Jump to content

Bernard Arnault

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Bernard Arnualt)

Bernard Arnault
Arnault in 2017
Born
Bernard Jean Étienne Arnault

(1949-03-05) 5 March 1949 (age 75)
Roubaix, France
Alma mater
Occupations
  • Businessperson
  • Media proprietor
  • Art collector
Known for
Title
Spouses
  • Anne Dewavrin
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1978; div. 1990)​
  • ​
    (m. 1991)​
Children5, including Delphine, Antoine and Frédéric
HonorsGrand Cross of the Legion of Honour (2023)[1]

Bernard Jean Étienne Arnault (French: [bɛʁnaʁ ʒɑ̃ etjɛn aʁno]; born 5 March 1949) is a French businessman, investor and art collector.[2][3] He is the founder, chairman and CEO of LVMH, the world's largest luxury goods company. Arnault is one of the richest individuals in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$199.7 billion as of September 2024, according to Forbes and US$208 billion according to Bloomberg Billionaires Index.[4]

Arnault was raised in a devoutly Catholic household. He pursued Engineering at École polytechnique, graduating in 1971. He began his career in his father's company, Ferret-Savinel, shifting its focus to real estate, which laid the groundwork for his future career in the luxury goods market.

Arnault's entry into the luxury sector was marked by his strategic acquisition in 1984 of the financially-struggling textile and retail conglomerate Boussac Saint-Frères, which included the prestigious fashion house Christian Dior. His aggressive business strategies earned him the nickname "The Terminator", as he revitalized Dior and sold off other assets for profit. In 1987, he played a key role in the creation of LVMH (an acronym for Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy), a global luxury goods company, by merging Louis Vuitton with Moët Hennessy. Through a series of strategic acquisitions and investments, Arnault built LVMH into a leading company in the luxury industry, overseeing significant growth and expansion into various sectors, including fashion, jewelry, watches, and wine.

Arnault's influence extends beyond LVMH, with investments in web companies and philanthropic endeavors, particularly in the arts. He has been involved in notable real estate and yacht ventures. His leadership has led to LVMH becoming the largest company by market capitalization in the eurozone. Despite controversies, including his attempt to become a Belgian citizen, Arnault's business acumen has solidified his status as a key figure in the global luxury market.

Early life and education

Bernard Jean Étienne Arnault was born on 5 March 1949 in Roubaix.[5][6] His mother, pianist Marie-Josèphe Savinel, daughter of Étienne Savinel, had a "fascination for Dior".[6] His father, manufacturer Jean Léon Arnault, a graduate of École Centrale Paris, owned the civil engineering company Ferret-Savinel.[6] Raised in a "strict Catholic-Auvergne" style by his devoutly Catholic grandmother, Arnault took classical piano lessons as a child and was educated at Catholic schools,[7][8] the Lycée Maxence Van Der Meersch in Roubaix and the Lycée Faidherbe in Lille,[9][10] which takes boarders and prepares them for the grandes écoles.[11]

In 1971, he graduated from the École Polytechnique, France's leading engineering school.[6]

Career

In 1971, soon after his graduation, Arnault began work for his father's company.[6] Three years later, after he convinced his father to shift the focus of the company to real estate, Ferret-Savinel sold the industrial construction division and was renamed Ferinel. Following the acquisition of a textile company and relocation of its headquarters, the company renamed the real estate branch to the George V Group. The real estate assets were later sold to Compagnie Générale des Eaux (CGE), eventually becoming Nexity.[citation needed]

1971–1987: Professional start

Arnault began his career in 1971, at Ferret-Savinel, and was its president from 1978 to 1984.[6][10] In 1984, Arnault, then a young real estate developer, heard that the French government was set to choose someone to take over the Boussac Saint-Frères empire, a textile and retail conglomerate that owned Christian Dior.[12]

