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Fall of Sanaa (2014)

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Fall of Sanaa
Part of the Yemeni Civil War (2014-present)

Old City of Sanaa
Date16–21 September 2014
(5 days)
Location
Sanaa, Yemen
Result

Houthi victory

Belligerents
Houthis

Yemen Government of Yemen

Commanders and leaders
Abdul-Malik al-Houthi
Mohammed Ali al-Houthi
Mohammed Abdul Salam		 Yemen Abdrabbuh Hadi
Yemen Mohammed Basindawa
Yemen Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar
Casualties and losses
100+ killed[4] Unknown
274[5]–340[6] killed overall

The fall of Sanaa in 2014 marked the advance of the Houthis into Sanaa, the capital of Yemen, and heralded the beginning of the armed takeover of the government that unfolded over the following months. Fighting began on 9 September 2014, when pro-Houthi protesters under the command of Abdul-Malik al-Houthi marched on the cabinet office and were fired upon by security forces, leaving seven dead. The clashes escalated on 18 September, when 40 were killed in an armed confrontation between the Houthis led by military commander Mohammed Ali al-Houthi and supporters of the Sunni hardliner Islah Party when the Houthis tried to seize Yemen TV,[7] and 19 September, with more than 60 killed in clashes between Houthi fighters and the military and police in northern Sanaa.[8][9] By 21 September, the Houthis captured the government headquarters, marking the fall of Sanaa.[7][10]

Background

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Main articles: Houthi insurgency in Yemen and Battle of Amran
See also: Yemeni Revolution and Siege of Dammaj

Zaydi Muslims loyal to Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, a powerful tribal leader from the northern Saada Governorate, participated in the Yemeni Revolution in 2011 and 2012. However, the Houthis also clashed with Islamists from Yemen's Islah party, with sporadic and sometimes intense fighting in the northern village of Dammaj, as well as several neighboring governorates. In January 2014, the Yemeni government began evacuating Wahhabi residents from Saada Governorate, handing victory in the region to the Houthis.[11] The Houthi insurgents pressed their advantage, seizing control of 'Amran in a bloody battle with Islah Party-aligned jihadists loyal to General Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar[12][13][14] and entering the Sana'a Governorate by July.[15]

In August, the Houthis began holding mass demonstrations in Sana'a, pressuring President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi to reverse a cut to fuel subsidies and calling on the government to step down. Representatives of the group met with government officials in an attempt to find a solution to the standoff, but the Houthis rejected the government's concessions as insufficient.[16]

On 9 September, Houthi protesters in northwest Sana'a were fired upon by security forces as they marched on the cabinet office. Seven were killed.[7]

Battle

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Houthis storm Sana'a

[edit]

Fighting broke out between the Houthis and army units in northwest Sana'a on 16 September and continued into the following day.[17]

On 18 September, fighting claimed 40 lives in the district where Yemen TV, the state broadcast station, is located in northern Sana'a. The Houthis and loyalists of the Islah Party, both heavily armed, fought over the neighbourhood.[7] The Houthis also reportedly attacked an army position, escalating the conflict further.[4] Flights into and out of Sana'a International Airport were suspended.[18]

Houthi fighters attacked Sana'a in earnest on 19 September, shelling the state television station and clashing with both government forces and Sunni militias[citation needed]. The Houthis took Saddeq Hill, overlooking Al-Iman University and the military headquarters of General Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar.[19] They also fired on a military aircraft, although it was unclear if they succeeded in forcing it down.[4] More than 60 were killed in clashes on 19 September.[8] President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi met with the ambassadors of G10 states and called the Houthi attack an "attempted coup" against his government. UN envoy Jamal Benomar urged a peaceful end to the fighting.[4]

Government bows to pressure

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Yemen TV continued to burn on 20 September as the Houthis advanced deeper into Sana'a.[4] That evening, Benomar announced an agreement that would end the crisis.[17]

By 21 September, the Houthis declared themselves in control of Sana'a,[20] having taken over the offices of the prime minister, the state television building, and military headquarters. Al-Ahmar's forces reportedly surrendered to the Houthis after fighting,[20] although the general himself was believed to have escaped capture.[21] The rebels signed a deal with the government, prompting Prime Minister Mohammed Basindawa to resign. However, they refused to sign an annex to the agreement under which security forces would resume control of areas seized by the Houthis and confiscate the Houthis' weapons. Nonetheless, Hadi declared an immediate ceasefire and urged all factions to respect the agreement.[22] Basindawa criticised Hadi in his resignation, saying "autocratic measures" shut him out of the political process and kept his government "in the dark" with regard to Yemen's deteriorating security situation.[17]

Sana'a was widely regarded as having fallen to the Houthis in just a handful of days. Several Arab publications described the events as "shocking" and suggested they marked a major turning point for the country, which had been labouring through a protracted political crisis since the 2011 uprising that dislodged longtime president Ali Abdullah Saleh.[7][20][21]

