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Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70

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Not to be confused with Bofors 40 mm L/60 gun.
Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70
British Bofors 40 mm Gun L/70 on a 1950s field carriage.
TypeAutocannon
Place of origin Sweden /
 United Kingdom
Service history
In service1952 – present
Used bySee Users
Wars
Production history
DesignerAB Bofors
Designed1946 – 1950
Manufacturer
Produced1947–present
No. builtOver 5,000
VariantsSeveral
Specifications
Mass2,400 kg (5,300 lb) – gun
4,800 kg (10,600 lb) – gun & field carriage
Length≈4,000 mm (13 ft 1 in) for most variants
Barrel length2,800 mm (9 ft 2 in) – barrel
3,245 mm (10 ft 7.8 in) – barrel, breach & flash hider
Cartridge40 × 365 mm R
Cartridge weight0.96 kg (2.1 lb)
Caliber40 mm L/70
Rate of fire240, 300, 330 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity≈1,000 m/s (3,300 ft/s) for most shells
Maximum firing range12,500 m (41,000 ft)
Feed system16–26 round hopper
ReferencesBofors 1958,[1] Bofors 350 år,[2] navweaps.com[3]

The Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70,[1] (Bofors 40 mm L/70, Bofors 40 mm/70, Bofors 40/70 and the like), is a multi-purpose autocannon developed by the Swedish arms manufacturer AB Bofors (today BAE Systems Bofors) during the second half of the 1940s as a modern replacement for their extremely successful World War II-era Bofors 40 mm L/60 gun-design. It was initially intended as a dedicated anti-aircraft weapon, being sold as Bofors 40 mm Automatic A.A. Gun L/70, but has since its conception been redeveloped into a dedicated multi-purpose weapon capable of firing both sabot projectiles and programmable ammunition. The Bofors 40 mm L/70 design never achieved the same popularity and historical status as the original L/60 design but has still seen great export and popularity to this day, having been adopted by around 40 different nations and even being accepted as NATO-standard in November 1953.[4] It is still being produced and sold (since March 2005 by BAE Systems AB), and several variants exist for both field and naval applications. A notable variant is the Bofors 40/70B "light armored vehicle variant" which is in use on the Swedish Strf 9040 and Korean K21 infantry fighting vehicles.[5]

The Bofors 40 mm L/70, like most Bofors autocannons, is based on the same core action as the original Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60, basically being a fire on closing, self-ejecting gun with a recoil-operated autoloader in the same receiver, and thus looks visually similar. Despite this, the Bofors 40 mm L/70 is a separate design with a number of major changes compared to its predecessor. The most superficial changes are the longer L/70 barrel, double cooling vents on the jacket and the fact that the weapon comes chambered for a more powerful 40×365mmR cartridge (vs 40×311mmR for the Bofors 40 mm L/60).[4] Most importantly however is the new ejection system which ejects the empty cartridge cases out from the opposite side to the feed, compared to the ejecting system on the 40 mm L/60 which ejects the cases straight out the back of the gun. This system change almost doubled the mechanical rate of fire from the previous system.[4]

In spite of the Bofors 40 mm L/70 being a separate development to the older Bofors 40 mm L/60 design, the similarities and success between the two guns has caused them both to be widely known simply as "the Bofors" or the "Bofors 40 mm gun", which at times causes the guns to be confused as one and the same weapon.

History

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By the end of World War II, the speed of jet aircraft enabled them to withdraw quickly out of range of the Bofors; a longer range was necessary. A higher rate of fire was also required, increasing the number of rounds fired over the period of an engagement. Bofors considered either updating the 40 mm, or alternatively making a much more powerful 57 mm design. In the end they did both.

