Bloomsburg Formation

Bloomsburg Formation
Bloomsburg Formation
Stratigraphic range: Gorstian - Ludfordian ~425 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	A hand sample of the Bloomsburg Siltstone from Port Clinton, Pennsylvania
Type	sedimentary
Underlies	Wills Creek Formation
Overlies	Clinton Group, McKenzie Formation, Mifflintown Formation, and Shawangunk Formation
Thickness	up to 5,000 feet (1,520 m)
Lithology
Primary	Siltstone
Other	Shale, Claystone, Sandstone, Limestone
Location
Region	Appalachian Basin of eastern North America
Extent	Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia
Type section
Named for	Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania
Named by	I. C. White, 1883

The Silurian Bloomsburg Formation is a mapped bedrock unit in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York and Maryland. It is named for the town of Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, in which it was first described. The Bloomsburg marked the first occurrence of red sedimentary rocks in the Appalachian Basin.

Description

The Bloomsburg is defined as a grayish-red and greenish-gray claystone, argillaceous siltstone, shale, and very fine to fine-grained sandstone,^[4] arranged in fining-upward cycles.^[5] Although the Bloomsburg can sometimes be green to gray, its most dominant color is red and they are often called "The Bloomsburg Red Beds". This is significant in the Appalachian Basin since it marks the first large scale terrestrial collection of sediments in the rock record. Most of the sediments that were deposited before this time were marine, or a small scale terrestrial zone.

In New Jersey, the Bloomsburg Red Beds were previously called the "High Falls Shale" or "High Falls Formation".^[6]

Depositional environment

The depositional environment of the Bloomsburg was mostly terrestrial or shallow marine deposits resulting in a molasse sequence produced by the Taconic orogeny. The red color is often evidence that the sediments were deposited in arid or oxidizing conditions. The upper parts of the Bloomsburg are thought to be a marine transition zone.^[7]

Stratigraphy

Early American geologists theorized that these beds correlated with Old Red Sandstone found in Scotland.,^[2] but the Old Red Sandstone is Devonian in age, or much younger than the Bloomsburg.

The Bloomsburg rests conformably above the Clinton Group^[4] and Shawangunk Formation, and has a complex upper contact. In eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the upper part of the Bloomsburg marks the Wallbridge Unconformity. To the west, the Wills Creek Formation lies conformably atop the Bloomsburg. Further west, the McKenzie Member of the Mifflintown Formation interfingers with the Bloomsburg and eventually, the Bloomsburg pinches out into the Mifflintown.^[8]

Fossils

There are numerous fossils found in the Bloomsburg, mostly in the upper parts of the formation. There are trace fossils of early land plants and brachiopod fossils in the upper marine transitional zones.^[7]

Notable Exposures

Roundtop Hill, Maryland, along railroad grade
Port Clinton, Pennsylvania, where bedding is nearly vertical and cleavage is visible
U.S. Route 22, 2.3 km northeast of Canoe Creek^[9]

Age

Relative age dating of the Bloomsburg places it in the Upper Silurian period, being deposited between 417 and 410 (±5) million years ago.

Economic uses

The Bloomsburg formation is a source of material for the manufacture of brick and other clay products, as well as a local building stone.^[10]

References

^ Paleozoic Sedimentary Successions of the Virginia Valley & Ridge and Plateau
^ ^a ^b Wood, G.H., Trexler, J.P., Kehn, T.M., (1964). Geology of the West-Central Part of the Southern Anthracite Field and Adjoining Areas, Pennsylvania. United States Geological Survey, C-46.
^ White, I.C., 1883, The geology of the Susquehanna River region in the six Counties of Wyoming, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Columbia, Montour, and Northumberland: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Report of Progress, 2nd series, v. G7, 464 p.
^ ^a ^b Jackson, Margaret S.; Hanley, Peter M. & Sak, Peter B. (2007). "Preliminary Bedrock Geologic Map of the Middle Portion of the Susquehanna River Valley, Cumberland, Dauphin, And Perry Counties, Pennsylvania" (PDF). Open File Report OFBM-07-05.0. Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2011. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
^ Berg, T.M., Edmunds, W.E., Geyer, A.R. and others, compilers, (1980). Geologic Map of Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geologic Survey, Map 1, scale 1:250,000.
^ Bloomsburg Red Beds
^ ^a ^b Hoskins, D.M., (1961). Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Bloomsburg Formation of Pennsylvania and adjacent states: G36. Pennsylvania Geologic Survey, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
^ Berg, T.M., et al., (1983). Stratigraphic Correlation Chart of Pennsylvania: G75, Pennsylvania Geologic Survey, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
^ Faill, R.T., Glover, A.D., and Way, J.H., 1989, Geology and mineral resources of the Blandburg, Tipton, Altoona, and Bellwood quadrangles, Blair, Cambria, Clearfield and Centre Counties, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Topographic and Geologic Atlas, 4th series, 86, 209 p., scale 1:24,000 and 1:48,000
^ Doden, Arnold G. & Gold, David P. (2008). "Bedrock Geologic Map of The Mc Alevys Fort Quadrangle, Huntingdon, Centre, and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania" (PDF). Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)