Aftermath

[edit]
Main article: Houthi takeover in Yemen

While the Houthis gained control of the capital and used the threat of force as leverage to wring concessions out of the government, including Basindawa's resignation, more subsidies on fuel, and a pledge to form a "unity government", they refrained from an immediate coup d'état.[2][17] However, the group maintained control of key points in the city, despite the government's call for the Houthis to turn them over to security forces, and it kept a firm grip on the government. In October, when Hadi moved to appoint his chief of staff, Ahmed Awad bin Mubarak, as prime minister to replace Basindawa, the Houthis effectively vetoed the choice.[23]

Al Jazeera later claimed to have received taped phone conversations between Ali Abdullah Saleh, the former president, and Houthi officials indicating that Saleh aided the Houthis in their takeover of Sana'a.[24] Saleh's party, the General People's Congress, joined the Houthis in announcing an eleventh-hour boycott of the unity government led by Hadi and Prime Minister Khaled Bahah in November.[25]

The Houthis continued to apply pressure on the weakened unity government, kidnapping bin Mubarak for several days in January 2015 in an attempt to gain more control over the drafting of a new constitution.[26] They stepped up their efforts by shelling Hadi's residence and capturing the presidential palace on 20 January, actions from which they had refrained in September 2014. These attacks prompted Hadi, Bahah, and the entire cabinet to resign.[27] The Houthis then took control of the House of Representatives, declared it dissolved, and installed a Revolutionary Committee to administer the country in February 2015.[28][29][30]

References

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  1. ^ "Yemeni PM Mohammed Basindawa resigns amid deadly clashes in capital". Z News. 22 September 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  2. ^ a b Harb, Khalil (22 September 2014). "Houthis take Sanaa but refrain from coup". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  3. ^ Ghobari, Mohammed (22 September 2014). "Houthis tighten grip on Yemen capital after swift capture, power-sharing deal". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e Madabish, Arafat (20 September 2014). "Yemen: Sana'a clashes escalate as Houthis advance". Asharq al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  5. ^ "Yemen: Civilian Toll of Fighting in Capital". Human Rights Watch. November 18, 2014.
  6. ^ "At least 340 killed in Yemen's week-long fighting". The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon.
  7. ^ a b c d e Karasik, Theodore (23 September 2014). "The fall of Sanaa: What next for Yemen?". Al Arabiya. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  8. ^ a b "60 Yemenis killed in Sanaa clashes: Source". Turkish Weekly. 19 September 2014. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  9. ^ "Houthi protesters, Yemen police clash in Sana'a". IRIB World Service. 19 September 2014. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  10. ^ "Yemeni PM resigns as government building falls to rebels". BBC News. 21 September 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  11. ^ "Salafis forced to flee Dammaj, government forces unable to protect them, they say". ReliefWeb. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  12. ^ Salisbury, Peter (19 August 2014). "Houthi Shia rebels threaten Yemen's transition to democracy". Financial Times. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  13. ^ Schmitz, Charles (28 August 2014). "THE FALL OF AMRAN AND THE FUTURE OF THE ISLAH PARTY IN YEMEN". Yemen Times. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  14. ^ "Yemen president says Houthis agree to return town to state control". Reuters. 23 July 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  15. ^ "THE HOUTHIS: FROM A LOCAL GROUP TO A NATIONAL POWER". Yemen Times. 4 September 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  16. ^ Ghobari, Mohammed (22 August 2014). "Tens of thousands of Yemeni Houthis protest against govt in capital". Reuters. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  17. ^ a b c d al Shrhabi, Adel Moujahed (29 September 2014). "Houthi victory is defeat for Yemen's Islah". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  18. ^ "Yemeni president accuses Houthis of coup attempt". Al-Akhbar. 20 September 2014. Archived from the original on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  19. ^ Salisbury, Peter (19 September 2014). "Houthi militants clash with army in Yemen capital of Sana'a". Financial Times. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  20. ^ a b c Al-Batiti, Saeed (September 2014). "Yemenis are shocked by Houthis' quick capture of Sana'a". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  21. ^ a b al-Zarqa, Ahmed (22 September 2014). "Yemen: Saudi Arabia recognizes new balance of power in Sanaa as Houthis topple Muslim Brothers". Al-Akhbar. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  22. ^ Ghobari, Mohammed (21 September 2014). "Houthi rebels sign deal with Yemen parties to form new government". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  23. ^ "Yemen's Houthi rebels reject Ahmed Awad bin Mubarak as PM". BBC News. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  24. ^ "Yemen's president and Houthis reach agreement". Al Jazeera. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  25. ^ "US blacklists Yemen ex-president Saleh, Houthi commanders". Middle East Eye. 9 November 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  26. ^ "Houthis free top aide to Yemen president". Al Jazeera. 27 January 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  27. ^ "Yemen crisis: President resigns as rebels tighten hold". BBC. January 22, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
  28. ^ "Yemen crisis deepens but Obama vows Qaeda pursuit". news.yahoo.com.
  29. ^ "Houthi Rebels Take Over Yemen's Government". The Huffington Post. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  30. ^ "Yemen's Houthi rebels announce government takeover". Al Jazeera. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
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