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Battle of Gué-à-Tresmes

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Battle of Gué-à-Tresmes
Part of the Campaign of France of the Sixth Coalition

Kleist's Prussians may have witnessed a scene like this as the 2nd Old Guard Division advanced toward them. Photo is from a reenactment of the Battle of Waterloo.
Date28 February 1814
Location
Congis-sur-Thérouanne, French Empire
49°00′28″N 2°58′34″E / 49.00778°N 2.97611°E / 49.00778; 2.97611
Result French victory
Belligerents
First French Empire France Kingdom of Prussia Prussia
Russian Empire Russia
Commanders and leaders
First French Empire Auguste de Marmont
First French Empire Édouard Mortier		 Kingdom of Prussia Friedrich von Kleist
Russian Empire Peter Kaptzevich
Strength
10,000–14,000 12,000
Casualties and losses
250 killed, wounded, or captured Prussia:
945–1,035 killed, wounded, or captured
Russia:
400 killed, wounded, or captured
Total casualties:
1,345–1,435 killed, wounded, or captured
Battle of Gué-à-Tresmes is located in France
Battle of Gué-à-Tresmes
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Location within France
War of the Sixth Coalition:
Campaign in north-east France
Map
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Maps: terms of use
200km
125miles
Paris
22
Battle of Paris (1814) from 30 to 31 March 1814
21
Battle of Saint-Dizier on 26 March 1814
20
Battle of Fère-Champenoise on 25 March 1814
19
Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube from 20 to 21 March 1814
18
Battle of Limonest on 20 March 1814
17
Battle of Reims (1814) from 12 to 13 March 1814
16
Battle of Mâcon (1814) on 11 March 1814
15
Battle of Laon from 9 to 10 March 1814
14
Battle of Craonne on 7 March 1814
13
Battle of Laubressel on 3 March 1814
12
Battle of Saint-Julien (1814) on 1 March 1814
11
10
Battle of Montereau on 18 February 1814
9
Battle of Mormant on 17 February 1814
8
Battle of Vauchamps on 14 February 1814
7
Battle of Château-Thierry (1814) on 12 February 1814
6
Battle of Montmirail on 11 February 1814
5
Battle of Champaubert on 10 February 1814
4
Battle of Lesmont on 2 February 1814
3
Battle of La Rothière on 1 February 1814
2
Battle of Brienne on 29 January 1814
Bar-sur-Aube
1
First Battle of Bar-sur-Aube on 24 January 1814 Second Battle of Bar-sur-Aube on 27 February 1814
  current battle
  Napoleon in command
  Napoleon not in command

The Battle of Gué-à-Tresmes (28 February–1 March 1814) was fought between 14,500 French troops led by Marshals Auguste de Marmont and Édouard Mortier and 12,000 Prussians commanded by Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf and Friedrich von Katzler. On 28 February the French attacked and drove the Prussians to the north along the west bank of the river Ourcq. That evening and the next day Kleist tried to push the French back while Russian units under Peter Mikhailovich Kaptzevich tried to cross from the east to the west bank of the Ourcq; the Allies were unsuccessful. Gué-à-Tresmes (Tresmes Ford) is located where Route D405 crosses the Thérouanne stream about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of Meaux.

In late February, Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher's Allied Army of Silesia advanced west toward Paris, pressing a badly outnumbered French force before it. When Kleist's Prussian II Corps took a menacing position on the north bank of the river Marne near Meaux, the French attacked and pushed their adversaries back. When he learned that Napoleon's army was fast approaching from the southeast, Blücher abandoned the effort to force a way past Marmont and Mortier and began retreating to the north. The action occurred during the Campaign in north-east France, part of the War of the Sixth Coalition.

Background

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Schwarzenberg retreats

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On 18 February 1814, Napoleon mauled a Coalition corps led by Crown Prince Fredrick William of Württemberg in the Battle of Montereau. After this defeat the Austrian field marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg ordered the Army of Bohemia to withdraw to Troyes. Schwarzenberg requested that his ally Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher help defend his northern flank at Méry-sur-Seine; the Prussian general immediately marched to his aid. The Austrian intended to offer battle on 21–22 February near Troyes. However, bad news from his commander in the south, Prince Frederick VI of Hesse-Homburg altered his plans. With Marshal Pierre Augereau threatening to retake Chalon-sur-Saône and Jean Gabriel Marchand marching on Geneva, Schwarzenberg detached Vincenzo Federico Bianchi and the Austrian I Corps plus other troops. Bianchi was ordered to march to Dijon and reinforce Hesse-Homburg's forces.[1]