With the help of Antoine Bernheim, a senior partner of Lazard Frères, Arnault acquired the Financière Agache, a luxury goods company.[13] He became the CEO of Financière Agache and subsequently won the bidding war for Boussac Saint-Frères, buying the group for a ceremonial one franc and effectively taking control of Boussac Saint-Frères. After Arnault bought Boussac, he laid off 9,000 workers in two years, after which he acquired the nickname "The Terminator".[12] He sold nearly all of the company's assets, keeping only the Christian Dior brand and Le Bon Marché department store.[citation needed] By 1987, the company was profitable again and booked earnings of $112 million on a revenue stream of $1.9 billion.[13]

1987–1989: Co-founding and acquisition of LVMH

See also: LVMH - Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton

He worked with Alain Chevalier, CEO of Moët Hennessy, and Henry Racamier, president of Louis Vuitton, to form LVMH in 1987.[14]

In July 1988, Arnault provided $1.6 billion to form a holding company with Guinness that held 24% of LVMH's shares. In response to rumors that the Louis Vuitton group was buying LVMH's stock to form a "blocking minority", Arnault spent $600 million to buy 13.5% more of LVMH, making him LVMH's largest shareholder. LVMH had been created on the premise that the conglomerate would be too large for a single hostile raider.[12] However, the premise failed to take into account internal takeover attempts. The fault became too large to ignore when Arnault had a differing strategic vision from Henry Racamier, Louis Vuitton's president.[15]

In January 1989, he spent another $500 million to gain control of a total of 43.5% of LVMH's shares and 35% of its voting rights, thus reaching the "blocking minority" that he needed to stop the dismantlement of the LVMH group.[15] He then turned on Racamier, stripped him of his power, and ousted him from the board of directors.[12] On 13 January 1989, he was unanimously elected chairman of the executive management board.[15]

1989–2001: LVMH's initial expansion and growth

After assuming leadership, Arnault led the company through an ambitious development plan, transforming it into one of the largest luxury groups in the world, alongside Swiss luxury giant Richemont and French-based Kering.[16] In eleven years, annual sales and profit rose by a factor of 5, and the market value of LVMH increased by a factor of 15. In July 1988, Arnault acquired Céline.[13] That same year, he sponsored French fashion designer Christian Lacroix to advertise the company's luxury clothing line.[15] LVMH acquired Berluti and Kenzo in 1993, the same year Arnault bought out the French economic newspaper La Tribune.[17] La Tribune never achieved the desired success, despite his 150 million euro[citation needed] investment, and he sold it in November 2007 to buy a different French economic newspaper, Les Échos, for €240 million.[18][19]

In 1994, LVMH acquired the perfume firm Guerlain.[20] In 1996, Arnault bought out Loewe,[21] followed by Marc Jacobs and Sephora in 1997.[22] Five more brands were also integrated into the group: Thomas Pink in 1999, Emilio Pucci in 2000, and Fendi, DKNY, and La Samaritaine in 2001.

In the 1990s, Arnault decided to develop a center in New York to manage LVMH's presence in the United States. He chose Christian de Portzamparreke to supervise this project.[23] The result was the LVMH Tower that opened in December 1999.[24] That same year, Arnault turned his eyes to Gucci, an Italian leather goods company, which was run by Tom Ford and Domenico De Sole. He discreetly amassed a 5 percent stake in the company before being detected.[12] Gucci responded hostilely and called it a "creeping takeover". Arnault then upped his stake to 34.4 percent while insisting he wanted to be a supportive and unassertive stakeholder. De Sole proposed that in return for board representation, Arnault would stop increasing his stake in Gucci. However, Arnault rejected this proposal. De Sole discovered a loophole that allowed him to issue shares with only board approval, and for every share LVMH bought, he created more for his employees, thus diluting Arnault's stake. The fight dragged on until a settlement in September 2001. After the legal ruling, LVMH sold its shares and walked away with $700 million in profit.[12]

In 1998, with businessman Albert Frère, Arnault purchased Château Cheval Blanc in a personal capacity. LVMH acquired Arnault's share in 2009[25] to add to the group's other wine property Château d'Yquem.

