Jump to content

Operation Serval

Coordinates: 16°16′00″N 0°03′00″W / 16.2667°N 0.0500°W / 16.2667; -0.0500
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Battle of Dayet in Maharat)
See also: African-led International Support Mission to Mali and EUTM Mali

Operation Serval
Part of the Mali War and the Islamist insurgency in the Sahel


(Top) A French Dassault Rafale of squadron 2/92 "Aquitaine" refuels from a KC-135 Stratotanker over Africa on 17 March 2013.

(Bottom) French troops arriving in Bamako.
Date11 January 2013 – 15 July 2014 (1 year, 6 months and 4 days)
Location
Mali
Result

Malian/French victory

  • All major cities controlled by French and Malian troops.
  • France launched Operation Barkhane on 1 August 2014.
Belligerents

France France
Mali Mali
 Chad
 Nigeria
 Burkina Faso
 Senegal
 Togo
Azawad MNLA (latter part of conflict)
AFISMA
Supported by:
 Belgium
 Canada
 Denmark
 Germany
 Netherlands
 Spain
 Sweden
 Poland
 Australia
 United Arab Emirates
 United Kingdom

 United States

Islamic militants

Commanders and leaders

France François Hollande
France ADM. Édouard Guillaud
Mali Dioncounda Traoré (until 4 Sept. 2013)
Mali Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (from 4 Sept. 2013)
Chad Mahamat Déby Itno

Azawad Bilal Ag Acherif		 Abdelhamid Abou Zeid  †
Iyad ag Ghali[2]
Omar Ould Hamaha  †[3]
Mokhtar Belmokhtar
Abdel Krim  †[4]
Strength

4,000 French troops deployed (5,100 involved in total),[5]

2,900 AFISMA[6]

Elements of:

  • between 5,000 and 10,000 fighters (Ansar Dine)[7]
  • 1,000 fighters (AQIM)[7]
  • 500 fighters (MOJWA)[7]
Casualties and losses

France 9 killed[8][9]
1 Gazelle helicopter lost[10]
Mali 82 killed[11][12][13]
Chad 38 killed[14]
Azawad 17 killed, 60 wounded[11]
Nigeria 2 killed[15]
Burkina Faso 1 killed[11]
Togo 1 killed[11]

Senegal 2 killed[16]		 Between 600 and 1,000 killed[17][18]
50 vehicles destroyed, 150 tons of ammunitions and 200 weapons seized, 60 IEDs defused[10]
109-300 captured[19]

Operation Serval (French: Opération Serval) was a French military operation in Mali.[20] The aim of the operation was to oust Islamic militants from the north of Mali,[21] who had begun a push into the center of Mali.[22]

Operation Serval followed the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2085 of 20 December 2012 and an official request by the Malian interim government for French military assistance.[23] The operation ended on 15 July 2014, and was replaced by Operation Barkhane, launched on 1 August 2014 to fight Islamist fighters in the Sahel.[24] Three of the five Islamic leaders, Abdelhamid Abou Zeid, Abdel Krim and Omar Ould Hamaha were killed, while Mokhtar Belmokhtar fled to Libya and Iyad ag Ghali[25] fled to Algeria.[26]

The operation is named after the serval, a medium-sized African wild cat.

Background

[edit]
Main article: Mali War

In January 2012, following an influx of weapons that occurred after the Libyan Civil War, Tuareg tribesmen of the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) began a rebellion against Mali's central government.[27] In April, the MNLA said it had accomplished its goals and called off its offensive against the government, proclaiming the independence of Azawad.[28] In June 2012, the MNLA came into conflict with the Islamist groups Ansar Dine and the Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MOJWA), after the Islamists began imposing Sharia in Azawad.[29]

By 17 July, MOJWA and Ansar Dine had pushed the MNLA out of all the major cities.[3] On 1 September 2012, the town of Douentza in the Mopti Region, until then controlled by the Ganda Iso militia, was taken by the MOJWA,[30] and on 28 November 2012, the MNLA was pushed out of Léré, Timbuktu Region, by Ansar Dine.[31]

Forces committed

[edit]