At Troyes, Schwarzenberg had 90,000 troops and Blücher had 50,000 soldiers to pit against 75,000 men under Napoleon. Schwarzenberg's intelligence services habitually overrated French strength so he remained unaware of his nearly two-to-one superiority. The Allied soldiers had worn-out uniforms and not enough food in a region that had been stripped of supplies by both sides. On 22 February the French launched probing attacks on the Allied positions from Méry to Troyes. That day, Marshal Nicolas Oudinot's infantry cleared Méry of enemy troops and gained a foothold on the far bank, but they proved unable to hold their bridgehead against Coalition counterattacks.[2] In this action, 3,600 French troops from Pierre François Xavier Boyer's division fought against 5,000 Russians from Alexei Grigorievich Scherbatov's VI Infantry Corps of Fabian Wilhelm von Osten-Sacken's command and 1,200 men from Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg's Prussian I Corps.[3] That evening Schwarzenberg ordered his army to withdraw behind the river Seine, except for Ignaz Gyulai's III Corps, which was directed to move southeast to Bar-sur-Seine.[2]

Disappointed that his Austrian colleague was determined to retreat, Blücher requested permission to operate independently and it was granted him. He hoped to join forces with two corps under Ferdinand von Wintzingerode and Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow and advance toward Paris by a northerly route. Meanwhile, on 23 February Schwarzenberg's army withdrew to the east. The Coalition leaders sent an envoy to Napoleon to propose a truce, but the emperor's unreasonable conditions nixed the plan.[4]

Blücher's offensive

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Old map shows the area on the river Marne between Meaux (west) and Dormans (east) with Chateau-Thierry in the center. Gué-à-Tresmes can be seen at left. Meaux (not labeled) is the city on the river at the lower left.
Map of the battle area shows Gué-à-Tresmes at left and Meaux (not labeled) on the river Marne at the lower left map edge. Kleist was driven back toward La Ferté-Milon at top left.

With 53,000 troops,[5] Blücher's Army of Silesia began moving north on the morning of 24 February, destroying the bridges at Arcis-sur-Aube and Plancy-l'Abbaye behind it. That evening he received an order from Schwarzenberg to withdraw east and form the right flank of the Army of Bohemia. Since this would have exposed his march to a French attack, Blücher ignored his instructions and continued marching northwest toward Sézanne.[6] Marshal Auguste de Marmont was at Sézanne with 6,000 soldiers on the evening of 24 February.[7] Detecting the build up of Allied forces in his direction, the French marshal withdrew to the Vindey heights to the west of Sézanne. On 26 February Marmont fell back west toward La Ferté-Gaucher,[6] while calling for Marshal Édouard Mortier to join him at La Ferté-sous-Jouarre. Between Marmont and Mortier there were only 10,000 soldiers.[8]

Painting of a man with dark hair, eyebrows and sideburns. He wears a dark blue military uniform with epaulettes, a high collar, many decorations and a red sash across his shoulder.
Auguste de Marmont

On 27 February the two French marshals burned the bridge at La Ferté-sous-Jouarre before crossing the river Marne at Triport. Once on the west bank, Mortier turned[9] north toward Varreddes while Marmont moved east toward Meaux.[10] Forming the rearguard, Étienne Pierre Sylvestre Ricard's 8th Infantry Division and Jean-Pierre Doumerc's cavalry[11] repulsed Fabian Gottlieb von Osten-Sacken's pursuing troops and burned the bridge at Trilport.[10] As Marmont's troops approached Meaux, they found Russians in possession.[11] Sacken's Russian cavalry[10] appeared at the first bridge at Meaux and routed the 1,600 French National Guards that defended the span. The Russians quickly fanned out into the city streets while a 4-gun battery began shelling the market place. Marmont quickly gathered up the nearest available body of French soldiers and led them in an attack that drove the Russians back to the bridge. French artillery rapidly moved through the city streets and silenced the Russian battery. The French sustained 100 casualties in the skirmish.[11] Marmont finally gained control of the Meaux bridge and demolished it.[10]