From 1998 to 2001, Arnault invested in a variety of web companies such as Boo.com, Libertysurf, and Zebank through his holding Europatweb. Groupe Arnault also invested in Netflix in 1999.[26]

2001–present: Increasing success and profitability

In 2007, Blue Capital announced that Arnault owned jointly with the California property firm Colony Capital 10.69% of France's largest supermarket retailer and the world's second-largest food distributor Carrefour.[27]

In 2008, he entered the yacht business and bought Princess Yachts for 253 million euros.[28] He subsequently took control of Royal van Lent shipyard for an almost identical amount.[29]

From 2010 until 2013, Arnault was a member of the Board of Advisors of the Malaysian 1MDB fund.[30][31][32][33]

On 7 March 2011, Arnault announced the acquisition of 50.4% of family-owned shares of the Italian jeweler Bulgari, to make a tender offer for the rest, which was publicly owned.[34] The transaction was worth $5.2 billion.[35] In 2011, Arnault invested $641 million in establishing LCapitalAsia.[36] On 7 March 2013, National Business Daily reported that mid-priced clothing brand QDA would open stores with the assistance of Arnault's private equity firm LCapitalAsia and Chinese apparel company Xin Hee Co., Ltd. in Beijing.[36] In February 2014, Arnault entered into a joint venture with the Italian fashion brand Marco De Vincenzo, taking a minority 45% stake in the firm.[37][38] In 2016, LVMH sold DKNY to G-III Apparel Group.[39] In April 2017, Arnault announced the acquisition of Christian Dior haute couture, leather, both men's and women's ready-to-wear, and footwear lines, which integrated the entire Christian Dior brand within LVMH.[40]

By January 2018, Arnault had led the company to record sales of €42.6 billion in 2017, 13% over the previous year, as all divisions turned in strong performances. That same year, the net profit increased by 29%.[41] In November 2019, Arnault planned to acquire Tiffany & Co. for approximately US$16.2 billion. The deal was expected to close by June 2020.[42] LVMH then stated in September 2020 that the takeover would not proceed and that the deal was "invalid" because Tiffany handled the business during the COVID-19 pandemic.[43] Subsequently, Tiffany filed suit against LVMH, asking the court to compel the purchase or to assess damages against the defendant; LVMH planned to counter-sue, alleging that mismanagement had invalidated the purchase agreement.[44] In mid-September 2020, a reliable source told Forbes that the reason for Arnault's decision to cancel the Tiffany purchase was purely financial: Tiffany was paying millions in dividends to shareholders despite a financial loss of US$32 million during the pandemic. Upon examination of financial records, Arnault discovered that some US$70 million had already been paid out by Tiffany, with an additional US$70 million scheduled to be paid in November 2020.[45] LVMH filed a counterclaim against the court action commenced by Tiffany; a statement issued by LVMH blamed Tiffany's mismanagement during the pandemic and claimed that it was "burning cash and reporting losses".[46] In late October 2020, Tiffany and LVMH agreed to the original takeover plan, though at a slightly reduced price of nearly $16 billion, a minor reduction of 2.6% from the aforementioned deal. The new deal reduced the amount paid per share by LVMH from the original price of $135 to $131.50.[47] LVMH completed the purchase of Tiffany in January 2021.[48]

Under Arnault's leadership, LVMH has grown to become the largest company by market capitalization in the eurozone,[49] with a record of 313 billion euros ($382 billion) as of May 2021.[50] Arnault has promoted decisions toward decentralizing the group's brands as a business strategy. As a result of these measures, brands under the LVMH umbrella such as Tiffany are still viewed as independent firms with their history.[16]

Arnault has said that brands like Louis Vuitton and Dior are successful because "they have these two aspects, which may be contradictory: They are timeless, [and] they are at the utmost level of modernity."[51]

