Bezhta language

Bezhta
Bezhta
Kapucha
бежкьалас миц; bežƛʼalas mic/beƶⱡʼalas mic
Pronunciation	[ˈbeʒt͡ɬʼɑlɑs mit͡s]
Native to	North Caucasus
Region	Southern Dagestan
Ethnicity	Bezhta people
Native speakers	6,800 (2006–2010); 8,138 (2020 census)
Language family	Northeast Caucasian Tsezic Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi Bezhta; ; ;
Dialects	Bezhta proper; Tladal; Khocharkhota; Turk.Bezhta;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kap
Glottolog	bezh1248
ELP	Bezhta
	Bezhta
	Bezhta is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Bezhta (or Bezheta) language (Bezhta: бежкьалас миц, bežƛʼalas mic, beƶⱡʼalas mic, pronounced [ˈbeʒt͡ɬʼɑlɑs mit͡s]), also known as Kapucha (from the name of a large village^[3]), belongs to the Tsezic group of the North Caucasian language family. It is spoken by about 6,200 people in southern Dagestan, Russia^[4]

Bezhta can be divided into three dialects – Bezhta Proper, Tlyadal [ru] and Khocharkhota^[4] – which are spoken in various villages in the region. Its closest linguistic relatives are Hunzib and Khwarshi.^[5] Bezhta is unwritten, but various attempts have been made to develop an official orthography for the language. The Bezhta people use Avar as the literary language. The first book ever printed in Bezhta was the Gospel of Luke (1999).^[6]

Phonology

Bezhta has a rich consonantal and – unlike its relatives Tsez and Avar – a relatively large vowel inventory (16 distinct vowel phonemes), compared to other languages of the same family.^[7]

Vowels

	Oral			Nasal
	Front		Back	Front		Back
Close	i iː	y yː	u uː	ĩ ĩː	ỹ ỹː	ũ ũː
Mid	e eː	ø øː	o oː	ẽ ẽː	ø̃ ø̃ː	õ õː
Open	æ æː		ɑ ɑː	æ̃ æ̃ː		ɑ̃ ɑ̃ː

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar			Palato- alveolar	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
		Labial	central	sibilant	lateral	Palato- alveolar	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	t͡s	t͡ɬ ~ k͡𝼄	t͡ʃ	k	q͡χ		ʔ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	t͡sʼ	t͡ɬʼ ~ k͡𝼄ʼ	t͡ʃʼ	kʼ	q͡χʼ		ʔ
	voiced	b	d				ɡ
Fricative	voiceless			s	ɬ	ʃ		χ	ħ	h
Fricative	voiced			z		ʒ		ʁ	ʕ
Sonorant		w	r		l	j

Morphology

Bezhta is mostly agglutinative and the vast amount of locative cases makes its case system particularly rich. The verb morphology is relatively simple. It is an ergative language.^{[citation needed]}

Numerals

Unlike Tsez, Bezhta has a decimal system with the word for twenty being an exception.^[8]

	Latin	Cyrillic	IPA
0	nol	нол	nol
1	hõs	гьоᵸс	hõs
2	qʼona	къона	qʼona
3	łana	лъана	ɬana
4	ṏqʼönä	оьᵸкъоьнаь	ø̃qʼønæ
5	łina	лъина	ɬina
6	iłna	илъна	iɬna
7	aƛna	алIна	atɬna
8	beƛna	белIна	betɬna
9	äčʼena	аьчIена	æt͡ʃʼena
10	acʼona	ацIона	at͡sʼona
20	qona	хъона	qona
100	hõsčʼitʼ / -čʼitʼ	гьоᵸсчIитI / -чIитI	hõst͡ʃʼitʼ / -t͡ʃʼitʼ
1000	hazay	гьазай	hazaj

Multiples of 10 higher than 20 are formed by adding the suffix -yig (-йиг) to the multiplier. Hence, the word for 30 is łanayig (лъанайиг).
Compound numbers are formed by juxtaposition, the smaller numbers following the greater ones. The number 47 is thus expressed as ṏqʼönäyig aƛna (оьᵸкъоьнаьйиг алIна).

Orthography

Bezhta is typically unwritten. The orthography used in translations of biblical texts is as follows:^[9]^[10]

А а	Аь аь	А^н а^н	Аь^н аь^н	А̄ а̄	Б б	В в	Г г
Гъ гъ	Гь гь	ГӀ гӀ	Д д	Е е	Е^н е^н	Ж ж	З з
И и	И^н и^н	Ӣ ӣ	Й й	К к	Къ къ	Кь кь	КӀ кӀ
Л л	Лъ лъ	ЛӀ лӀ	М м	Н н	О о	Оь оь	О^н о^н
Оь^н оь^н	О̄ о̄	П п	ПӀ пӀ	Р р	С с	Т т	ТӀ тӀ
У у	Уь уь	У^н у^н	Уь^н уь^н	Ӯ ӯ	Х х	Хъ хъ	ХӀ хӀ
Ц ц	ЦӀ цӀ	Ч ч	ЧӀ чӀ	Ш ш	Э э	Э^н э^н	Ъ ъ

Sample of the Bezhta language

This is a passage taken from the Gospel of Luke^[11] written in a Cyrillic orthography based on Avar and Chechen, a Latinized transcription and one in IPA.