The new 40 mm design used a larger 40×365R round firing a slightly lighter 870 g shell at a much higher 1,030 m/s (3,379 fps) muzzle velocity. The rate of fire was increased to 240 rounds per minute (4.0 rounds per second), similar to the German Flak 43. The main design change that allowed this increase was the introduction of a loading tray which tilted upwards after chambering a round and deflected the spent casing ejecting after a shot downwards with its bottom.[3] Additionally, the carriage was modified to be power-laid, the power being supplied by a generator placed on the front of the carriage. The first version was produced in 1947, accepted in 1948 as the "40 mm lvakan m/48", and entered Swedish service in 1951. Additional changes over the years have increased the firing rate first to 300 rpm (5.0 rounds per second), and later to 330 rpm (5.5 rps). The introduction of a 40 mm proximity fuzed round in the early 1970s was another improvement.

Foreign sales started, as they had in the past, with the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. In November 1953 it was accepted as the NATO standard anti-aircraft gun, and was soon produced in the thousands. The L/70 was also used as the basis for a number of SPAAGs, including the U.S. Army's failed M247 Sergeant York. The UK's RAF Regiment adopted the L70 to replace its L60 guns in 1957, replacing its last examples in 1977 with the Rapier missile system.

In 1970s Zastava Arms acquired from Bofors a license to produce the L/70 together with laser-computer group.[6] Ammunition for the L/70 is produced locally for both domestic and export use by Sloboda Čačak[7]

In 1979 the Royal Netherlands Air Force acquired 25 KL/MSS-6720 Flycatcher radar system and upgraded 75 of their 40L70s to create 25 firing units for static air base defence. The improved guns had an increased rate of fire (300 rounds/min), and the loading mechanism was provided with extended guides so that it could hold 22 cartridges. A 220 volt diesel generator was mounted onto the undercarriage, powered by a Volkswagen diesel engine.

In 1989 the Royal Netherlands Army acquired 30 Flycatcher systems, each fielded with two modified Bofors 40L70G guns (the appended 'G' is for 'gemodificeerd', 'modified'). In the 40L70G version the loading mechanism was further improved and could be recognized by open rear guides. The 40L70G guns were also provided with muzzle velocity radars.

Early in the 1990s the Royal Netherlands Air Force 40L70s were upgraded to the 'G' version.

In the gun-armed versions of the Swedish Army Combat Vehicle 90 a cartridge-fed automatic version of the L/70 autocannon is fitted. In order to fit inside the vehicle, the gun is mounted upside down. New armor piercing and programmable ammunition have also been developed. Germany has used L/70 guns on its Type 352, Type 333 and Type 332 minesweeper vessels, although these will be replaced by Rheinmetall MLG 27 remote-controlled gun systems until 2008. Until the early 1980s L/70 guns guided by D7B radars were in widespread use in the anti-aircraft role in the German Navy and German Air Force, until replaced by Roland SAMs.[8]

The L/70 is also used by the Indian Abhay IFV, which carries 210 APFSDS and high-explosive rounds.[9] In 2014 Indian Army started upgrading its L/70 guns to modern standards electric turret drive system and digital fire control system with thermal imaging cameras, laser range finder, muzzle velocity radar for accurate engagement of targets and has automatic target tracking capability under all weather conditions. The gun has the ability to be integrated with tactical and fire control radars to give more flexibility in its deployment.[10] The guns have been equipped with ZADS EW suite for detection and suppression of drones between 10–10,000 meters and has the ability to "soft-kill" the drones without using the gun. Upon detecting a drone the ZADS indicates the direction of the approaching drone, then the day and night cameras align themselves towards the target and lock on to it and auto track it, the system then passes the target coordinates on to the L-70 gun through a customised hardware interface. The gun received the coordinates in ‘remote’ mode and aligns itself towards the target allowing the operator to lock on and fire.[11]

BAE Systems Bofors unveiled the Tridon Mk2 at Eurosatory 2024. Primarily intended for the ground-based air defense (GBAD) role, it is designed as an inexpensive counter-unmanned aerial systems (C-UAS) weapon in addition to traditional aircraft and missile threats. The system is based on the Bofors 40 Mk4 naval gun and can be mounted on various 6×6 and 8×8 trucks to provide mobile air defense. The gun has a maximum range of up to 12,500 m, a rate of fire of 300 rpm, maximum elevation of 80°, and can traverse 360°.[12][13][14]