Personal life

Family

In 1973, Arnault married Anne Dewavrin. Together, they had two children, Delphine and Antoine.[6] They separated in 1990.[52] In 1991, he married Hélène Mercier, the Canadian-born concert pianist. They have three sons, Alexandre, Frédéric, and Jean. Arnault and Mercier live in Paris.[52] Arnault has four grandchildren, two from his son Antoine and two from his daughter, Delphine.[53]

All five children—Delphine, Antoine, Alexandre, Frédéric, and Jean—have official roles in brands controlled by Arnault, along with his niece Stephanie Watine Arnault.[54] Alexandre is the EVP of Tiffany & Co., Frédéric is the CEO of LVMH Watches,[55] and Jean is the Director of Watchmaking Marketing and Development at Louis Vuitton.[56] Since 2010, Arnault's daughter Delphine has been with Xavier Niel, a French billionaire businessman active in the telecommunications and technology industry. Effective February 1, 2023, Delphine is the chief executive officer of the luxury brand Dior.[57]

Wealth

In April 1999, Arnault was first considered to be the richest person in fashion, topping Zara's Amancio Ortega.[58] That same year, he set up Pilinvest (Pilinvest Participations and Pilinvest Investissements),[59] a holding company based in Belgium.[60] Through Pilinvest, Arnault has been holding an 81% stake in Agache (former Groupe Arnault), the holding company that owns 48% of LVMH and 63% of its voting rights. In 2008, he established Protectinvest, a private foundation in Belgium set up to safeguard the integrity of the LVMH group until 2023; the foundation locked up the Arnault children's ability to sell shares in Pilinvest until 2023, by which time Arnault's youngest child turned 25, an age deemed old enough to assume responsibility for LVMH.[61]

In December 2011, six months before Socialist François Hollande took office as President of France, he transferred a 31 percent stake in Groupe Arnault – at the time considered by the newspaper Libération worth €6.5 billion – to Pilinvest.[62][63]

In 2016, Arnault was paid €7.8 million as the CEO of the LVMH group.[64] In July 2019, Arnault became the second-richest man in the world, with a net worth of $103 billion.[65] Arnault briefly surpassed Jeff Bezos to become the richest person in the world in December 2019,[66] and again for a short time in January 2020.[67] During the COVID-19 pandemic, Arnault saw his wealth shrink by $30 billion as sales of luxury goods plummeted.[68]

On 5 August 2021, Arnault regained the status of the wealthiest man in the world, with his net worth climbing to $198.4 billion. This occurred as sales of LVMH's luxury goods surged in China and other parts of Asia.[69][70] He is listed as "Bernard Arnault & family" on the Forbes Billionaires list.[71] Forbes estimated the Bernard Arnault & family fortune to be $158 billion in 2022, positioning him ahead of Bill Gates.[71] In 2022, Arnault changed the legal structure of Agache from a Societas Europaea (SE) to a joint-stock partnership to ensure family control over LVMH in the long term.[72]

Arnault and his family had an estimated peak net worth of US$240.7 billion in April 2023, according to Forbes.[73] This made him the richest person in the world at the time, surpassing Elon Musk. Musk would surpass Arnaut in June 2023 in net worth with $240 billion, as Arnault's wealth dropped to $190 billion.

According to Bloomberg Billionaires Index Arnault was the wealthiest person in the world, with a net worth of about US $218 billion in May 2024.[74] By 14 June 2024, according to Forbes, Musk had regained first place, with Bezos in second place, and Arnault, with US$194.2 billion, in third place.[75]

Request for Belgian citizenship

In 2013, it was disclosed that Arnault planned to apply for Belgian citizenship and was considering moving to Belgium.[76] In April 2013, Arnault said that he had been misquoted and that he never intended to leave France: "I repeatedly said that I would stay as a resident in France and that I would continue to pay my taxes... Today, I decided to remove any ambiguity. I withdraw my request for Belgian nationality. Requesting Belgian nationality was to better protect the foundation that I created with the sole purpose of ensuring the continuity and integrity of the LVMH group if I were to die."[77]