Earlier, Mortier detached a force of 300 cavalry and 500 infantry led by Henri Baltazard Vincent.[11] Finding himself isolated at Château-Thierry, Vincent slipped out of the city on the night of 26 February. With Allied forces at large in the area, Vincent's soldiers abandoned the main roads and moved across country to reach Lizy-sur-Ourcq. In doing so, Vincent avoided Friedrich von Katzler's Prussian advanced guard which counted three cavalry regiments, three fusilier (light infantry) and two grenadier battalions, two jäger companies and a half-battery of artillery. During the day Katzler reached the Marne at La Ferté-sous-Jouarre and established a bridge at Sammeron.[12] After crossing the river, Katzler found Vincent's force at Lizy-sur-Ourcq and drove it out of the village. Behind him, Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf's Prussian II Corps crossed to the north bank of the Marne.[10]

Marmont and Mortier informed Joseph Bonaparte at Paris of their predicament; they were badly outnumbered and the capital was threatened. Raking up every available soldier from the Paris depots, Joseph immediately sent 1,300 foot soldiers and 100 lancers to the two marshals. Soon afterward, the 3,600-man 3rd Provisional Guard Infantry Division under Paul-Jean-Baptiste Poret de Morvan was organized and sent, together with 800 cavalry and 48 artillery pieces.[12] After Blücher's army left his front, Napoleon was not sure of its intentions or direction. The French emperor left Marshal Claude Perrin Victor's corps at Méry-sur-Seine and Marshal Michel Ney's corps at Arcis-sur-Aube to watch to the north. On 26 February Napoleon reinforced Ney with Nicolas-François Roussel d'Hurbal's cavalry division and Pierre Boyer's infantry brigade. Even so, Napoleon did not believe Blücher was driving toward Paris.[13] On the morning of 27 February, Napoleon finally received conclusive reports that Blücher's army was advancing on Paris and had gained a 3-day head start.[14] The French emperor ordered Marshal Jacques MacDonald to take command of the 42,000 troops opposing Schwarzenberg along the river Aube. MacDonald would have the II, VII and XI Corps and the II Cavalry, V Cavalry and VI Cavalry Corps. Napoleon took 35,000 troops and began marching northwest toward Sézanne and La Ferté-Gaucher in Blücher's wake.[15] At nightfall on 27 February, Victor, the Imperial Guard and Napoleon were in Sézanne while Ney's infantry, the Imperial Guard cavalry and Roussel's cavalry were in Esternay, west of Sézanne. The cavalry of Étienne Tardif de Pommeroux de Bordesoulle and the infantry of Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova were coming up on Ney's left flank.[16]

Battle

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28 February action

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Black and white print shows a clean-shaven man holding a sword with a bicorne hat tucked under his left arm. He wears a plain dark military uniform with an Iron Cross and several other decorations.
Friedrich von Kleist

Kleist's Prussians rebuilt the bridge over the river Ourcq at Lizy and crossed to the west bank. They swung left and moved southwest to the Thérouanne stream. Since Sacken had pulled back from Meaux, Marmont and Mortier deduced that Blücher intended to envelop their left flank near Lizy. Therefore, on 28 February the two marshals moved northeast toward Lizy where they knew Kleist spent the previous night.[17] Leading Mortier's advanced guard, Vincent[12] bumped into Kleist's forward positions at Gué-à-Tresmes at 4:00 pm. Farther west near Étrépilly, Vincent cavalry charged and threw back Katzeler's outpost line. The 2nd Old Guard Division under Charles-Joseph Christiani appeared in front of Gué-à-Tresmes and took the Prussian positions under fire with 24 artillery pieces. Katzeler had the Haase Combined Fusilier Battalion, the Fusilier Battalion of the 2nd West Prussian Regiment and the Hüllesheim Combined Musketeer Battalion in line to oppose the French. Kleist sent the Brandenburg Uhlans to guard Katzeler's left flank while ordering Colonel Blücher's cavalry brigade to support the right flank.[18]

An artillery duel between French and Prussian cannons followed, during which Kleist formed his 9th and 10th Brigades on both sides of the main highway. Christiani sent his 1st Brigade to attack Gué-à-Tresmes in front while the Fusilier-Chasseur Regiment hit the village on the right side. The assault was successful in forcing the Linsingen Combined Battalion, the 2nd Silesian Combined Battalion and two more battalions to withdraw from Gué-à-Tresmes. As Kleist's corps withdrew to the northeast, the Prussians dismantled the bridge at Lizy. Mortier's corps swung to the right to face Lizy while Marmont's corps aggressively plunged after Kleist's men. The Prussian 9th Brigade made a stand at Le Plessis-Placy and a charge by one squadron of the Silesian Uhlans managed to stop two pursuing French battalions.[18]

