial Courts Leadership". ACC Docket. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
  132. ^ Sung, Lawrence M. (April 2008). "Strangers in a Strange Land: Specialized courts resolving patent disputes, Business Law Today, Vol. 17, No. 4" (PDF).
  133. ^ a b Sommer, Jacob (2003-03-01). "Business Litigation and Cyberspace: Will Cyber Courts Prove an Effective Tool for Luring High-Tech Business into Forum States?". Vanderbilt Law Review. 56 (2): 561.
  134. ^ "Maryland Business and Technology Case Management Program (BTCMP) | Maryland Courts". www.courts.state.md.us. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  135. ^ "West Virginia Business Case Division Rule 29.04, Definitions".
  136. ^ "Tennessee Business Court Docket Guidelines Phase 2" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-25.
  137. ^ "N.C.G.S. § 7A‑45.4. Designation of complex business cases".
  138. ^ "Michigan Compiled Laws, MCL Sec. 600.8031(2)(b), Michigan Legislature". legislature.mi.gov. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
  139. ^ "Wyoming Rules of Civil Procedure for the Chancery Court, Rule 2(b)(17)" (PDF).
  140. ^ a b "Administrative Order of the Chief Administrative Judge of the Courts (New York), Rule 202.70(b)(1)" (PDF). February 14, 2024.
  141. ^ "Memorandum regarding Request for Public Comment on Amending 22 NYCRR § 202.70(b)(1) to Add a Reference to Technology in the Description of Commercial Cases" (PDF). October 5, 2023.
  142. ^ "Singapore Internataional Commercial Court Practice Directions (Part XXIV)" (PDF).
  143. ^ "Ireland Launches Intellectual Property And Technology Court And Reforms IP Disputes Procedures - Trademark - Intellectual Property - Ireland". www.mondaq.com. Retrieved 2024-09-22.
  144. ^ "Commercial Court". The Supreme Court of Victoria. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
  145. ^ "DIFC Courts | Part 56, Technology and Construction Division Rules". DIFC Courts. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
  146. ^ Freeman, Edward H. "Cybercourts and the Future of Justice, Information Systems Security, Legall Speaking (March/April 2005)".
  147. ^ Ponte, Lucille M. "Michigan Cyber Court: A Bold Experiment in the Development of the First Public Virtual Courthouse, North Carolina Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 4 Issue 1 (Fall 2002)".
  148. ^ Tennille, Hon. Ben F.; Jones, Corrine B. "Developments and the North Carolina Business Court, Future Trends in State Courts 90 (National Center for State Courts 2010)".
  149. ^ "Courtroom for the New Millennium | NYCOURTS.GOV". ww2.nycourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  150. ^ Ortolani, Pietro (2022), Dimitropoulos, Georgios; Brekoulakis, Stavros (eds.), "The Use of Technology at International Commercial Courts", International Commercial Courts: The Future of Transnational Adjudication, Studies on International Courts and Tribunals, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 335–360, ISBN 978-1-316-51925-7, retrieved 2024-04-29
  151. ^ "ADGM Courts, Digital Approach".
  152. ^ "North Carolina General Rule of Practice for the Superior and District Courts 2.2, Comment" (PDF).
  153. ^ Haig, Robert L. "Can New York's New Commercial Division Resolve Business Disputes As Well As Anyone?, Touro Law Review, Vol. 13 No. 1, page 194 (1996)".
  154. ^ "Minutes of the Meeting of the Legislative Commission's Subcommittee to Encourage Business Corporations and Other Business Entities to Organize and Conduct Business in this State, Las Vegas (November 19, 1999)".
  155. ^ "Maryland Business and Technology Court Task Force Report, Created by House Bill 15, Chapter 10 of the Maryland Acts of 2000" (PDF).
  156. ^ "Report of the South Carolina Bar's Task Force on Courts re: The Creation of a Business Court Pilot Program" (PDF). Business Courts Blog - Mantese Honigman Associates. August 1, 2007.
  157. ^ "Indiana Commercial Courts Handbook, History of the Indiana Commercial Court, pp. 6-9 (January 31, 2023)" (PDF).
  158. ^ "State Bar of Michigan Judicial Crossroads Task Force, Report of the Business Impact Committee, Meeting Minutes" (PDF).
  159. ^ West Virginia Independent Commission on Judicial Reform. "Final Report (November 15, 2009)" (PDF).
  160. ^ "Supreme Court of Arizona Business Court Advisory Committee, Report to the Arizona Judicial Council (December 11, 2014)" (PDF).