On 10 April 2013, Arnault announced he had decided to abandon his application for Belgian citizenship, saying he did not want the move to be misinterpreted as a measure of tax evasion, at a time when France faced economic and social challenges.[78] Arnault also stated several employees requested to leave France for tax purposes but he declined their requests, explaining "the 75% tax would not raise a lot of revenue but should prove less divisive, as now it was set to be levied on firms rather than people, and only due to stay in place for two years."[79]

Transport

Arnault owned the 70 m (230 ft) converted research vessel Amadeus, which was sold in late 2015.[80] His current 101.5 m (333 ft) yacht Symphony was built in the Netherlands by Feadship.[81]

In October 2022, Arnault stated that LVMH sold its private jet after a Twitter user began to track its flights and stated he began renting private aircraft for his personal and business flights instead.[82] The aircraft was a Bombardier Global 7500 which was registered F-GVMA.[83]

Lifestyle

Arnault plays tennis weekly, watches his weight, and works continually.[51]

Art collection

Arnault's collection includes works by Picasso, Yves Klein, Henry Moore, and Andy Warhol.[84][85] He was also instrumental in establishing LVMH as a significant patron of art in France.[86] The LVMH Young Fashion Designer was created as an international competition open to students from fine arts schools. Every year, the winner is awarded a grant to support the creation of the designer's label and a year of mentorship.[87][88]

From 1999 to 2003, he owned Phillips de Pury & Company, an art auction house, and bought out the first French auctioneer, Tajan.[89][90] In 2006, Arnault started the building project of the Louis Vuitton Foundation. Dedicated to the creation and contemporary art, the building was designed by the architect Frank Gehry.[91] The Foundation's grand opening at the Jardin d'Acclimatation Paris was held on 20 October 2014.[92]

Political views

In the second round of the 2017 French presidential election, Arnault publicly supported Emmanuel Macron.[93] Brigitte Macron was the French teacher of Arnault's sons Frédéric and Jean when they were students at the Lycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague.[94]