French Forces

[edit]

French Air Force

[edit]

Initially, the French Air Force deployed two Mirage F1 CR Reconnaissance from the 2/33 Savoie Reconnaissance Squadron and six Mirage 2000D fighter jets, which were already part of the French military Opération Épervier in Chad. Additionally, the Air Force deployed three KC-135 Stratotanker planes, as well as one C-130 Hercules and one Transall C-160 transport planes from the French airbase in N'Djamena.[32]

On 13 January, four Rafale fighter jets of the 1/7 Provence Fighter Squadron flew from the Saint-Dizier Airbase in France to attack targets in the city of Gao. The Rafale planes then proceeded to N'Djamena and would remain based there for the duration of the conflict.[33] By 16 January, the French Air Force dispatched two additional KC-135 Stratotanker planes and two Harfang UAVs from the 1/33 Belfort Reconnaissance Squadron to N'Djamena.[34]

To transport Army troops to Bamako, the Air Force used the Airbus A310 and A340 of the 3/60 Estérel Transport Squadron. On 23 January, a detachment of Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air was deployed to the airport in Bamako to provide security for the French Air Force assets stationed there and to execute combat search and rescue missions if necessary. Along with the Fusiliers, the Air Force deployed two Puma helicopters of the 1/67 Pyrénées Helicopter Squadron in the combat search and rescue role to Bamako.[35] On 25 January, the Air Force deployed two additional Rafale fighter jets and two additional KC-135 Stratotanker planes to N'Djamena, bringing the total to six Rafale jets and 5 KC-135's in the theater of operations.[36]

Transall C-160 transport planes from the 1/64 Béarn and 2/64 Anjou squadrons and C-130H Hercules transport planes from the 2/61 Franche Comté squadrons were used to ferry materiel to Bamako, while Transall C-160 transport planes from the 3/61 Poitou Transport Squadron flew reinforcements to the airport of Gao.[37]

French Army

[edit]
Insignia is on the brigade Serval. Based on that of the 3rd Mechanized Brigade with its motto: "One goal, victory" which was added to the map of Mali and insignia of formations that participated in operations in Mali in 2013.

French Army forces deployed included one company of the 21st Marine Infantry Regiment, an Armored Cavalry platoon of the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment and one company of the 2nd Marine Infantry Regiment.[32] On 14 January, the French Army Light Aviation transported Eurocopter Tiger HAP attack helicopters from the 5e Régiment d'Hélicoptères de Combat to Mali.[38] A company from the 3rd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment and soldiers from the 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment and the 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment, which are all currently deployed as part of Opération Licorne in Ivory Coast, left Abidjan in a convoy of 60 vehicles for the Malian capital of Bamako.[39][40]

The Commander of the French Land Forces, General Bertrand Clément-Bollée, announced that a company of the 92nd Infantry Regiment, equipped with VBCI Infantry fighting vehicles, has been sent to Mali. An additional three companies equipped with VBCI and one squadron equipped with Leclerc main battle tanks could be sent on short notice if required.[41] An armored company of the Marine Infantry Tank Regiment is being deployed to Mali as are CAESAR self-propelled howitzers.[42][43]

On 21 January, a company of the 3rd Marine Infantry Regiment arrived in Bamako to provide security for the allied airhead.[44] Ground operations are commanded by Brigadier General Bernard Barrera, commanding officer of the 3rd Mechanized Brigade.[35]

The following units of the French Army were involved in Mali during the first period of operation:

At the end of May 2013, the French Army began to draw down its forces in Mali. For further combat operations, a mixed combat group named GTIA Désert (Groupement tactique interarmes Désert) was activated in Gao, on 20 May 2013. Only this combat group will remain in the area for further combat operations and to support the MISMA, MINUSMA and EUTM Mali missions, as well as the Malian Army. The GTIA Désert is composed of the following units:[47]

French Navy

[edit]
The Mistral-class Dixmude, an amphibious assault ship and helicopter carrier of the French Navy.

