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British Rail Class 82

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Not to be confused with Driving Van Trailers, which are also numbered 82xxx in the carriage numbering series.
British Railways AL2
British Rail Class 82
E3052 at Hartford Junction in 1965
Type and origin
Power typeElectric
BuilderMetropolitan-Vickers and Beyer, Peacock & Co. Ltd.
Build date1960–1962
Total produced10
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 • AARB-B
 • UICBo′Bo′
 • CommonwealthBo-Bo
Gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Wheel diameter4 ft 0 in (1.219 m)[1]
Wheelbase40 ft 9 in (12.42 m)[1]
Length56 ft 0 in (17.07 m)[1]
Width8 ft 9 in (2.67 m)[1]
Height:
​
 • Pantograph13 ft 0+9⁄16 in (3.977 m)[1]
Loco weight79.70 long tons (81.0 t; 89.3 short tons)
Electric system/s
Current pickup(s)
Traction motors4 × 847 hp (632 kW) Metropolitan-Vickers 189Z[2]
TransmissionQuill drive
Train heatingElectric Train Heating
Loco brakeDavies and Metcalfe Air braking system[2]
Train brakesVacuum, Dual from 1971–1972
Performance figures
Maximum speed100 mph (161 km/h)
Power output3,300 hp (2,460 kW)
Tractive effort50,000 lbf (222,000 N)
Brakeforce63 long tons-force (628 kN)
Career
OperatorsBritish Rail
NumbersE3046–E3055; later 82001–82008
Axle load classRoute availability 6
Retired1969 (1), 1971 (1), 1983 (6), 1987 (2)
DispositionOne preserved, remainder scrapped

The British Rail Class 82 (AL2 under the pre-TOPS classification scheme) electric locomotives were designed by the British manufacturing interest Metropolitan-Vickers and produced by Beyer, Peacock and Company on behalf of British Rail (BR).

The locomotive was developed as a part of the programme of works to electrify the West Coast Main Line during the late 1950s and early 1960s. BR deliberately opted to procure multiple small batches of locomotives from a range of manufacturers. Having selected a proposal by the Metropolitan-Vickers division of the British manufacturing interest Associated Electrical Industries (AEI), the Class 82 would be produced. A total of ten locomotives were built by Beyer, Peacock and Company between 1960 and 1962.

The Class 82 proved to be a relatively reliable workhorse of the region, particularly following a refurbishment during the 1970s that saw the replacement of their rectifiers. The fleet served in their original capacity for roughly twenty years, being mostly withdrawn during the early 1980s following the arrival of newer types such as the British Rail Class 87. Following the final retirement of the Class 82 in 1987, a single example was preserved.

Background

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During the late 1950s, British Rail (BR) embarked upon the electrification of the West Coast Main Line, a strategy which necessitated the procurement of a large number of electric locomotives to utilise the newly installed infrastructure. It was decided that, instead of a bulk order from a single manufacturer, several batches of similar locomotives would be ordered from several companies, the first of these being the AL1 series.[3] Accordingly, it was decided to order the second batch, which was initially classified as the AL2, to a broadly similar role to the preceding model. Following a review of competitive bids, it was decided to award a contract for ten locomotives to the Metropolitan-Vickers division of the British manufacturing interest Associated Electrical Industries (AEI).[3]

E3049 at Euston in July 1966.

Responsibility for the locomotive's design was with AEI, which produced much of the mechanical design in-house.[2] While the design phase was worked on in-house, the company opted to subcontract the construction phase to Beyer, Peacock and Company, who produced all examples at their works in Gorton, Manchester.[2] A total of ten examples were produced; the type being classified as AL2 under the pre-TOPS classification scheme, each locomotive was originally numbered E3046 - E3055.[4]

Midway through the manufacturing phase, it was realised that the locomotive would be considerably heavier than had been anticipated.[5] In response, some elements were rapidly redesigned so that it could still confirm with the requirements laid out by the corresponding British Transport Commission specification. These late-stage design modifications included the replacement of heavy sections with lighter alternatives, such as an aluminium body and fibreglass roofing,[4] while weighty electrical equipment was substituted with lighter counterparts wherever it was practical to do so.[1]