Awards and honors

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Décret du 29 décembre 2023 portant élévation aux dignités de grand'croix et de grand officier de l'ordre national de la Légion d'honneur" Archived 31 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine, www.legifrance.gouv.fr, 31 December 2023.
  2. ^ "Bernard Arnault & family". Forbes. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  3. ^ Galloni, Alessandra (5 March 2009). "Being LVMH's Bernard Arnault". WSJ. Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  4. ^ "The Top 10 Richest People In The World (September 2024)". Forbes. 27 September 2024. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  5. ^ "Bernard Arnault: Chairman and Chief Executive Officer". LVMH. Archived from the original on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Bernard Arnault: France's 'wolf-in-cashmere' billionaire". France24. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  7. ^ "Fortunes 2021: Bernard Arnault, Founder, LVMH". Leaders League. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  8. ^ "World's richest family: Speculation looms about LMVH line of succession". The Brussels Times. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  9. ^ "Roubaix Quand Bernard Arnault était lycéen à Van-Der-Meersch". La Voix du Nord. 19 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  10. ^ a b "Bernard Arnault, chairman, LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton". The New York Times. 23 November 2007. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  11. ^ "L'internat", Lycée Faidherbe, accessed October 2, 2016.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Friedman, Vanessa; Paton, Elizabeth (30 October 2020). "Tiffany Deal Is a Signature Move by the Sun Tzu of Luxury". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  13. ^ a b c Greenhouse, Steven (19 September 1988). "Pivotal Figure Emerges In. Moet-Vuitton Feud". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  14. ^ "Alain Chevalier, co-founder of LVMH, dies aged 87". Fashion United. 5 November 2018. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  15. ^ a b c d Greenhouse, Steven (17 December 1989). "A LUXURY FIGHT TO THE FINISH". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  16. ^ a b "Bernard Arnault, a French billionaire businessman and art collector". Dailymi. 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  17. ^ Neher, Jacques (21 January 1994). "Intimacy Proves Too Much for Guinness, LVMH". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  18. ^ Fouché, Gwladys (7 November 2007). "La Tribune splash attacks paper's owner". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  19. ^ "VMH buys Les Echos from Pearson". BBC. 5 November 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  20. ^ Connon, Heather (29 April 1994). "Arnault expands perfume empire: LVMH buys controlling stake in". The Independent. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  21. ^ LVMH says takes control of Spain's Loewe, Europolitics, 12 February 1996
  22. ^ Edmondson, Gail (10 November 1997). "Lvmh: Life Isn't All Champagne And Caviar". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  23. ^ Menkes, Suzy (30 November 1999). "Bernard Arnault: Man Behind the Steely Mask]". New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  24. ^ Iovine, Julie V. (15 December 1998). "Designing The Nouveau Building On the Block". New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  25. ^ Decanter (14 August 2009). "LVMH buys 50% share in Chateau Cheval Blanc". Decanter. Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  26. ^ Graser, Marc (8 July 1999). "NetFlix gets $30 mil influx". Variety. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  27. ^ "Colony, Arnault Win Seats at Carrefour". DealBook. 30 April 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  28. ^ Harrington, Ben (3 June 2008). "Bernard Arnault plots new course for Princess Yachts". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  29. ^ Mantoux, Aymeric (2010). Voyage au pays des ultra-riches. Paris: Flammarion. p. 45. ISBN 978-2-08-123678-3. OCLC 642213077. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  30. ^ "Board of Advisors 1Malaysia Development Berhad". Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  31. ^ "Board of Advisors 1Malaysia Development Berhad". Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  32. ^ "Sidek appointed to 1MDB board". The Star Online. Kuala Lumpur. 30 July 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  33. ^ Rowe, Simon (19 June 2016). "Goldman Sachs, a Nama letter and the links to a $6bn fraud probe". Irish Independent. Dublin, Ireland. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  34. ^ Roberts, Andrew (7 March 2011). "LVMH Plans to Buy Bulgari for $5.2 Billion After Acquiring Majority Stake". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  35. ^ Wendlandt, Astrid; Simpson, Ian (7 March 2011). "LVMH bags jeweller Bulgari in $5.2 billion deal". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  36. ^ a b Kang, Xiaoxiao (7 March 2013). "LVHM investing in Chinese mid-priced clothing market". Morning Whistle. Archived from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  37. ^ Wendlandt, Astrid; Binnie, Isla (24 February 2014). "LVMH invests in Italian brand Marco de Vincenzo". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  38. ^ Socha, Miles (24 February 2014). "LVMH Takes Stake in Marco de Vincenzo". WWD. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  39. ^ "G-III to acquire Donna Karan International from LVMH". LVMH. 25 July 2016. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  40. ^ Hoang, Limei (25 April 2017). "LVMH Takes Control of Christian Dior in $13 Billion Deal". Business of Fashion. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  41. ^ "Luxury Group LVMH Cautious for 2018 Despite Record Profits". Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  42. ^ Naas, Roberta (26 November 2019). "LVMH Acquires Tiffany & Co. For $16.2 Billion". Forbes. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2019. LVMH will "develop this jewel with the same dedication and commitment that we have applied to every one of our Maisons. We will be proud to have Tiffany sit alongside our iconic brands and look forward to ensuring that Tiffany continues to thrive for centuries to come"
  43. ^ Dalton, Matthew (10 September 2020). "LVMH Says Tiffany's Handling of Pandemic invalidates deal". Market Screener. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  44. ^ "Grandmaster Bernard Arnault looks to the Tiffany endgame". 247 News. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  45. ^ "Billionaire Arnault On The Offensive After Tiffany Pays Out $140 Million Pandemic Dividends Despite $32 Million In Losses". Forbes. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  46. ^ "LVMH files countersuit against Tiffany over US$14.5B deal". CTV News. 29 September 2020. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  47. ^ "LVMH agrees to buy Tiffany for lower price". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  48. ^ Piscioneri, Francesca (26 January 2021). "More carats and sparkle: How LVMH plans to change Tiffany". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  49. ^ "Tiffany Agrees To Accept Lower Price For Acquisition By LVMH". Business Insider. 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  50. ^ "LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton SA Unsponsored ADR (LVMUY : OTCMKTS) Stock Price & News – Google Finance". Google News. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  51. ^ a b "The $100 Billion Man: How LVMH's Bernard Arnault Stitched Together A Giant Fortune". Forbes India. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  52. ^ a b Warren, Katie; Rogers, Taylor Nicole (31 January 2020). "LVMH brought in a record-breaking $59 billion in revenue in 2019. Meet CEO Bernard Arnault, the world's 3rd-richest person, who's built a $98 billion fortune as head of the luxury giant". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  53. ^ Quihuiz, Ariana (13 August 2024). "Bernard Arnault's 5 Children: All About His Sons and Daughter". People.
  54. ^ Paton, Elizabeth (7 November 2017). "Another Arnault Steps Into the Spotlight". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  55. ^ "LVMH Watches CEO Frédéric Arnault's vision for innovation". February 2024. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  56. ^ Socha, Miles (15 December 2021). "Bernard Arnault's Youngest Son Is Working at Louis Vuitton". WWD. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  57. ^ Neate, Rupert (11 January 2023). "LVMH billionaire Bernard Arnault appoints daughter to run Dior". The Guardian.
  58. ^ "LVMH's CEO Bernard Arnault Is Now the Richest Person in Fashion". Highsnobiety. 12 April 2018. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  59. ^ Lars Bové (20 April 2019), La Belgique héberge déjà 81% des actions du groupe de Bernard Arnault Archived 27 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine L'Echo.
  60. ^ Jan Strupczewski and Geert De Clercq (16 November 2013), Belgian court investigating LVMH chief Arnault-owned firm Archived 26 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine Reuters.
  61. ^ Scheherazade Daneshkhu (24 January 2013), Arnault says Belgian move can shield LVMH Archived 28 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine Financial Times.
  62. ^ Astrid Wendlandt and Pascale Denis (24 January 2013), LVMH founder's controlling stake held in Belgium: source Archived 26 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine Reuters.
  63. ^ Kim Willsher (24 January 2013), After Depardieu, Belgian plan by France's richest man fuels 75% tax row Archived 26 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian.
  64. ^ – Bernard Arnault – rémunération des patrons du CAC40 en 2016 Archived 14 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Challenges, 2016.
  65. ^ Kroll, Luisa. "France's Bernard Arnault Is Now World's Second-Richest Person". Forbes. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  66. ^ Kristin Stoller (16 December 2019). "French Billionaire Bernard Arnault Was (Briefly) The World's Richest Person Today". Forbes. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  67. ^ Hayley C. Cuccinello (17 January 2020). "Jeff Bezos Is No Longer The Richest Person In The World (Again)". Forbes. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  68. ^ Williams, Robert (7 May 2020). "Luxury Billionaire Plots Rebound After Taking Biggest Virus Hit". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  69. ^ Mellor, Sophie (19 April 2021). "Luxury magnate Bernard Arnault knocks off Elon Musk on world billionaire ranking". Fortune. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  70. ^ T. TRAN, "Jeff Bezos Is No Longer the World's Richest Man" Archived 8 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Futurism, 7 August 2021.