  161. ^ "State of Georgia Court Reform Council, submitted to Governor Nathan Deal (November 20, 2017)" (PDF).
  162. ^ "Reforming the Iowa Civil Justice System, Report of the Iowa Civil Justice Reform Task Force (November 30, 2012)" (PDF).
  163. ^ "REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON BUSINESS LITIGATION (March 2014)" (PDF).
  164. ^ "Report and Recommendation of the Supreme Court of Ohio Task Force on Commercial Dockets (December 2011)" (PDF).
  165. ^ "Special Committee on Superior Court Business/Complex Litigation, Report and Recommendations (June 2, 2009)" (PDF).
  166. ^ "Business Courts | Michael Watson Secretary of state". www.sos.ms.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
  167. ^ "Texas Judicial Council Civil Justice Committee, Report and Recommendations 2022" (PDF).
  168. ^ Vigneux, Mike (June 2014). "DelVecchio, Stevens honored at Excellence in the Law< Lawyers Journal". www.massbar.org. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  169. ^ "Business Litigation Resource Committee, The Business Litigation Session in the Massachusetts Superior Court: A Status Report (February 2033)" (PDF).
  170. ^ "Commercial Court Review Committee, Report to the Arizona Judicial Council (June 18, 2018)" (PDF).
  171. ^ "Iowa Business Specialty Court". www.iowacourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  172. ^ "Business Court Docket Advisory Commission | Tennessee Administrative Office of the Courts". www.tncourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  173. ^ "Report on the North Carolina Business Court" (PDF). North Carolina Administrative Office of the Courts. February 1, 2024.
  174. ^ "West Virginia Business Court Division Annual Reports".
  175. ^ "Wisconsin Court System - For attorneys - Commercial Docket Pilot Project". www.wicourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  176. ^ "Meeting Minutes, Utah Supreme Court Advisory Committee on Rules of Business and Chancery Procedure (July 13, 2023)" (PDF).
  177. ^ Hon. Gail A. Prudenti, Chief Administrative Judge. "Chief Judge Names Members of Commercial Division Advisory Council, Press Release (March 26, 2013)" (PDF).
  178. ^ "Robert L. Haig". Kelley Drye & Warren LLP. 2023-09-25. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  179. ^ "New York Commercial Division Advisory Council Lecture Series – Business Courts Blog". 2024-01-23. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  180. ^ "Advisory Council Proposes a Series of Commercial Division Rule Changes". JD Supra. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  181. ^ "In re Indiana Commercial Courts, Supreme Court Case No. 19S-MS-295 (May 16, 2019)" (PDF).
  182. ^ "DIFC Courts | Court Users' Committee". DIFC Courts. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  183. ^ "DIFC Courts | Rules Committee". DIFC Courts. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  184. ^ "Commercial Actions". www.scotcourts.gov.uk. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  185. ^ "Report of the Singapore International Commercial Courts Committee (November 2013)" (PDF).
  186. ^ Hertveld, Sabine. "World Bank Group, Celebrating Reform 2008, Doing Business Case Studies, Rwanda, Pragmatism leads the way in setting up specialized commercial courts, page 84".
  187. ^ "NCAJ Launches Business Court Users Committee". Soko Directory. 2015-11-12. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  188. ^ a b "IN THE COURT COMMON PLEAS FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA TRIAL DIVISION – CIVIL Administrative Docket No. 01 of 2016 In re: Commerce Case Management Program - Revised" (PDF).
  189. ^ Lasker, Adam W. (January 8, 2003). "Bar launching committee on commercial litigation". Chicago Daily Law Bulletin. p. 1.
  190. ^ "Business and Commercial Litigation". Boston Bar Association. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  191. ^ "Business Courts Task Force". Business Law Section of The Florida Bar. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  192. ^ "Ohio State Bar Association, Council of Delegates Meeting, Report of the Corporation Law Committee, p. 37 (May 10, 2019)" (PDF).
  193. ^ "Business Courts: They Are Coming To Kentucky (Part I) (June 14, 2019)" (PDF).
  194. ^ "Business Courts: They Are Coming To Kentucky (Part II) (June 14, 2019)" (PDF).
  195. ^ Yates, Hon. Christopher P. (Summer 2020). "The ABA's Contribution to the Development of Business Courts in the United States" (PDF). The Business Lawyer. 75: 2077–2084.
  196. ^ "ABA Ad Hoc Committee on Business Courts, Towards a More Efficient Judiciary". The Business Lawyer. 52: 947. 1997.
  197. ^ "Business and Corporate Litigation Subcommittees".
  198. ^ "Diversity Clerkship Program".