Design

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The Class 82 is an AC electric locomotive intended for express services on the West Coast Main Line.[3] Its design shared numerous aspects with, and had similarly performance attributes to, the preceding British Rail Class 81, such as its power rating of 3,300 hp, and use of fully-suspended traction motors, and multi-anode mercury arc rectifiers.[3]

Power was delivered to the locomotive via overhead catenary, which was always energised at 25,000 V AC. However, the main transformer, which was normally operated with the four windings in series, could be operated at 6.25 kV AC with the transformer windings in parallel. This voltage was intended to be used where limited clearances gave concern over use of the higher voltage arcing onto lineside structures, especially those made of cast iron. Since the clearances were found to be adequate, the lower voltage connections were locked out of use.[6] The pantograph was raised using pressurised air, power for which was provided via the battery-powered auxiliary air compressor.[3]

The locomotive body was largely composed of aluminium and resin-bonded fibreglass.[3] The main transformer was housed within a centrally-mounted power compartment, within which the rectifiers and their cooling apparatus set at one side and the transformers' oil-cooled radiator at the other. A narrow corridor ran alongside the power compartment, enabling train crews to move through to reach either cab of the locomotive.[3] Various pieces of auxiliary equipment were installed along the walls of this corridor, including the battery charging frame and the l.t. equipment frame. Between the power compartment and the cabs at either end were insulated bulkheads, upon which equipment such as the four traction motor blowers and brake apparatus were fixed.[3] Climate control within the power compartment was heavily regulated, with space heaters present to pre-heat the rectifiers to operating temperature, and numerous air-driven fans that maintained steady airflow towards vents set into the locomotive's roof.[3]

The two cabs, one being set at either end of the locomotive, were largely identical in design and configuration.[3] They were constructed by combining an aluminium outer shell and interior walls with a timber layer sandwiched between. Access to the power compartment was achieved via a centrally-mounted door in the rear bulkhead behind the driver's position.[3] The driver's position is outfitted with a pre-fabricated control unit that featured the majority of controls, gauges, indicators, and instrumentation required. Excellent external visibility was provided via relatively wide forward and side cabin windows; both wipers and electrically powered demisting apparatus were also installed upon the forward windows.[3] Various measures for operator comfort were also included, such as an upholstered adjustable seat for the drive, numerous heating units, and a compact cooker for traincrews to prepare meals upon.[3]

The underframe is the locomotive's major structural element, comprising a combination of rolled and welded steel plate, topped by an aluminium-steel deck.[3] It bore standard screw couplings and oleo-pneumatic buffers. The underframe also functioned as a mounting point for several pieces of equipment, such as the battery, air reservoirs, and weak field resistances.[3] The traction motors are also fully suspended on rubber brushed mountings; connected to one another in parallel, these motors are fed power via an iron-cored choke to smooth out the supply. If required, any single motor (or pair of motors) can be isolated from the other units.[3] Power from these motors was directed to the bogie-mounted wheels via an Alsthom-supplied drive attached to a universal link assembly. Weight was transferred to the bogies via transverse spring planks mounted to the base of the body support struts.[3] The bogies incorporated a Metrolink swing link suspension system that provided favourable ride characteristics even when travelling at high speeds.[3]

Operational history

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Upon the type's introduction, all AL2 locomotives were allocated to Longsight depot.[5] During 1966, the final locomotive to be built, E3055, was destroyed by fire at Maw Green, leading to its withdrawal.[1] The first locomotive built, E3046, was also destroyed by fire while north of Bletchley, on 7 January 1971, and similarly withdrawn early.[1]

Changes

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E3049 was the first to be refurbished with a silicon rectifier, replacing the mercury-arc rectifier;[1] its refurbishment was completed during 1972. The rest of the class followed suit over the following years.[citation needed]

Under the TOPS system, the type were reclassified as 'Class 82', while the individual locomotives were renumbered sequentially from 82001 to 82008.[4]

Withdrawal

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Following the introduction of newer electric locomotives, such as the British Rail Class 87, BR planners decided to withdraw the entire fleet, with most examples being placed into storage during 1982, and the majority of these locomotives were withdrawn in 1983. Two, 82005 and 82008, were subsequently reinstated for use on empty coaching stock workings[5] between London Euston Station and Willesden, working until 1987, with 82008 receiving a repaint into Intercity Executive livery by 26 January 1986.[7]

Preservation

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Preserved locomotive, no. 82008 on display at Crewe Works open day on 11 September 2005. This locomotive has been restored to InterCity Executive livery.