The French Navy deployed five Breguet Atlantic long-range reconnaissance aircraft operating from Dakar in Senegal and transported two companies of the 92nd Infantry Regiment along with their equipment and military materiel on the Mistral-class amphibious assault ship Dixmude from Toulon to Dakar in Senegal.[48] Dixmude was escorted on her journey by the D'Estienne d'Orves-class corvette Lieutenant de vaisseau Le Hénaff.[49]

Special Forces

[edit]

National Gendarmerie

[edit]

The French National Gendarmerie deployed two platoons of gendarmes to Mali in the military police role:

  • 24/1 Mobile Gendarmerie Squadron, one platoon
  • 21/9 Mobile Gendarmerie Squadron, one platoon

Intelligence

[edit]

DGSE Service Action

Allied nations

[edit]
C-17 transport aircraft from the United States and Canada at Istres-Le Tubé Air Base preparing to load French forces, 21 January 2013.
French troops prepare for take-off inside a U.S. Air Force C-17 Globemaster III cargo aircraft in Istres, France.

These are the forces committed by the countries that support France (in alphabetical order):

Operations

[edit]
A map showing the fullest extent of rebel-held territory (January 2013), before it was re-taken by Malian and French forces.

The operation began on 11 January 2013, with French Army Gazelle helicopters armed with 20 mm cannons from the 4th Special Forces Helicopter Regiment attacking a rebel column near Sévaré. French forces suffered one casualty when a Gazelle attack helicopter came under small arms fire and one of the two pilots was hit. The pilot, Lt. Damien Boiteux, later died of his injuries. The other pilot managed to fly the helicopter back to base, but the aircraft was written off as lost due to the damage sustained.[76][77]

By 12 January, hundreds of French troops were involved in the military operation in Mali,[78] with special focus in the Battle of Konna. The Malian army claimed that, with their help, it had retaken Konna, which it had lost a few days earlier.[79] French airstrikes appeared to stop the rebel advance to the south which prompted the intervention[80] and destroyed an Ansar Dine command post near Konna.[81]

France asked the U.S. to speed up its contribution by sending drones to improve surveillance over the vast area of northern Mali. The Pentagon was reported to have studied the French request.[80] Meanwhile, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom announced that his country would lend logistical support to the operation.[82] ECOWAS troops preparing to deploy to Mali also decided to move up their arrival date to 14 January at the latest.[80]

According to Human Rights Watch, 10 civilians were killed when Malian forces fought to recapture Konna.[83]

On 13 January, French planes bombed rebels' positions in Gao. Air strikes hit a fuel depot and a customs house being used as a headquarters by the Islamist rebels. Dozens of Islamist fighters were killed.[84] A Malian security source put the number of dead fighters at 60.[85] On 15 January, the French defense minister confirmed that the Mali military had still not recaptured Konna from rebel forces, despite earlier claims that they did.[86]

On 15 January, French special forces entered the strategically important central town of Markala,[87] describing it as "secured" on 19 January.[88] The French and Malian forces launched a major ground offensive into the North of the country for the first time on 16 January.[89] Along with French help, Malian forces took back control of Konna on 18 January. On 21 January, the Malian military, with the aid of French air support, took possession of Diabaly.[90] The next day, Chadian forces began moving from Niger's capital city, Niamey, to Ouallam, a position some one-hundred kilometers south of the Malian border.[91]

On 25 January, it was reported that a combined force of French and Malian troops captured the town of Hombori, about 100 miles south of Gao. French forces also bombed Islamist troops and their supply stores around Gao.[92] This resulted in the destruction of two Islamist bases with fuel stocks and weapon dumps.[93]

On the morning 26 January, French forces captured the airport at Gao and seized the main Wabary bridge over the Niger River into Gao.[94][95] French special forces were also in action against rebels that had melted into the local population.[96] During the next few hours, the French-Malian forces assaulted the town of Gao, backed by French warplanes and helicopters. The Islamists lost a dozen fighters, while the French suffered no losses or injuries. A Malian army spokesman said on 27 January that the "Malian army and the French control Gao today".[94]

On the 27 January, French forces captured Timbuktu without resistance after Islamist fighters fled the city to avoid French airstrikes.[97][98] In capturing Timbuktu, documents left by AQIM were found revealing the strategic organization of the group.[99] After gaining the airport on 27 January, the next day, Malian and French military sources claimed that the entire area between Gao and Timbuktu was under government control and access to the city was available.[100][101][102]

Organization of the Serval Brigade from mid-February 2013 after the replacement of GTIA 1 with GTIA 3.