CYRILLIC	LATIN TRANSCRIPTION	IPA TRANSCRIPTION	TRANSLATION
Гьогцо гьоллохъа нисос:	Hogco holloqa nisos:	[hoɡ.t͡so holː.o.qɑ ni.sos	Jesus said to the followers:
Доьъа богьцалаъ вагьда̄ ниса:	Dö'a bohcala' wahdā nisa:	dɜʔ.ɑ boh.t͡sɑ.lɑʔ wɑh.dɑː ni.sɑ	When you pray, pray like this:
«Йа̄ Або, Дибо ца̄ᵸ аьдамла̄ илагьияб бикӀзи йовала,	«Yā Abo, Dibo cā̃ ädamlā ilahiyab bikʼzi yowala,	jɑː ʔɑ.bo, di.bo t͡sɑ̃ː ʔa.dɑm.lɑː ʔi.lɑ.hi.jɑb bikʼzi jo.wɑ.lɑ	"O Father, we pray that your name will always be kept holy,
Дибо Парчагьлъи йоᵸкъала;	Dibo Parčahłi yõqʼala;	di.bo pɑr.t͡ʃɑh.ɬi jõ.qʼɑ.lɑ	we pray that your kingdom will come;
Шибаб водиъ баццас баьба илол нилӀа;	Šibab wodi' baccas bäba ilol niƛa;	ʃi.bɑb wo.diʔ bɑt͡sː.ɑs ba.bɑ ʔi.lol ni.tɬɑ	give us the food we need for each day;
Илла мунагьла̄кьас кьодос тилӀки, судлӀо нисода илена къацӀцӀола илол кешлъи йо̄вакьас кьодос тилӀбакца.	Illa munahlāƛʼas ƛʼodos tiƛki, sudƛo nisoda ilena qʼacʼcʼola ilol kešłi yōwaƛʼas ƛʼodos tiƛbakca.	ʔi.lːɑ mu.nɑh.lɑːtɬʼ.ɑs tɬʼo.dos ti.tɬki, sud.tɬo ni.sɔ.dɑ ʔi.le.nɑ qʼɑt͡sʼː.o.lɑ ʔi.lol keʃ.ɬi joː.wɑ.tɬʼɑs tɬʼo.dos ti.tɬbɑk.t͡sɑ	forgive us the sins we have done, because we forgive every person that has done wrong to us.
Ми илос гьаьл бикъелална уьᵸхолъа̄къа.»	Mi ilos häl biqʼelalna ü̃xołāqʼa.»	mi ʔi.los hal bi.qʼe.lɑl.nɑ ʔɨ̃.χo.ɬɑː.qʼɑ]	And don't let us be tempted."

References

^ Bezhta at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку
^ Shirin Akiner, Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union, 2nd ed. (KPI, Distributed by Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986: ISBN 0-7103-0188-X), p. 253.
^ ^a ^b Ethnologue entry for Bezhta
^ Schulze, Wolfgang (2009). "Languages in the Caucasus" (PDF). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
^ Institute for Bible Translation. "Translators' News" (PDF). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. Retrieved 2014-01-30.
^ Comrie, Bernard; Khalilov, Madzhid; Khalilova, Zaira (2015). Grammatika Bezhtinskogo Jazyka [A grammar of Bezhta]. Leipzig-Makhachkala: MPIEVA.
^ Ulrich, Alexis. "Bezhta numbers". Of Languages and Numbers. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
^ Chalilov, Maǆid Šaripovič (2017). Jazyk, folʹklor i ėtnografija bežtincev: = The language, folklore and etnography of the Bezhta people. Moskva: Institut perevoda Biblii. ISBN 978-5-91431-157-2.
^ Chalilov, Maǆid Šaripovič (2017). Jazyk, folʹklor i ėtnografija bežtincev: = The language, folklore and etnography of the Bezhta people. Moskva: Institut perevoda Biblii. ISBN 978-5-93943-240-5.
^ "Gospel of Luke in Bezhta". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2006-03-12.

External links

Margus Kolga; Igor Tõnurist; Lembit Vaba; Jüri Viikberg (1993). "The Bezhtas". The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire.
The Bezhta People and Language (P.J. Hillery)
Bezhta Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
Bezhta basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

[e18-1] Bezhta at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2020_census-2] Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку

[3] Shirin Akiner, Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union, 2nd ed. (KPI, Distributed by Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986: ISBN 0-7103-0188-X), p. 253.

[Ethnologue-4] Ethnologue entry for Bezhta

[Schulze09-5] Schulze, Wolfgang (2009). "Languages in the Caucasus" (PDF). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2012.

[IBT200012-6] Institute for Bible Translation. "Translators' News" (PDF). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. Retrieved 2014-01-30.

[7] Comrie, Bernard; Khalilov, Madzhid; Khalilova, Zaira (2015). Grammatika Bezhtinskogo Jazyka [A grammar of Bezhta]. Leipzig-Makhachkala: MPIEVA.

[8] Ulrich, Alexis. "Bezhta numbers". Of Languages and Numbers. Retrieved 2024-10-28.

[9] Chalilov, Maǆid Šaripovič (2017). Jazyk, folʹklor i ėtnografija bežtincev: = The language, folklore and etnography of the Bezhta people. Moskva: Institut perevoda Biblii. ISBN 978-5-91431-157-2.

[10] Chalilov, Maǆid Šaripovič (2017). Jazyk, folʹklor i ėtnografija bežtincev: = The language, folklore and etnography of the Bezhta people. Moskva: Institut perevoda Biblii. ISBN 978-5-93943-240-5.

[Gospel-11] "Gospel of Luke in Bezhta". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2006-03-12.

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