Boronization
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Boronization is a wall conditioning technique for fusion machines (such as tokamaks), where a thin film of boron is deposited on the walls of the vacuum vessel in order to reduce the impurity content (for example oxygen) which can be deleterious for fusion plasma operation.[1]
This technique can be seen as a plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition of boron. The typical workflow involves performing a glow discharge and injecting a gas containing boron into the vacuum vessel chamber.
Boronization as a wall conditioning technique was first developed for the TEXTOR tokamak at the Forschungszentrum Jülich. It is now a well-established technique and has been successfully applied on many machines, examples include DIII-D[2] and ASDEX.[3]
Real-time boron powder injection is an advanced technique that offers several advantages over traditional boronization. This method involves injecting submillimeter boron powder directly into the plasma during operation, where it evaporates and deposits a thin boron layer on plasma-facing surfaces. Unlike earlier approaches, it avoids the use of toxic diborane gas and allows continuous conditioning without interrupting plasma operations. This approach is particularly valuable in long-pulse or steady-state devices, where traditional coatings may degrade quickly, helping to maintain wall integrity and limit impurities entering the plasma. It has been studied in many devices like ASDEX Upgrade and DIII-D and is now also being considered for ITER. [4][5][6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Wall conditioning | A coat of boron to capture impurities". ITER. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
- ^ Jackson, G. L.; Winter, J.; Burrell, K. H.; DeBoo, J. C.; Greenfield, C. M.; Groebner, R. J.; Hodapp, T.; Holtrop, K.; Kellman, A. G.; Lee, R.; Lippmann, S. I.; Moyer, R.; Phillips, J.; Taylor, T. S.; Watkins, J. (1992-12-01). "Boronization in DIII-D". Journal of Nuclear Materials. Plasma-Surface Interactions in Controlled Fusion Devices. 196–198: 236–240. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(06)80038-3. ISSN 0022-3115.
- ^ The ASDEX Team; The ICRH Team; The LH Team; The NI Team; Schneider, U.; Poschenrieder, W.; Bessenrodt-Weberpals, M.; Hofmann, J.; Kallenbach, A.; Krieger, K.; Müller, E.; Niedermeyer, H.; Ryter, F.; Roth, J.; Söldner, F. (1990-12-03). "Boronization of ASDEX". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 176–177: 350–356. doi:10.1016/0022-3115(90)90071-T. ISSN 0022-3115.
- ^ Bortolon, A.; Rohde, V.; Maingi, R.; Wolfrum, E.; Dux, R.; Herrmann, A.; Lunsford, R.; McDermott, R.M.; Nagy, A.; Kallenbach, A.; Mansfield, D.K.; Nazikian, R.; Neu, R. (May 2019). "Real-time wall conditioning by controlled injection of boron and boron nitride powder in full tungsten wall ASDEX Upgrade". Nuclear Materials and Energy. 19: 384–389. doi:10.1016/j.nme.2019.03.022.
- ^ Kremen, Rachel (October 7, 2024). "Stopping off-the-wall behavior in fusion reactors". Phys.org. Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Retrieved October 12, 2024.
- ^ Tamim, Baba (October 8, 2024). "US plans to sprinkle boron in nuclear reactors like 'saltshaker' to stop energy loss". Interesting Engineering. Retrieved October 12, 2024.
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