By midnight Kleist's corps was pushed behind the Gergogne stream. Back at Lizy, Mortier repulsed an assault by two regiments from Peter Mikhailovich Kaptzevich's Russian corps. Kleist believed that he faced Napoleon because the French soldiers yelled "Vive l'Empereur" (Long live the emperor).[17] The French pursuit ended at 1:00 am on 1 March at May-en-Multien. By this hour the Prussian 9th Brigade was at Neufchelles and 10th Brigade farther north at Mareuil-sur-Ourcq. The Prussians lost 11 officers and 934 rank and file in the battle.[18] A long artillery bombardment lasted until the next morning, punctuated by bursts of musketry. In this phase of the battle, Russian casualties numbered 400 men, the Prussians lost 150–200 and the French 80 soldiers.[18] Historian Digby Smith estimated French losses as 250 and Prussian losses as 1,035 killed, wounded and missing.[19]

1 March action

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Édouard Mortier

Blücher received a report from Cossack commander Friedrich Karl von Tettenborn that Napoleon was approaching.[12] Recalling his drubbing in the Six Days' Campaign at the beginning of February, the Prussian field marshal immediately began transferring his army to the north bank of the Marne. By 2:00 pm on 1 March, the guns of Napoleon's advanced guard were throwing shells across the river, but it was too late to catch the Allies.[20] By 10:00 am that morning, Blücher's rear guard cavalry under Fyodor Karlovich Korf safely crossed to the north bank of the Marne.[21] Blücher had hoped to fight Napoleon with the bulk of his army, while Kleist dealt with Marmont and Mortier. Since Kleist fumbled, the Prussian army commander ordered Kleist into action again while committing major units to attack Marmont and Mortier. Yorck's I Prussian Corps marched to Crouy-sur-Ourcq while Kaptzevich and Korf moved to Gesvres farther south. Sacken at Lizy-sur-Ourcq would cover the shift while the Army of Silesia's wagon and pontoon trains were ordered northeast to Gandelu, in case a retreat to Oulchy-le-Château became necessary.[20]

While Napoleon was stalled by having to cross the Marne, Blücher planned to launch Yorck and Kaptzevich across the Ourcq at Crouy. Yorck found the Crouy bridge destroyed so he marched north to cross at Fulaines. Sacken was drawn into a noisy skirmish at Lizy and unable to lend support. Finding that his plans were not being carried out, at 6:00 pm Blücher ordered Kaptzevich to force a crossing at Gesvres. Despite being opposed by Doumerc's cavalry, the Russian corps commander pushed his leading elements onto the west bank. Marmont swiftly brought up his infantry and, after a stiff fight, overran Kaptzevich's small bridgehead, capturing 280–300 Russians.[21] Kleist's attack also failed, leaving both sides in the same position as before.[22] That night Poret de Morvan's division marched into the French camp accompanied by the rumble of 48 guns and loud cheers. Despite their great numerical advantage, the morale of the Allied soldiers sank.[21]

Result

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Painting shows a sad-looking man in a hussar uniform.
Hans von Zieten

On 2 March, Blücher began retreating north in the direction of Soissons. While Yorck withdrew through Château-Thierry, Kaptzevich pulled back to La Ferté-Milon and Sacken fell back to Ancienville. Bringing up the rear was Kleist, who was directed to send a probe south toward May-en-Multien. Led by Hans Ernst Karl, Graf von Zieten, the Silesian Hussars, Neumark Dragoons, Silesian Uhlans and two horse artillery batteries set out, supported by five battalions from the 9th Brigade. As the Prussian reconnaissance force emerged from Neufchelles, Christophe Antoine Merlin's 1st Light Cavalry Division charged them. Merlin was driven back but Ricard's 8th Division and Joseph Lagrange's 3rd Division soon appeared with 12 heavy caliber cannons. In the artillery duel that followed, six Prussian guns were knocked out of action and Zieten decided to retreat at 5:00 pm. Kleist fell back to Mareuil-sur-Ourcq but was unable to cross the river because the other corps had not passed.[23] Not realizing the situation, Marmont did not press the Allies hard. Instead he simply bombarded Mareuil and Kleist got away.[24]