Ammunition

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A 40×365R cartridge, as would be used in the L/70, with a tape measure in centimeters for scale
NATO designation HE HEI HE-T HEI-T PFHE AP-T TP-T TP Blank
Projectile mass (g) 964 964 964 964 880 930 964 964 920
Propellant mass (g) 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480
Explosive mass (g) 95 95 83 83 83
Complete round mass (g) 2500 2500 2500 2500 2420 2470 2500 2500 2420
Explosive type RDX RDX+AI RDX RDX+AI RDX
Complete round length (mm) 535 535 535 535 534.5 497 535 535 535
Muzzle velocity (m/s) 1005 1005 1005 1005 1025 1025 1005 1005
Self-destruction time (s) 8-13 8-13 8-13 8-13 3.5-10 none none none none
Tracer burning time (s) 4 4 4 4

[15]

Variants

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  • L/70 BOFI (Bofors Optronic Fire control Instrument) gun system:  Electro optic fire control system (with a computer and laser range finder) and proximity fused ammunition. A "fair weather system".[citation needed]
  • L/70 BOFI-R  (All weather):  Multisensor fire control system with a J band radar.  Provides automatic acquisition and tracking with an effective range of 4 km without external radar input.
  • L/70 REMO (Renovation and Modernisation): Package aimed at extending life span and increasing effectiveness.  Higher rate of fire, new fire control system/air burst programming, and ammunition.
  • L/70 40mm Netherlands upgrade: New servo system, amplifiers, increased rate of fire (to 300 rds/min), ammo racks, and diesel power unit.
  • L/70 40mm Spanish upgrade:  Felis electro optic automatic tracking system (HD TV set, automatic tracking, telemetry laser, portable target designator, and radar interface)
  • AOS 40mm L70 FADM (Field Air Defense Mount): Singapore Technologies electric drive aiming system
  • TRIDON 40mm L/70: Bofors installed on Volvo 725 6×6 trucks with fully enclosed, armor protected cab for a crew of five, with only two crew required. Did not enter service.[16]
  • LVS 40mm L/70: Equipped with LVS modular fire-control system by Saab.  Entered service with the Swedish Army and Royal Thai Army in 1994 and 1997.[citation needed]
  • OTO Marlin 40: Modern multipurpose naval gun system developed by Leonardo.
  • Bofors 40 Mk3: Naval gun that can fire smart 40 mm 3P all-target ammunition.

Bofors 40 Mk4

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Main article: Bofors 40 Mk4

Bofors 40 Mk4 is a modern multipurpose naval gun system developed by BAE Systems AB. This is the upgraded version of the Bofors 40 Mk3. The gun is 40% lighter, as well as smaller and more cost effective than the previous generation Mk3.[17]

DARDO

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Main article: DARDO

DARDO is a close-in weapon system (CIWS) built by the Italian companies Breda and Oto Melara. Breda Meccanica Bresciana (now in Oto Melara) of Italy uses the Bofors 40 mm L/70 gun in its anti-aircraft weapon systems Type 64, Type 106, Type 107, Type 564 and Type 520. They have developed also the CIWS system named DARDO for the Italian Army and Navy. A newer development from Breda, the Fast Forty, employs two modified Bofors 40s, each with an improved rate of fire of 450 rpm, as opposed to 240–330 rpm for L/70 version. For naval use, it is normally equipped with a 736-round magazine and a dual feed mechanism.