Three days after capturing Timbuktu, French and Malian forces entered the town of Kidal on 30 January, approximately 200 kilometers from the Algerian border. The town and its airport were taken without resistance from Islamic militants. It was the last major town to be held by the militants.[103] Despite the capture of all major towns, French and Malian forces clashed with Islamists outside Gao on 5 February. Several French troops suffered light wounds during the skirmish, which involved long-range small arms and rocket fire.[104] On 8 February, French and Chadian troops claimed to have occupied the town of Tessalit, near the Algerian border, and seat of one of the last airports still not controlled by the Malian government and its allies. The same day, the first suicide attack in the conflict took place in Gao, resulting in one Malian soldier injured and the death of the attacker.[105] On 10 February, the Islamists made an attack in Gao,[106] which was countered by French and Malian troops securing the nearby area of Bourem on 17 February.[107]

Two French Air Force Rafale fighter jets operating over Mali.

On 19 February, a French soldier (member of the French Foreign Legion) was killed during heavy fighting in the Adrar des Ifoghas mountains in the far North East of Mali near the Algerian border.[108] On 3 March, a French paratrooper was killed in the same area and the Chadian army announced the killing of the two Islamic Algerian leaders, Abdelhamid Abou Zeid and Mokhtar Belmokhtar. This was not confirmed by the French army.[109] On 5 March, the death of Abou Zeid was confirmed by a member of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).[110]

On 6 March, a French Army sergeant from the 68th African artillery regiment was killed during an operation in eastern Mali around 100 km (60 miles) from the town of Gao, the former stronghold of the Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MOJWA). On 17 March, a corporal from the 1st Marine Infantry Regiment was killed when his vehicle was hit by an Improvised explosive device in the south of Tessalit in the Adrar des Ifoghas massif. Three other soldiers were wounded by the explosion.[111]

On 30 March, the city of Timbuktu was attacked when a suicide bomber blew himself up at a Malian army checkpoint, allowing a group of rebels to infiltrate by night. A contingent of around fifty French soldiers supported by French fighter jets were then sent to reinforce the Malian army who could not repel the rebel attack. By 1 April, rebel presence in the city was cleared.[112] On 12 April, two suicide bombers detonated their belts, blowing themselves up near a group of Chadian soldiers, in a busy market in Kidal. At least three soldiers were killed in the explosion and a dozen of civilians were wounded.[113]

On 11 May 2013, the command of ground operations of in Mali passed from the 3e Brigade Mécanisée to the 6e Brigade Légère Blindée.[114] On 25 May 2013, French forces began their first stage of withdrawal when a convoy of lorries left Bamako for Ivory Coast, carrying equipment and vehicles no longer needed.[115] On 30 July, a French soldier was killed in a vehicle accident and a second soldier suffered injuries. This marked the ninth death among French soldiers killed in support of operations in Mali.

The second in command of AQIM, Hacene Ould Khalill, was killed during a raid by French special forces near Tessalit in November 2013.[116]

Battle of Dayet in Maharat

[edit]
Battle of Dayet en Maharat
Part of Northern Mali conflict
Date16–17 April 2014
Location
Dayet, Mali
Result French Victory
Belligerents
 France al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
Strength
Special Forces 20, 2 pickup trucks
Casualties and losses
None 10–12 killed

On the evening of 16 April 2014, the French army destroyed two pickup trucks containing jihadists north of Timbuktu. They then used air and ground forces to intercept other vehicles. During the night of 16 to 17 April, the French special forces, backed by troops from Operation Serval and helicopters come in contact with the Islamist fighters. The French began by firing warning shots, but the jihadists refused to surrender and opened fire. Faced with the advance of the French military, they abandoned their vehicles and ran, suffering more losses. According to the French Ministry of Defense "part of the terrorist group" is "neutralized. According to the staff of the armies, a dozen fighters are neutralized, that is to say killed.[117][118]

A number of hostages were abandoned by their jihadist captors at the beginning of the fight. The former hostages were then exfiltrated by the French military. Those released were Malians and four Tuaregs. On the evening of 17 April, in a joint statement, the French president and the president of Mali, announced the release of five hostages. The ICRC also published a statement in which he welcomed the release and said that two humanitarian workers had suffered minor injuries but their life was not in danger.

