Budget sequestration
Budget sequestration is a provision of United States law that causes an across-the-board reduction in certain kinds of spending included in the federal budget. Sequestration involves setting a hard cap on the amount of government spending within broadly defined categories; if Congress enacts annual appropriations legislation that exceeds these caps, an across-the-board spending cut is automatically imposed on these categories, affecting all departments and programs by an equal percentage. The amount exceeding the budget limit is held back by the Treasury and not transferred to the agencies specified in the appropriation bills.[1] The word sequestration was derived from a legal term referring to the seizing of property by an agent of the court, to prevent destruction or harm, while any dispute over said property is resolved in court.
The term "budget sequestration" was first used to describe an enforcement procedure of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (BBEDCA) designed to keep Federal deficits below a maximum level limit. The hard caps were abandoned and replaced with a PAYGO system by the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990, which was in effect until 2002. Sequestration was later included as part of the Budget Control Act of 2011, which resolved the debt-ceiling crisis; the bill set up a Congressional debt-reduction committee and included the sequestration as a disincentive to be activated only if Congress did not pass deficit reduction legislation. However, the committee did not come to agreement on any plan, activating the sequestration plan. The sequestration was to come into force on January 1, 2013 and was considered part of the fiscal cliff, but the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 delayed it until March 1 of that year.
Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Act
[edit]Budget sequestration was first authorized by the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (BBEDCA, Title II of Pub. L. 99-177). This is colloquially referred to as the Deficit Control.[2] They provided for automatic spending cuts (called "sequesters") if the deficit exceeded a set of fixed deficit targets. The process for determining the amount of the automatic cuts was found unconstitutional in the case of Bowsher v. Synar, 478 U.S. 714 (1986) and Congress enacted a reworked version of the law in 1987.[3] Gramm-Rudman failed, however, to prevent large budget deficits. The Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 supplanted the fixed deficit targets.
PAYGO era
[edit]From 1990 until 2002, and again since 2010, Congress has operated under a system called PAYGO, under which any new government spending needs to be offset by savings from (or cuts to) current programs.
In the initial PAYGO regimen, enacted in the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA '90), by statutory requirement, if legislation enacted during a session of Congress had the effect of increasing the projected deficit for the following year, a sequestration would be triggered. These rules were in effect from FY1991-FY2002.[4] Enacted in 1990, it was extended in the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 and the Balanced Budget Act of 1997.
Beginning in 1998, in response to the first federal budget surplus since 1969, Congress started enacting, and the President signing, increases in discretionary spending above the statutory limit using creative means such as advance appropriations, delays in making obligations and payments, emergency designations, and specific directives.[5] While staying within the technical definition of the law, this allowed spending that otherwise would not be allowed. The result was emergency spending of $34 billion in 1999 and $44 billion in 2000.
The PAYGO statute expired at the end of 2002. After this, Congress enacted President George W. Bush's proposed 2003 tax cuts (enacted as the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003), and the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act.[6] The White House acknowledged that the new Medicare prescription drug benefit plan would not meet the PAYGO requirements.[7] The PAYGO system was reestablished as a standing rule of the House of Representatives (which does not have the force of law) on January 4, 2007 by the Democratic-controlled 110th Congress,[8][9][10] but less than one year later, facing widespread demand to ease looming tax burdens caused by the Alternative Minimum Tax, Congress abandoned its pay-go pledge.[11] The point of order was also waived for the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 passed during the Bush administration, which included revenue reducing provisions and increases in spending that increased the deficit. At the beginning of the 111th Congress, PAYGO was modified by including an "emergency" exemption, which was provided for the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 during the Obama administration.[12]
In 2010 President Obama signed the Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act into law, making PAYGO again mandatory.[13]
Budget Control Act era
[edit]In 2011, sequestration was used in the Budget Control Act of 2011 (Pub. L. 112-25) as a tool in federal budget control.[2] This 2011 act authorized an increase in the debt ceiling in exchange for $2.4 trillion in deficit reduction over the following ten years. This total included $1.2 trillion in spending cuts identified specifically in the legislation, with an additional $1.2 trillion in cuts that were to be determined by a bipartisan group of Senators and Representatives known as the "Super Committee" or officially as the United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction. The Super Committee failed to reach an agreement. In that event, a trigger mechanism in the bill was activated to implement across-the-board reductions in the rate of increase in spending known as "sequestration".[14]
The Sequestration Transparency Act of 2012 (Pub. L. 112-155) requires the president to submit a report to Congress on a potential sequestration which may be triggered by the failure of the "Super Committee" to propose and for Congress to enact, a plan to reduce the U.S. Federal Budget by $1.2 trillion as required by the Budget Control Act.[15] The report – which was issued September 14, 2012, and was close to 400 pages long – provided the warning that "sequestration would be deeply destructive to national security... and core government functions".[16]
The start of the sequestration was delayed from January 2, 2013 to March 1, 2013 by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which was passed by both houses of Congress on January 1, 2013 as a partial resolution to the fiscal cliff crisis.[17] The bill also lowered the sequestration cap for 2014 to offset the two-month delay in 2013. Also, for 2013 only, certain "security" funding such as homeland security and international affairs were included in the sequestration cut in order to lessen the cuts to defense.[18]
In December 2013, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 increased the sequestration caps for fiscal years 2014 and 2015 by $45 billion and $18 billion, respectively,[19] in return for extending the imposition of the cuts to mandatory spending into 2022 and 2023, and miscellaneous savings elsewhere in the budget.[20]
Discretionary spending caps
[edit]The Budget Control Act of 2011 set limits on discretionary spending, with separate pools for defense and non-defense spending. The act specified one set of caps to be enforced if the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction would produce a plan to reduce deficits by $1.2 trillion over 10 years, and Congress would enact it by January 15, 2012; if this did not happen, "automatic enforcement procedures" would impose a lower set of caps. Because the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction did not come to agreement on any plan, the lower caps went into effect. The values in the table below reflect these lower caps.
