Ben Fee
Ben Fee (张恨棠/木云) (September 3, 1908 – July 3, 1978)[1] was an American writer and labor organizer who rose to prominence in the Chinatowns of San Francisco and New York in the mid-twentieth century.[2] He was president of the Chinese Workers Mutual Aid Association and leader of the Chinese section of the United States Communist Party.[3]
Early years
[edit]Fee was born in Canton, China.[1] Fee's mother was "known as a 'bomb thrower' . . . and [his] father . . . a 'draft-dodger'"; he grew up reading Marx and Lenin, and from his early years was aware of racism against California's Chinese population and felt that organized labor could be a solution.[4]
In 1924, when the San Francisco restaurant Almond Blossom refused to serve Fee because he was Asian and other customers might object, he returned the next day with ten white friends who each ordered porterhouse steak, the most expensive item on the menu. Then Fee came in and was refused service on the same grounds given the day before. Fee then confronted the "customers" who, upon learning of the restaurant's policy, walked out of the restaurant, leaving the steaks cooking, unpaid for.[5]
Labor organizer
[edit]The son of a Chinese-American interpreter[6] Fee moved to the United States at the age of 13. In 1934 he was employed by the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union to organize Chinese garment workers in San Francisco. However his subsequent membership of and advocacy for the Communist Party alienated the Chinatown establishment and the union, which terminated his employment in 1938.[6]
Following marital problems and a difficult divorce, Fee relocated to New York and resumed his advocacy for organized labor. In the 1940s he was active in the Chinese Students Association, the Alaska Cannery Workers Union and the Chinese Workers Mutual Aid Association.[6]
Departure from Communist Party
[edit]The time and circumstances of Fee's departure from the Communist Party are vague. All that is known is that he either left or was expelled some time between 1940 and 1950. In 1972, he wrote a retrospective evaluation on the pre-World War 2 Chinese Communist movement in the United States, which contained both praise and criticism.[7]
Literary work
[edit]Fee rapidly became a prominent part of the New York Chinatown of the 1940s, and a writer of short works depicting the Chinese American experience of the post-World War II era. His mix of old-style cultural mores was popularized by author and vaudeville producer Frank Chin who caricatured Fee as a mix of the American "Wild West" and traditional Chinese thinking. Chin described Fee as:
... a bareknuckled, unmasked man, a Chinaman loner out of the old West, a character out of Chinese sword-slingers, a fighter.
— Frank Chin, Confessions of a Chinatown Cowboy[8]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Deaths (Published 1978)". The New York Times. July 9, 1978. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ Chin, Frank (October 1, 1972). "Confessions of the Chinatown cowboy". Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars. 4 (3): 58–70. doi:10.1080/14672715.1972.10406300. ISSN 0007-4810.
- ^ Ho, Fred Wei-han; Antonio, Carolyn (2000). Legacy to liberation: Politics and Culture of Revolutionary Asian Pacific America. AK Press. p. 385. ISBN 1-902593-24-3. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ Chun, Gloria Heyung (2000). Of orphans and warriors: inventing Chinese American culture and identity. Rutgers University Press. pp. 25–26, 29. ISBN 0-8135-2709-0. Archived from the original on December 15, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ Wong, Don. "Ben's Way." Chinese Americans Past & Present by Don Wong and Irene Dea Collier, 1977.
- ^ a b c Yung, Judy (1995). Unbound Feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco. University of California Press. pp. 213. ISBN 0-520-08867-0.
ben fee.
- ^ Lai, Him Mark (2009). Chinese America: History and Perspectives. Chinese Historical Society of America. pp. 12–36.
- ^ Lim, Shirley; Ling, Amy (1992). Reading the Literatures of Asian America. AK Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-87722-936-8. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
Further reading
[edit]- "Ben Fee: The Fox and the Tiger" by Frank Chin, in Bulletproof Buddhists and Other Essays, 1998.
- "Ben's Way" by Don Wong in Chinese Americans Past & Present by Don Wong and Irene Dea Collier, 1977. [ISBN missing]
- "On 'Mountain of Gold,' Seamstresses Find Pay Is Low," The New York Times, August 5, 1972