  199. ^ Yates, Hon. Christopher P. (2020). "The ABA's Contribution to the Development of Business Courts in the United States". The Business Lawyer. 75 (2077–2079).
  200. ^ "Member Spotlight: Interview with Judge Clifton Newman, Business Law Today". September 28, 2017.
  201. ^ "Christopher P. Yates, Author at Business Law Today from ABA". Business Law Today from ABA. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
  202. ^ "2023-2024 BLS Leadership Directory - Airtable Universe". Airtable. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
  203. ^ "Homepage | IAALS". iaals.du.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  204. ^ "Colorado Civil Access Pilot Project | IAALS". iaals.du.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  205. ^ Hannaford-Agor, Paula. "Superior Court of Arizona in Maricopa County, Commercial Court Evaluation, Final Report (December 2018)" (PDF).
  206. ^ Steelman, David C.; Van Duizend, Richard. "Civil Programs in the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas, Final Report, National Center for State Courts (September 2004)" (PDF).
  207. ^ Aequitas (December 6, 2002). "Georgia Business Court Feasibility Study – The Way Forward and Best Practices in Other States". Tim Dibble & Geoff Gallas, Best Practices in U.S. Business Courts, Court Manager, Vol. 19 Issue 2 (2004).
  208. ^ "The Committee of Seventy, Study and Analysis of the Philadelphia Commerce Program (January 2005)" (PDF).
  209. ^ "Business and Commercial Litigation Courts Training Curriculum". ncsc.contentdm.oclc.org. Retrieved 2024-07-31.
  210. ^ Association of Corporate Counsel. "Business Courts" (PDF).
  211. ^ "Texas Passes Business Court Legislation Creating Statewide Trial Level and Appellate Business Courts – Business Courts Blog". 2023-05-25. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  212. ^ "Commerce Court Program 42 Pa.C.S. § 743". The official website for the Pennsylvania General Assembly.
  213. ^ Booth, Richard A. (1989). "Symposium on the Seventh Circuit as a Commercial Court: Forward: The Seventh Circuit as a Commercial Court". Chicago-Kent Law Review. 65: 667.
  214. ^ Parsons, Jr., Hon. Donald F.; Slights III, Hon. Joseph R. "The History of Delaware's Business Courts - their rise to preeminence, Business Law Today, Vol. 17 No. 4 (March/April 2008)" (PDF).
  215. ^ Posner, Richard A. (1990). Cardozo: A Study in Reputation, page 129. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-67556-4.
  216. ^ Sachs, Margaret V. "Judge Friendly and the Law of Securities Regulation: The Creation of a Judicial Reputation, 50 SMU L. REV. 777, 791 (1997)".
  217. ^ "IBC Laws - Section 13 of Commercial Courts Act, 2015: Appeals from decrees of Commercial Courts and Commercial Divisions". IBC Laws. 2019-02-11. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  218. ^ "[Commercial Dispute | Appellate jurisdiction] Appeals By Commercial Courts At Level Of District Judge To Be Listed Before Division Bench: Delhi High Court". LawBeat. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  219. ^ "Jurisdiction of the Netherlands Commercial Court". Dutch law. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  220. ^ "The Enterprise Chamber of Amsterdam | Dutch Corporate Lawyer". www.maak-law.com. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  221. ^ "Singapore and Bahrain Sign Bilateral Treaty on Appeals from the Bahrain International Commercial Court". Yahoo Finance. 2024-03-21. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  222. ^ "Early Neutral Evaluation (ENE) | United States District Court, Northern District of California". Retrieved 2024-04-30.
  223. ^ Tennille, Benjamin; Applebaum, Lee; Nees, Anne (2012-02-23). "Getting to Yes in Specialized Courts: The Unique Role of ADR in Business Court Cases". Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal. 11 (1). ISSN 1536-3090.
  224. ^ Drahozal, Christopher R. (2009). "Business Courts and the Future of Arbitration". Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution. 10: 491. SSRN 1877968.
  225. ^ "PART 202. Uniform Civil Rules For The Supreme Court & The County Court | NYCOURTS.GOV". ww2.nycourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
  226. ^ "North Carolina Business Court Rule 11" (PDF).
  227. ^ "Florida Ninth Judicial Circuit Business Court Procedures" (PDF).
  228. ^ "Michigan Supreme Court, Order, Administrative Order No. 2013-6, Implementation of Business Court Standards (June 5, 2013)" (PDF).
  229. ^ "The Business and Property Courts of England and Wales, Commercial Courts Guide (11th ed. Revised 2023)" (PDF).
  230. ^ "High Court Practice Directions | The Courts Service of Ireland". www.courts.ie.