Reactions

[edit]

In the wake of the French deployment, ECOWAS said that it had ordered its African-led International Support Mission to Mali to be deployed immediately, and the European Union said it had increased preparations for sending a military training mission, EUTM Mali.[119]

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon hoped on 12 January that the French government's decision would "be consistent with the spirit" of UN Security Council resolution 2085 adopted in December.[120] Algerian foreign ministry spokesman Amar Belani expressed support for the Malian transitional authorities, and "noted that Mali has asked, in line with its sovereignty, for friendly powers to reinforce its national capacities to fight terrorism".[121]

Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Secretary General of NATO (2009-2014), said that he did not see a role for the NATO in Mali (NATO can't be the world's policeman, travelling from country to country, solving all the problems. So I think it's a good idea to have a division of labour. [..] the United Nation Security Council has mandated an African-led stabilisation force to take action in Mali).[122]

Germany could take part in any European training mission to Mali to help its government prepare troops to counter the insurgents, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said on 14 January. German foreign minister Guido Westerwelle ruled out the possibility of German armed forces taking part in a combat mission in Mali, but he also said Germany was prepared to help train the Mali Armed Forces.[123]

On 14 January, the Tuareg separatist MNLA declared it would fight alongside the French and even the Malian government to "end terrorism in Azawad". The spokesman also declared that the MNLA would be a more effective force than those of the neighboring West African nations "because of our knowledge of the ground and the populations".[124]

Mathieu Guidère, a scholar of Islam and the Arab world at the University of Toulouse, said in an interview published in the newsmagazine Jeune Afrique, that without the French military intervention the state of Mali would have fallen.[125]

France's stated rationale for the operation is that to do otherwise would allow "a terrorist state at the doorstep of France and Europe."[126]

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu praised the intervention in a phone call with French President François Hollande as "a brave step against extremist Islamic terrorism".[127]

Egypt's former President Mohammed Morsi criticized France's intervention.[128]

On 26 January, during the CELAC and European Union summit in Santiago de Chile, Colombia and Chile both expressed support for the French military intervention in Mali. Colombia's president, Juan Manuel Santos, stated that "Colombia has suffered so much from terrorism that it can not disagree with this action."[129]

A 2013 Al Jazeera poll found that 96% of Malians in Bamako supported French intervention.[130]