Napoleon had no pontoon train, which slowed him down considerably.[20] His army finally bridged the Marne at 2:00 am on 3 March, moving Louis Friant's 1st Old Guard Division, the Imperial Guard cavalry, Emmanuel de Grouchy's line cavalry and Ney's corps to the north bank. Napoleon directed Victor and Arrighi to march to Château-Thierry. On 3 March, Marmont and Mortier crossed the Ourcq at La Ferté-Milon. Napoleon's plan was to drive the Allies back towards Oulchy-le-Château.[24] That day there was a skirmish at Neuilly-Saint-Front in which the French failed to trap the retreating Allies. Nevertheless, the French inflicted 500–600 casualties on Blücher's army.[25] During the day Blücher attempted to get in touch with Bülow and Wintzingerode who he hoped to join. He finally decided to withdraw behind the river Aisne.[26] The next major engagement would be the Battle of Craonne on 7 March 1814.[27]

Forces

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French order of battle

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14 Feb. to 17 Mar. 1814 organization of the Guard, VI Corps and I Cavalry Corps[28]
Corps Division Brigade Units
Guard Corps:
Marshal Édouard Mortier 		2nd Old Guard Division:
General of Division
Charles-Joseph Christiani 		Unknown commander Fusilier Chasseur Regiment
Fusilier Grenadier Regiment
Vélites of Turin
General of Brigade
Jean-Louis Gros 		Flanqueur Chasseur Regiment
Flanqueur Grenadier Regiment
Vélites of Florence
2nd Young Guard Division:
General of Division
Philibert Jean-Baptiste Curial[note 1] 		General of Brigade
Lagrange 		5th Voltiguer Regiment
6th Voltiguer Regiment
General of Brigade
Jacques Le Capitaine 		7th Voltiguer Regiment
8th Voltiguer Regiment
VI Corps:
Marshal Auguste de Marmont 		3rd Division:
General of Division
Joseph Lagrange 		General of Brigade
Joseph Antoine de Joubert 		23rd and 37th Light Infantry Regiments
15th and 16th Line Infantry Regiments
70th and 121st Line Infantry Regiments
General of Brigade
Jean-Louis Fournier 		1st and 62nd Line Infantry Regiments
132nd Line Infantry Regiment
1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Marine Regiments
8th Division:
General of Division
Étienne Pierre Sylvestre Ricard 		General of Brigade
Pierre Pelleport 		6th Light Infantry Regiment
4th and 6th Line Infantry Regiments
136th Line Infantry Regiment
General of Brigade
Pierre Clavel 		6th and 19th Light Infantry Regiments
138th and 144th Line Infantry Regiments
1st Cavalry Division:
General of Division
Jean-Pierre Doumerc[19][note 2] 		General of Brigade
Cyrille Simon Picquet[29] 		1st Gardes d'Honneur Regiment
10th Hussar Regiment
Unknown 1st Provisional Hussar Regiment
2nd, 3rd and 4th Provisional Chasseurs à Cheval Regiments
I Cavalry Corps:
General of Division
Étienne Tardif de Bordesoulle 		1st Light Cavalry Division:
General of Division
Christophe Antoine Merlin 		General of Brigade
Pierre François Antoine Huber 		6th, 7th and 8th Hussar Regiments
1st, 3rd and 5th Chevau-léger Lancer Regiments
7th and 8th Chevau-léger Lancer Regiments
General of Brigade
Antoine Latour-Foissac 		1st, 2nd and 3rd Chasseurs à Cheval Regiments
6th, 8th and 9th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiments
16th and 25th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiments
1st Heavy Cavalry Division:
General of Division
Étienne Tardif de Bordesoulle 		General of Brigade
Nicolas Marin Thiry 		2nd and 3rd Cuirassier Regiments
6th and 9th Cuirassier Regiments
11th and 12th Cuirassier Regiments
General of Brigade
Joseph Alexandre Félix Laville 		4th, 7th and 14th Cuirassier Regiments
7th and 23rd Dragoon Regiments
28th and 30th Dragoon Regiments