  231. ^ "DIFC Courts | Part 27". DIFC Courts. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  232. ^ "ADGM Arbitration Centre, Court-Annexed Mediation".
  233. ^ "North Carolina Business Court Rules, Rule 16. Referees" (PDF).
  234. ^ "Kentucky Business Court Rule 5.1, Special Master or Discovery Referee" (PDF).
  235. ^ "Indiana Rules of Court, Indiana Commercial Court Rules, Rule 5 Commercial Court Masters". www.in.gov.
  236. ^ "Business Court Procedures, Section 6.2(f), for the Ninth Judicial Circuit Court in and for Orange County Florida". 10 May 2023.
  237. ^ "Complex Litigation Unit Procedures, The Seventeenth Judicial Circuit Court for Broward County, Florida, § 7.3, Special Masters" (PDF).
  238. ^ "Rules of the Georgia State-wide Business Court, Article 22, Special Master" (PDF).
  239. ^ "Magistrates - Court of Chancery - Delaware Courts - State of Delaware". courts.delaware.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  240. ^ "New Justice Assigned to Hear Commercial Division's International Arbitration Matters". JD Supra. Retrieved 2024-05-01.
  241. ^ "ATLANTA JUDICIAL CIRCUIT RULE 1004 METRO ATLANTA BUSINESS CASE DIVISION, § 4(viii), Supreme Court of Georgia" (PDF). July 14, 2016.
  242. ^ "Arbitration". the commercial court of england & wales. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  243. ^ "International Commercial Arbitration". www.jud11.flcourts.org. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  244. ^ "Creation of International Commercial Arbitration (ICA) Subsection - Today's General Counsel". todaysgeneralcounsel.com. 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  245. ^ "Miami-Dade Courts Announces Newly Expanded Complex Business Litigation Division to Take Effect in January, 2017". Eleventh Judicial Circuit of Florida. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  246. ^ Mora, Michael A. (February 10, 2023). "This Judge Is Set to Join Miami-Dade's Complex Business Litigation Division". Daily Business Review. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  247. ^ "Press Release: Van Allsburg Reappointed Chief Judge of the 20th Circuit Court". Ottawa County, Michigan. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  248. ^ "Supreme Court of Wisconsin, In re creation of a pilot project for dedicated trial court judicial dockets for large claim business and commercial cases, No. 16-05" (PDF). April 11, 2017.
  249. ^ Aprahamian, Circuit Court Judge Michael J. (September 18, 2017). "Storage Battery Systems, LLC v. Wilder, Case 17CV1244, Decision and Temporary Injunction" (PDF).
  250. ^ "Inside Track: Commercial Litigation: Business Court Pilot Project Still Open for Business". State Bar of Wisconsin. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  251. ^ "Wisconsin Court System - For attorneys - Commercial Docket Pilot Project". www.wicourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  252. ^ Aprahamian, Hon. Michael J. (January 1, 2018). "Wisconsin Lawyer: Solutions The Need for Speed: Commercial Court Open for Business, Wisconsin Lawyer". State Bar of Wisconsin. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  253. ^ Aprahamian, Hon. Michael J. (December 9, 2021). "Wisconsin Lawyer: Solutions Commercial Court: Expanded for Business, Wisconsin Lawyer". State Bar of Wisconsin. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  254. ^ "Business Court Pilot Project Now Serves 26 Counties, Inside Track". State Bar of Wisconsin. November 17, 2021. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  255. ^ Forward, Joe (September 15, 2021). "Business Dispute? It Should Go to the Business Court Docket, Inside Track". State Bar of Wisconsin. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  256. ^ Bonner, Alice (2021-03-02). "Raybon et al., Order on Pending Motions and Pre-Trial Scheduling order". Georgia Business Court Opinions.
  257. ^ "New York Supreme Court Justice Herman Cahn Joins Milberg LLP | FinancialContent Business Page". markets.financialcontent.com. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  258. ^ "Administrative Order Regarding Business Court ADKT 398, In the Administrative Matter of EDCR 1.33 and EDCR 1.61 in the Eighth Judicial District Court, 09-09" (PDF). June 16, 2009.
  259. ^ "Commercial Division Law Report, Statements of the Hon. Stephen G. Crane and Hon. Judith S. Kaye (January 2000)" (PDF).