The BCA column shows the discretionary caps in the original Budget Control Act, as estimated in 2012. (Some of the automatic spending reductions target mandatory spending, leading to some fluctuation in estimates of the discretionary funding.) The actual caps, as modified by subsequent legislation, are also shown.[21]
| Fiscal year |
BCA (billions)[21] | Actual (billions) |
|---|---|---|
| 2012 | $1,043 | $1,043 |
| 2013 | $1,047 | $1,043 (American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012)[22] |
| 2014 | $973 | $1,012 (Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013)[23] |
| 2015 | $994 | $1,014 (Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013)[23] |
| 2016 | $1,016 | $1,067 (Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015)[24] |
| 2017 | $1,040 | $1,070 (Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015)[24] |
| 2018 | $1,066 | $1,208 (Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018)[25] |
| 2019 | $1,093 | $1,244 (Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018)[25] |
| 2020 | $1,120 | |
| 2021 | $1,146 |
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ "A Glossary of Political Economy Terms". Department of Political Science, Auburn University. 2005. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
- ^ a b Spar, K. (October 2, 2012). Budget "sequestration" and selected program exemptions and special rules. Retrieved from [1].
- ^ "H.J.RES.324 All Congressional Actions". Library of Congress. Retrieved December 17, 2010.[dead link]
- ^ "Background on Pay-As-You-Go" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
- ^ http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdoc.cfm?index=4032&type=0&sequence=7 The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2004-2013, Appendix A, The Expiration of Budget Enforcement Procedures: Issues and Options
- ^ "H.R. 1 [108th]: Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003". GovTrack.us. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
- ^ H.R. 4954 - Medicare Modernization and Prescription Drug Act of 2002 sent on 27 June 2002 Archived December 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Faler, Brian (January 5, 2007). "House Approves Democratic 'Pay-Go' Spending-Control Measure". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
- ^ Kogan, Richard (January 12, 2007). "The New Pay-As-You-Go Rule In The House Of Representatives By Richard Kogan". Cbpp.org. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
- ^ "Committee on Rules". Rules.house.gov. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
- ^ Anonymous says (December 7, 2007). "Pay Go, Pay Gone: AMT Drives Senate Dems to Blink". Taxvox.taxpolicycenter.org. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
- ^ "Read The Bill: H.R. 1". GovTrack.us. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
- ^ Morton, Erin Will (December 8, 2012). "Dewonkify – Offset: A Funding Source Used to Pay for Government Spending". The National Law Review. Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
- ^ Gregory, Paul Roderick (February 19, 2013). "The $995 billion Sequester Cut Is Actually a $110 Billion Spending Increase". Forbes. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
- ^ "OMB Report Pursuant to the Sequestration Transparency Act of 2012 (Pub. L. 112-155)". Executive Office of the President of the United States. September 14, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
- ^ Bowman, Andrew (September 14, 2012). "Breaking – White House Releases Sequestration Report". The National Law Review. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
- ^ Weisman, Jonathan (January 1, 2013). "Senate Passes Legislation to Allow Taxes on Affluent to Rise". The New York Times.
- ^ Friedman, Joel; Kogan, Richard; Parrott, Sharon (September 18, 2013). "Clearing Up Misunderstandings: Sequestration Would Not Be Tougher on Defense Than Non-Defense Programs in 2014". Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
- ^ Desjardins, Lisa (December 10, 2013). "The budget deal in plain English". CNN. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
- ^ "Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013". Congressional Budget Office. December 11, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
- ^ a b "CBO Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 2012" (PDF). Congressional Budget Office. January 12, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
- ^ "Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 2013". Congressional Budget Office. March 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
- ^ a b "Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 2014". Congressional Budget Office. January 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
- ^ a b "Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 2016". Congressional Budget Office. December 28, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
- ^ a b "Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018" (PDF). U.S. Senate Appropriations Committee. pp. 40–41. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
