Battle of Holbeck Moor
| Battle of Holbeck Moor | ||||
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 Leeds Civic Trust plaque commemorating the event, during its unveiling on 29th September 2024 | ||||
| Date | 27 September 1936 | |||
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| Caused by | Opposition to a fascist march through Leeds | |||
| Methods | Protest | |||
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| Casualties and losses | ||||
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| Part of a series on |
| Anti-fascism |
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The Battle of Holbeck Moor was a clash between the British Union of Fascists and various anti-fascist demonstrators that took place in Holbeck, Leeds, on 27 September 1936.[1]
Background
[edit]Led by Oswald Mosley, the British Union of Fascists planned to march through the Leylands, a working-class Jewish quarter in Leeds. The Leeds City Watch Committee rejected their plans, fearing an outbreak of riots.[2][3] Since the committee had not banned the fascists from marching elsewhere, they changed the route to march from Calverley Street (in the city centre) to Holbeck Moor.
In the days before the march, anti-fascists (primarily the Communist Party of Great Britain) set about countering the march, distributing flyers to workers in the engineering, textile and tailoring factories and on working-class housing estates, calling for a mobilisation against Mosley and his fascists.[1][4] Due to differences, the Labour Party refused to attend and help the Communist Party.[1]
The night before the march, the Leylands was targeted with swastikas and slogans daubed on windows and doors,[5] and Jewish people were attacked in the streets.[6]
Events
[edit]On the 27th of September, the blackshirts met at Calverley Street, and were greeted with a small amount of booing. They then marched down the Headrow, Briggate, Meadow Lane, Dewsbury Road, Trentham Street, Tempest Road and Beeston Road, before finishing at the side of Holbeck Moor near St Matthew’s School.
Mosley joined the march near the end, at Beeston Road. On arriving at Holbeck Moor, the fascists were met by 30,000 anti-fascist demonstrators led by the Leeds Communist Party branch.[1] With horse-mounted police forces shielding the fascists, Mosley climbed on top of a van and attempted to give a speech, but was quickly drowned out by protesters who had surrounded the van, singing the socialist song 'The Red Flag' repeatedly.[7]
The stand-off then became violent, with protesters pelting Mosley and the blackshirts with stones. The excitement and danger grew as mounted police then went into the crowd to arrest those throwing stones. Realising they were vastly outnumbered, the fascists retreated with great difficulty from the moor.[1]
During the clash, Mosley was hit twice with stones,[4] resulting in a gash under one eye.[5] This wound was still visible when he attempted to march at Cable Street in London a week later.[4] 40 blackshirts were also injured,[5] of which 14 were treated at an infirmary.[1]
Aftermath
[edit]The Battle reinforced opposition to fascism in the city, and the news of the battle spread through anti-fascist movements elsewhere in the UK, and helped serve as inspiration in the planning for the more famous Battle of Cable Street, which took place on 4 October 1936 in London. In the build-up to Cable Street, publications such as the Daily Worker proclaimed that “what happened in Leeds must happen in East London!”[8][9][10][11]
The day after the march, Mosley made a statement in the Leeds Mercury:[1]
In a statement after the meeting, Sir Oswald Mosley said it was only a small number of men, organised for the purpose, who had tried to upset the meeting.
"Stones were aimed particularly at women Blackshirts," he said, "and the ambulances carrying the injured were stoned. Despite this organised violence the meeting was carried through according to schedule. "I thought the police handled the situation splendidly. I respect the decision of the Leeds Watch Committee not to interfere with our meeting."
— A Statement., Leeds Mercury 28th Sept 1936
The Leeds Mercury also published a list of names and addresses of the injured who received medical treatment, The participants were brought in from distant towns and cities such as Newcastle, Liverpool, Blackburn, Scunthorpe, Lincoln and Lancaster. Few were from Leeds.[4]
Legacy
[edit]
In January 2020, John Mann, Baron Mann cited the Battle in his maiden speech in the House of Lords, stating:[12]
"For 70 years my family lived alongside Holbeck Moor in those two-up, two-down, back-to-back terraces and cobbled streets. I cannot claim with certainty that one of them threw the cobble that put Mosley in hospital, but there were 30,000 heroes yet nothing recorded."
A blue plaque dedicated to the event was unveiled on 29 September 2024 at Holbeck Moor, to a crowd of over 300.[13] The plaque was commissioned by Stand Up To Racism and Leeds Civic Trust.[14] The unveiling was attended by Fabian Hamilton, Hilary Benn and Richard Burgon[13] as well as descendants of participants.[14] It is now fixed to the south wall of St Matthew's Church, facing the moor.
Further reading
[edit]- 'Remembering the battle of Holbeck Moor, 1936' by Janet Douglas (historian) in Publications of the Thoresby Society, 2nd series, vol. 33 (2023).
See also
[edit]- Battle of Stockton – an earlier incident between BUF members and anti-fascists in Stockton-on-Tees on 10 September 1933
- Battle of South Street – an incident between BUF members and anti-fascists in Worthing on 9 October 1934
- Battle of De Winton Field – a clash between BUF members and anti-fascists in the Rhondda on 11 June 1936
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g Libraries, Leeds (June 14, 2019). "Oswald Mosley and Leeds – The Battle of Holbeck Moor 27th September 1936".
- ^ "Peaky Blinders' fascist villain Oswald Mosley tried to spread far-right message in Leeds - but the city taught him a lesson". www.yorkshirepost.co.uk.
- ^ Bergen, Amanda (March 29, 2019). The unwalled ghetto: Mobility and anti-Semitism in the interwar period. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9781526123091 – via www.manchesterhive.com.
- ^ a b c d "The Battle of Holbeck Moor – the little-known precursor to Cable Street". Morning Star. 2024-09-30. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
- ^ a b c "Working Class History". stories.workingclasshistory.com. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
- ^ "Remembering the Battle of Holbeck Moor". tribunemag.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
- ^ "The dark day fascists marched in Leeds". www.yorkshirepost.co.uk.
- ^ "Remembering the Battle of Holbeck Moor". tribunemag.co.uk.
- ^ "John Mann: 30,000 people stood up to the Blackshirts on Holbeck Moor, we need to learn from that". www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk.
- ^ "1930s fascism inspires Tracy-Ann Oberman's Shylock". March 12, 2020.
- ^ Vinter, Robyn (2024-09-29). "Search for memories of day Leeds stood up to Oswald Mosley in 1936". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
- ^ "Reference at www.thejc.com".
- ^ a b "Hundreds of activists attend rally to recognise 1936 anti-fascist mobilisation". Morning Star. 2024-09-29. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
- ^ a b "Battle of Holbeck Moor: Blue plaque to mark anti-fascist protest". BBC News. 2024-09-29. Retrieved 2024-09-29.