Allied order of battle

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16–24 February 1814 organization of the II Corps and Katzler's Brigade[30]
Corps Division Brigade Units
II Corps: General-Leutnant
Friedrich Kleist von Nollendorf
9,800 men 		Infantry 9th Brigade:
Generalmajor Franz Friedrich von Klüx 		1st West Prussian Infantry Regiment (1st, 2nd and Fusilier Battalions)
6th Reserve Infantry Regiment (two battalions)
Silesian National Hussar Regiment (four squadrons)
7th Silesian Landwehr Cavalry Regiment (four squadrons)
6-pounder Foot Battery Nr. 7 (Eight 6-pound cannons)
10th Brigade:
Generalmajor Georg Dubislav von Pirch 		2nd West Prussian Infantry Regiment (1st, 2nd and Fusilier Battalions)
Combined Fusilier Battalion von Haase
2nd Silesian Infantry Regiment (one battalion)
7th Reserve Infantry Regiment (one battalion)
1st Silesian Infantry Regiment (one battalion)
Schützen Battalion (two companies)
2nd Silesian Hussar Regiment (four squadrons)
8th Silesian Landwehr Cavalry Regiment (four squadrons)
6-pounder Foot Battery Nr. 8 (Eight 6-pound cannons)
Cavalry Reserve:
General-Leutnant Hans Ernst von Zieten 		Lieutenant Colonel von Blücher Neumark Dragoon Regiment (four squadrons)
1st Silesian Hussar Regiment (four squadrons)
Major von Wrangel Grand Duke Constantine Cuirassier Regiment (four squadrons)
Brandenburg Cuirassier Regiment (four squadrons)
Lieutenant Colonel von Haacke Silesian Cuirassier Regiment (four squadrons)
Silesian Uhlan Regiment (four squadrons)
Horse Artillery Horse Batteries Nr. 7 and Nr. 8 (16 6-pound cannons)
Artillery Reserve:
Lieutenant Colonel von Lehmann 		Horse Batteries Nr. 9 and Nr. 10 (16 6-pound cannons)
6-pounder Batteries Nr. 9 and Nr. 11 (16 6-pound cannons)
7-pounder Howitzer Battery Nr. 1
I Corps: General-Leutnant
Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg 		Cavalry Reserve:
Generalmajor Georg von Jürgass 		Generalmajor Friedrich von Katzler Brandenburg Hussar Regiment (four squadrons)
Brandenburg Uhlan Regiment (four squadrons)

Notes

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Footnotes
  1. ^ Curial's division dramatically changed organization between 14 February and 17 March. The earlier units and the later commanders are shown. The only General Lagrange found in the sources (French Wikipedia, Broughton) was the one leading Marmont's 3rd Division.
  2. ^ Doumerc's division is omitted by Nafziger but its composition is listed in Smith.
Citations
  1. ^ Petre 1994, pp. 86–87.
  2. ^ a b Petre 1994, pp. 88–89.
  3. ^ Smith 1998, pp. 499–500.
  4. ^ Petre 1994, pp. 90–91.
  5. ^ Nafziger 2015, p. 220.
  6. ^ a b Nafziger 2015, pp. 224–225.
  7. ^ Petre 1994, p. 94.
  8. ^ Petre 1994, p. 97.
  9. ^ Petre 1994, p. 101.
  10. ^ a b c d e Petre 1994, p. 102.
  11. ^ a b c d Nafziger 2015, p. 226.
  12. ^ a b c d Nafziger 2015, p. 227.
  13. ^ Petre 1994, pp. 97–98.
  14. ^ Petre 1994, pp. 98–99.
  15. ^ Petre 1994, pp. 100–101.
  16. ^ Petre 1994, p. 103.
  17. ^ a b Petre 1994, p. 105.
  18. ^ a b c d Nafziger 2015, p. 228.
  19. ^ a b Smith 1998, p. 505.
  20. ^ a b c Petre 1994, p. 106.
  21. ^ a b c Nafziger 2015, p. 229.
  22. ^ Petre 1994, p. 107.
  23. ^ Nafziger 2015, p. 230.
  24. ^ a b Nafziger 2015, p. 231.
  25. ^ Nafziger 2015, p. 232.
  26. ^ Petre 1994, p. 110.
  27. ^ Smith 1998, p. 507.
  28. ^ Nafziger 2015, pp. 604–606, 681–683.
  29. ^ Nafziger 2015, p. 582.
  30. ^ Nafziger 2015, pp. 621–623, 634.

References

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  • Nafziger, George (2015). The End of Empire: Napoleon's 1814 Campaign. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company. ISBN 978-1-909982-96-3.
  • Petre, F. Loraine (1994) [1914]. Napoleon at Bay: 1814. London: Lionel Leventhal. ISBN 1-85367-163-0.
  • Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill. ISBN 1-85367-276-9.

Further reading

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