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Users

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Map with L/70 users in blue

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Bofors (in Swedish). Karlskoga, Sweden: AB Bofors, Karlskoga (Boforskoncernen). 1958. pp. 70, 84.
  2. ^ a b Bofors 350 år (in Swedish). Karlskoga, Sweden: Bofors AB, Karlskoga (Boforskoncernen). 1996. pp. 213–218.
  3. ^ a b "Sweden Bofors 40 mm/60 (1.57") Model 1936". NavWeaps.Com. 14 January 2011. Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  4. ^ a b c "40mm Luftvärnsautomatkanon m/48". tfd.chalmers.se. Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2022-01-13.
  5. ^ a b Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993–94. Jane's Information Group. 1994. p. 27.
  6. ^ "1970–1992 – Zastava-arms". www.zastava-arms.rs. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  7. ^ "AMMUNITION 40mm x 365 FOR ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUN 40mm L/70 BOFORS – SDPR – Yugoimport". www.yugoimport.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  8. ^ "L/70 L70 L-70 Bofors 40mm automatic anti-aircraft gun air defence system technical data sheet". Archived from the original on 3 November 2018.
  9. ^ "Abhay (Fearless) Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV)". Military Factory. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019.
  10. ^ "GCF ropes in BEL to upgrade L/70 anti-aircraft guns used by Indian defence forces". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  11. ^ Unnithan, Sandeep (September 27, 2021). "How the army is tweaking its vintage L-70 gun into a drone-killer". India Today. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  12. ^ BAE Systems will unveil its Trident Mk2 at Eurosatory. European Defence Review. 14 June 2024.
  13. ^ "Eurosatory 2024: BAE Systems Bofors introduces Tridon Mk2 air-defence system". Janes Information Services. 13 June 2024. Archived from the original on 14 June 2024.
  14. ^ Eurosatory 2024: BAE Systems displays its New Tridon Mk2 Air Defense System. Army Recognition. 19 June 2024.
  15. ^ "Balkan Novoteh | Arms and defense industry". www.balkannovoteh.com. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
  16. ^ Bofors L/70 40mm automatic anti-aircraft gun Archived 2018-11-03 at the Wayback Machine armyrecognition.com
  17. ^ "In focus: the Bofors 40mm Mk 4 gun that will equip the Type 31 frigates". Navy Lookout. 31 December 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  18. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 376.
  19. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 323.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g Wiener, Friedrich (1987). The armies of the NATO nations: Organization, concept of war, weapons and equipment. Truppendienst Handbooks Volume 3. Vienna: Herold Publishers. pp. 524–525.
  21. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 81.
  22. ^ Military Balance 2016, pp. 383–384.
  23. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 442.
  24. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 396.
  25. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 446.
  26. ^ a b c d e f "Canon antiaérien Bofors L/70 de 40 mm". Encyclopédie des armes : Les forces armées du monde (in French). Vol. II. Atlas. 1986. pp. 1859–1860.
  27. ^ Military Balance 2016, pp. 257–258.
  28. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 252.
  29. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 328.
  30. ^ Military Balance 2021, p. 115.
  31. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 335.
  32. ^ Nakanomyo, Masami (October 2015). "History of Shipboard Guns on JCG's Patrol Vessels". Ships of the World (825). Kaijin-sha: 168–173. NAID 40020597434.
  33. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 451.
  34. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 115.
  35. ^ Institute for National Security Studies (4 October 2011). Libya (PDF) (Report). p. 13. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  36. ^ "Lithuania to send anti-aircraft guns to Ukraine". lrt.lt. 11 January 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  37. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 272.
  38. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 461.
  39. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 352.
  40. ^ Military Balance 2016, pp. 134–135.
  41. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 291.
  42. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 268.
  43. ^ Military Balance 2016, pp. 293–294.
  44. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 146.
  45. ^ "Anušauskas: Lithuania has sent L70 anti-aircraft guns and ammunition to Ukraine". mil.in.ua. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  46. ^ "Militaire steun aan Oekraïne" (in Dutch). Dutch Ministry of Defence. 13 April 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  47. ^ Military Balance 2016, p. 417.

Sources

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