Battle of Reading (1688)

Battle of Reading
	Part of the Glorious Revolution
	; Map of Reading, 1611. Broad Street is marked with an "N" at upper left.
Date	9 December 1688
Location	Reading, Berkshire51°27′21″N 0°58′24″W / 51.4557°N 0.9733°W
Result	Dutch-Williamite victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of England Kingdom of Ireland;	Dutch Republic ; English rebels
Commanders and leaders
Patrick Sarsfield	William III of Orange Hans William Bentinck
Strength
600, Jacobites and Loyalists of James II	280 Dutch horse and dragoons; Reading militia, protestant trainbands
Casualties and losses
12	Few

See also Battle of Reading (871), Siege of Reading (1642–1643)

The Battle of Reading^[b] took place on 9 December 1688 in Reading, Berkshire. It was one of only two substantial military actions in England during the Glorious Revolution (the other being at Wincanton), and was a decisive victory for forces loyal to William III of Orange. The victory was celebrated in Reading for many years.^[1]

Prelude

On Wednesday 5 November 1688,^[a] William III, then the Prince of Orange and Stadtholder of the Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, and Overijssel provinces of the Dutch Republic, landed in Devon at the head of a Dutch army in an attempt to wrest control of the country.^[1] Five weeks later, on 7 December, the Prince of Orange and a strong body of troops had reached Hungerford. While there, English supporters came into the town, including several hundred cavalry headed by northern lords.

After retreating from Salisbury, King James II's main force was stationed on Hounslow Heath. On Saturday 8 December, James sent Lord Halifax, Lord Nottingham, and Lord Godolphin to confer with William. Halifax presented James' proposals: that the points of dispute would be laid before Parliament; and that while Parliament deliberated, William's army would not come nearer than 30 miles from London. Halifax then handed a letter from James to William. William asked his English advisers to discuss the proposals. They met under the chairmanship of Lord Oxford and, after a long debate, advised rejection. William decided to negotiate and put counter proposals in writing for Halifax to deliver to James.^[2]

Battle

James had posted an advance guard of 600 Irish Catholics under Patrick Sarsfield in Reading to stop the march of the Dutch towards London. As wild rumours – known as the Irish Fright – asserted they were planning to massacre the townsfolk,^[1] the inhabitants asked William for help. On Sunday 9 December, a relief force of 280 of William's dragoons was sent. Warned of the Jacobite positions, they attacked from an unexpected direction, and got into the centre of Reading, where Broad Street gives rise to one of the alternate names for this encounter.^[1]^[3] They were supported by Reading men shooting from windows. James' forces retreated in confusion; leaving an unknown number dead, with reports varying widely from twelve to fifty killed, depending on the account. The number of casualties for William's men is unknown however at least one is referred to as a Catholic officer.^[1] Many of the dead were buried in the churchyard of St Giles' Church.^[4]

The battle is described with blatant bias by Daniel Defoe in his A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain. His is, however, one of the few contemporary accounts. Defoe, who had supported, and possibly fought for, the Duke of Monmouth in his earlier rebellion against James II was welcoming of the Dutch invasion. He describes how a squadron of "Irish dragoons" was routed by the "irresistible fury" of a Dutch force who chased many of the fleeing soldiers to nearby Twyford.^[5]

Aftermath

James was already convinced that only Irish troops could be relied on to defend him, but their defeat by an inferior force and the willingness of the people of Reading to support a Protestant revolt against him underlined his insecurity. On Tuesday 11 December James fled London in an attempt to escape. Unsuccessful at first, he eventually escaped to France, where he found the support of Louis XIV, and then Ireland, where most of the population supported him. His last hopes of regaining the throne were dashed with his defeat in the Williamite War in Ireland.^{[citation needed]}

In light of proposals he had received from James while in Hungerford, William had decided not to immediately proceed to London, but to accept an invitation from the University of Oxford. On 11 December, William set off for Abingdon. On hearing of James's flight, he turned and headed down the Thames valley through Wallingford and Henley. He accepted the submission of the Jacobite troops he met on the way,^[2] arriving at Windsor on 14 December 1688.^[6]

Notes

^ ^a ^b All dates here use the Julian Calendar, which was in contemporary use in England; in the 17th century this was 10 days behind the Gregorian calendar used in Continental Europe, and in the UK today.
^ also known as the Battle of Broad Street or The Reading Skirmish or The Reading Fight

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Childs 2003.
^ ^a ^b Pihlens
^ Thorne 1847, p. 148.
^ Ford 2001.
^ Defoe, Daniel (1962) [1726]. A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain. Vol. 1. London: Everyman's Library. pp. 290–298.
^ Information Services.

Bibliography

Childs, W.M. (2003) [1905], "The Story of the Town of Reading", in Ford, David Nash (ed.), The Battle of Broad Street, Nash Ford Publishing, archived from the original on 26 September 2008, retrieved 3 August 2010
Ford, David Nash (2001), "Reading", History of Reading in the Royal County of Berkshire, Nash Ford Publishing, archived from the original on 22 January 2011, retrieved 12 December 2010
Information Services, William of Orange's Itinerary, University of Nottingham, retrieved 3 August 2010
Pihlens, Hugh. "William of Orange at the Bear". Hungerford Historical Association. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013.
Thorne, James (1847). Rambles by rivers: The Thames. Vol. 1, 2. C. Cox.