  260. ^ "Hon. John DiBlasi, Mediator". NYMag.com. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  261. ^ "Gwinnett First County to Join Metro Atlanta Business Court Division". Gwinnett Magazine. 2016-07-26. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  262. ^ Phillips, Carron J. (2013-04-24). "Saginaw and Bay County judges assigned to rule over new "business court"". mlive. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  263. ^ "Business Court | County of Saginaw, MI". www.saginawcounty.com. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  264. ^ Long, Elizabeth (2022-01-05). "GEFA v. CH2M Hill Eng., ORDER DENYING MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT". Georgia Business Court Opinions.
  265. ^ Lyle, Chancellor Ellen Hobbs. "Report from the Business Court". Nashville Bar Journal (October 2015): 10–11.
  266. ^ "Tennessee Supreme Court Endorses Recommendations of the Statewide Business Court Docket Advisory Commission | Tennessee Administrative Office of the Courts". www.tncourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  267. ^ Farinacci, Michael; Faridi, Muhammad U. "Commercial Disputes Digest, A Fond Farewell to Two of the Commercial Division's Most Senior Judges (January 10, 2019)".
  268. ^ "Administrative Order of the Chief Administrative Judge of the Courts AO/224/13 (Sept. 16, 2013)" (PDF).
  269. ^ Annual Review of Developments in Business and Corporate Litigation, Volume 1, Chapter 5, Business Courts, § 5.2.2. American Bar Association. 2008. pp. 202–203.
  270. ^ "Gwinnett First County to Join Metro Atlanta Business Court Division". Gwinnett Magazine. 2016-07-26. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  271. ^ "Honorable Randy Rich". Atlanta's John Marshall Law School. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  272. ^ Recent Developments in Business and Corporate Litigation, Chapter 3, Business Courts, §. American Bar Association. 2017. pp. 128–129. ISBN 978-1-63425-831-9.
  273. ^ "Judge Ronald B. Rubin (Ret.) - The Platt Group, Inc". www.theplattgroup.com. 2016-05-01. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  274. ^ "Published Opinions | Maryland Courts". www.courts.state.md.us. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  275. ^ "The Sedona Conference®". thesedonaconference.org. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  276. ^ "Judge Patrick J. Sherlock". Committee for Retention of Judges in Cook County. 2024.
  277. ^ "Commercial Calendar Section | Circuit Court of Cook County". www.cookcountycourt.org. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  278. ^ "Sherlock, Patrick J. | Circuit Court of Cook County". www.cookcountycourt.org. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  279. ^ Stander, Hon. Thomas A. (November 7, 1996). "Supreme Court, Monroe County, Commercial Division (one year report)".
  280. ^ Astor, Will (1999-10-08). "Thomas Stander: A man of the law who knows his business". Rochester Business Journal. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  281. ^ "Commercial Division Law Report, Statement of Hon. Judith S. Kaye (January 2000)" (PDF).
  282. ^ "Thomas Stander". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  283. ^ "Third Judicial Circuit of Michigan, Press Release, Business Court Expands to 5 Judges" (PDF).
  284. ^ "Iowa Business Specialty Court Pilot Project, Initial Evaluation" (PDF). 2014.
  285. ^ "Iowa Business Specialty Court". www.iowacourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  286. ^ Ward, Hon. Christine A. (2009). "Commerce Court: A Small Part of the Chief's Legacy". Duquesne Law Review. 47 (3): 573–578.
  287. ^ "Judicial Special Assignments". Fifth Judicial District of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  288. ^ "Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, In Re: Appointment of Administrative Judge of the Civil Division of the Court of Common Pleas of the Fifth Judicial District of Pennsylvania" (PDF). October 20, 2017.
  289. ^ Schlosser, Kevin (September 23, 2003). "Commercial Division: Judges Help Shape Procedure and Law". New York Law Journal. p. 16.
  290. ^ "Ten Questions for Justice Warshawsky |". www.schlamstone.com. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  291. ^ Grant, Acting Administrative Director of the Courts Glenn A. (November 13, 2014). "Notice to the Bar, Complex Business Litigation Program" (PDF).
  292. ^ "Committee Of Complex Business Litigation Judges By Vicinage | NJ Courts". www.njcourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  293. ^ Rabner, Chief Justice Stuart (February 7, 2023). "Order, Supreme Court of New Jersey" (PDF).
  294. ^ "A Look at the First Judges Assigned to the State's New Complex Business Litigation Program". NJCJI. 2014-11-21. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  295. ^ Toal, Chief Justice Jean Hoefer. "The Supreme Court of South Carolina, Re: Business Court Pilot Program, Administrative Order No. 2007-09-07-01".
  296. ^ Beatty, Chief Justice Donald W. "The Supreme Court of South Carolina, Re: Amended Business Court Program, Administrative Order 2023-07-14-01".
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_court&oldid=1252011878"