  71. ^ a b "Forbes Billionaires 2022: The Richest People In The World". Forbes. Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  72. ^ Mimosa Spencer (21 July 2022), LVMH's Bernard Arnault restructures holding for 'long-term family control' Archived 27 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine Reuters.
  73. ^ "Bernard Arnault & family". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  74. ^ "Bloomberg Billionaires Index". Bloomberg. 5 May 2024. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  75. ^ "Bernard Arnault & family". Forbes.com. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  76. ^ "France's deficit plan? Soak the rich". Usatoday.com. 9 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  77. ^ "Bernard Arnault : "Je retire ma demande de nationalité belge"". AFP. 10 April 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013. J'ai à plusieurs reprises expliqué que je resterais résident en France et que je continuerais d'y payer mes impôts. En vain: le message n'est passé. Aujourd'hui, j'ai décidé de lever toute équivoque. Je retire ma demande de nationalité belge.[...] Demander la nationalité belge visait à mieux protéger la fondation belge que j'ai créée, avec comme seul objectif d'assurer la pérennité et l'intégrité du groupe LVMH si je venais à disparaître et si mes ayants droit devaient ne pas s'entendre.[dead link‍]
  78. ^ "LVMH's Arnault Withdraws Belgian Citizenship Bid" Archived 27 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Wall Street Journal, 10 April 2013
  79. ^ "Bernard Arnault Withdraws Belgian Citizenship Bid". The Business of Fashion. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  80. ^ "Superyacht Amadeus". SuperYachtFan. Archived from the original on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  81. ^ "Superyacht Symphony heading to sea". Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  82. ^ Kay, Grace. "The world's 2nd-richest man, Louis Vuitton's CEO, sold his private jet after people started tracking it on Twitter: 'No one can see where I go'". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  83. ^ Gorgan, Elena (19 October 2022). "Billionaire Louis Vuitton Boss Bernard Arnault Sells Private Jet so You Won't Track Him". autoevolution. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  84. ^ "Billionaire Art Collectors". Forbes. 6 March 2002. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  85. ^ Hannah Elliott, In Luxury, Bernard Arnault Alone Makes the Most Powerful List Archived 18 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Forbes, 11 April 2010
  86. ^ Julie Zeveloff (28 June 2012). "The 10 Biggest Art Collectors Of 2012". Businessinsider.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  87. ^ Scarlett Kilcooley-O'Halloran, Tait Takes LVMH Prize Archived 19 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Vogue UK, 28 May 2014
  88. ^ Sarah Jones, LVMH creates $400K design prize to cultivate young talent Archived 19 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Luxury Daily, 12 November 2013
  89. ^ "Phillips de Pury & Company". Phillipsdepury.com. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  90. ^ Aymeric Mantoux, Voyage au pays des ultra-riches, Éditions Flammarion Capital, 2010, ISBN 978-2-8104-0287-8, page 85.
  91. ^ Alan Riding, Vuitton plans a Gehry-Designed Arts Center in Paris Archived 27 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times, 3 October 2006
  92. ^ David Chazan, Frank Gehry 'Iceberg' art gallery to open in Paris Archived 22 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Telegraph, 19 October 2014
  93. ^ "Pourquoi je vote Emmanuel Macron". Les Echos (in French). 5 May 2017. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  94. ^ "Les petits secrets de la famille Arnault, propriétaire de LVMH". Capital (in French). 5 April 2017. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  95. ^ Lauren Milligan, Arnault Honour Archived 6 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Vogue, 18 July 2011.
  96. ^ "Bernard Arnault". Edubourse (in French). 2012. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  97. ^ "Arnault Ing. Bernard". 23 March 2006. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  98. ^ "Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 09.10.2017 № 475 "О награждении государственными наградами Российской Федерации"" (in Russian). 16 October 2017. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  99. ^ "Bernard Arnault nommé Chevalier commandeur de l'ordre de l'empire britannique" (in French). 7 October 2012. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  100. ^ Christy Stewart, Mr. Arnault Goes to Washington: LVMH Corporate Citizen Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Business Insider, 9 May 2011
  101. ^ Lockwood, Lisa (19 February 2014). "Bernard Arnault to Be Honored at MoMA Luncheon". WWD. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  102. ^ Maza, Erik (4 March 2014). "Bernard Arnault Receives MoMa's David Rockefeller Award". WWD. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Arnault&oldid=1259080654"