82008 was preserved in the early 1990s, following a long period of storage, and was later owned by the AC Locomotive Group, located at Barrow Hill Engine Shed.[5]

Fleet details

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Key: Preserved Scrapped
Numbers[1] Works Number[1] Date Introduced[1] First Depot Withdrawn[8][9] Final Depot[8] Disposal[8]
Pre-TOPS TOPS AEI Beyer Peacock Location Date
E3046 - 1021 7884 May 1960 9A January 1971[1] CE Scrapped at Crewe Works June 1971
E3047 82001 1022 7885 July 1960 9A July 1983 LG Scrapped at Vic Berry, Leicester March 1985
E3048 82002 1023 7886 August 1960 9A July 1983 LG Scrapped at Vic Berry, Leicester October 1984
E3049 82003 1024 7887 September 1960 9A July 1983 LG Scrapped at CF Booth Ltd, Rotherham June 1993
E3050 82004 1025 7888 October 1960 9A October 1983 LG Scrapped at Vic Berry, Leicester November 1984
E3051 82005 1026 7889 November 1960 ACL September 1987 WN Scrapped at CF Booth Ltd, Rotherham July 1993
E3052 82006 1027 7890 December 1960 ACL July 1983 LG Scrapped at Vic Berry, Leicester November 1984
E3053 82007 1028 7891 January 1962 ACL July 1983 LG Scrapped at Vic Berry, Leicester November 1984
E3054 82008 1029 7892 November 1961 ACL December 1987 WN Preserved at Barrow Hill Engine Shed
E3055 - 1030 7893 April 1962 ACL September 1969[1] CE Scrapped at Crewe Works August 1970

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Webb & Duncan 1979, p. 39
  2. ^ a b c d e Webb & Duncan 1979, p. 35
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "A.C Type A Electric Locomotives for British Railways, Nos. E3046 - E3055" (PDF). Associated Electrical Industries. 29 July 1960. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Longhurst 1979, Class AL2–82
  5. ^ a b c d Marsden & Fenn 2001, p. 71
  6. ^ Allan 1968, p. 11.
  7. ^ "Well Done Willesden". Rail Enthusiast. No. 55. EMAP. April 1986. p. 32. ISSN 0262-561X.
  8. ^ a b c Furness, Ian. "Disposals: Class 82". wnxx. End of the Line: Withdrawn & Stored Locomotives UK. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009.
  9. ^ "The Class 82 Fleet". Rail Blue. Archived from the original on 24 July 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.

Sources

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  • Longhurst, Roly (1979). Electric Locomotives of the West Coast Main Line. Truro: D. Bradford Barton Ltd. ISBN 0851533558. OCLC 16491712.
  • Marsden, Colin J.; Fenn, Graham B. (2001). British Rail Main Line Electric Locomotives (2nd ed.). Oxford Publishing Co. ISBN 9780860935599. OCLC 48532553.
  • Webb, Brian; Duncan, John (1979). AC Electric Locomotives of British Rail. David & Charles. ISBN 9780715376638. OCLC 6916046.
  • "British Railways Motive Power Survey". British Rail Locomotives and other motive power: Combined volume. London: Ian Allan. 1968. ISBN 0-7110-0008-5.

Further reading

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  • Derrick, Kevin (2014). Looking back at AC Electric Locomotives. Strathwood. ISBN 9781905276516. OCLC 931820979.
  • McManus, Michael. Ultimate Allocations, British Railways Locomotives 1948 - 1968. Wirral. Michael McManus.
  • "Classes 82/83 put into store". Rail Enthusiast. EMAP National Publications. February 1983. p. 47. ISSN 0262-561X. OCLC 49957965.
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