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Erforth, Benedikt (4 March 2020). Maiolo, Joseph A.; Mahnken, Thomas G.; Hoyt, Timothy D.; Rovner, Joshua R.; James, Alan; Bar-Joseph, Uri; Gooch, John; Perlmutter, Amos; Recchia, Stefano; Tardy, Thierry (eds.). "Multilateralism as a tool: Exploring French military cooperation in the Sahel". Journal of Strategic Studies. 43 (4). London, United Kingdom of Great Britain: Taylor & Francis Group (Informa UK Ltd): 560–582. doi:10.1080/01402390.2020.1733986. ISSN 0140-2390. S2CID 154160675.
  • Shurkin, Michael (2014). "CHAPTER TWO: Operation Serval" (PDF). In Pernin, Chris; Bonds, Tim; Gordon, John; Atler, Anthony; Boston, Scott; Madden, Dan; Pezard, Stephanie; Chivvis, Chris; Shapiro, Jeremy (eds.). France's War in Mali: Lessons for an Expeditionary Army (Report). Santa Monica, California, United States: RAND Corporation (RAND Army Research Division/RAND Arroyo Center's Force Development and Technology program). pp. 5–26. Retrieved 6 June 2021.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Comolli (2015), pp. 28, 103, 171.
  2. ^ Daniel, Serge (30 March 2012). "Mali's isolated junta seeks help to stop Tuareg juggernaut". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  3. ^ a b Nossiter, Adam; Schmitt, Eric (18 July 2012). Baquet, Dean; Louttit, Meghan; Corbett, Philip; Chang, Lian; Drake, Monica; Kahn, Joseph; Kingsbury, Kathleen; Sulzberger, A.G.; Levien, Meredith Kopit; Caputo, Roland A.; Bardeen, William; Dunbar-Johnson, Stephen; Brayton, Diane (eds.). "Jihadists' Fierce Justice Drives Thousands to Flee Mali". Africa section (World section). The New York Times. Vol. CLXI, no. 139. New York City, United States. p. A1. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  4. ^ "Un haut responsable d'Ansar Dine tué à Konna". 7SUR7.be. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  5. ^ "4600 soldats français mobilisés". Ledauphine.com. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  6. ^ "Opération Serval: point de situation du 28 janvier 2013" (in French). Defense.gouv.fr. 28 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  7. ^ a b c Salomé Legrand (14 January 2013). "Qui sont les islamistes à qui la France a déclaré la guerre ?". France Info. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  8. ^ "One more French soldier killed in Mali". Xinhua News Agency. 15 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  9. ^ In Memoriam
  10. ^ a b "RETEX Mali : les hommes et les matériels ont souffert mais ont tenu". defense.blogs.lavoixdunord.fr. 4 October 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  11. ^ a b c d "63 Mali soldiers, 600 Islamists 'killed this year'". En.starafrica.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  12. ^ "2 Killed, 1 Wounded in Mali Blasts". Voice of America. 31 March 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  13. ^ "Cinco militares mueren en Malí en un accidente de helicóptero". Terra. 12 April 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  14. ^ Nasser, Heba (27 August 2013). Haboush, Joseph; Habib, Osama; Nasser, Heba; Merehbi, Nazha; Quilty, Jim; Jabra, James; Obeid, Christele; Abboub, Nisrin; Halwain, Nadine; Mrowa, Kamel; Elbissar, Salma; Mrowa, Malek; Mrowa, Karim; Mroue, Jamil; Feghali, Madona (eds.). "Mali's new president thanks Chad for support against Islamists". The Daily Star (Libya). Bamako, Mali: The Daily Star Group. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  15. ^ "Two Killed, Four Injured in Bomb Attacks on Mali-bound Nigerian Troops at Okene". Saharareporters.com. 19 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  16. ^ "Car bomb kills UN peacekeepers in Mali". Al Jazeera English (Al Jazeera). Doha, Qatar: Al Jazeera Media Network (AJMN). Reuters. 14 December 2013. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  17. ^ "Mali : retour sur l'opération Serval avec le général Barrera". defense.blogs.lavoixdunord.fr. 1 October 2013.
  18. ^ 25 killed (10-20 March)[1] 21 killed (30 March)[2] 2 killed (12 April)[3] 5 killed (10 May)[4] 7 killed (18 May)[5]
  19. ^ "Torture, beatings, and death for detained Malians". United Nations. IRIN. 15 April 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  20. ^ "la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes". Le Monde (in French). 12 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  21. ^ Hugh Schofield (12 January 2013). "Mali and France 'push back Islamists'". BBC. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  22. ^ Nossiter, Adam; Schmitt, Eric; Gladstone, Rick; Sayare, Scott (12 July 2013). Baquet, Dean; Louttit, Meghan; Corbett, Philip; Chang, Lian; Drake, Monica; Kahn, Joseph; Kingsbury, Kathleen; Sulzberger, A.G.; Levien, Meredith Kopit; Caputo, Roland A.; Bardeen, William; Dunbar-Johnson, Stephen; Brayton, Diane (eds.). "Jihadists' Fierce Justice Drives Thousands to Flee Mali". Africa section (World section). The New York Times. Vol. CLXII, no. 140. New York City, United States. p. A1. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  23. ^ Security Council Authorizes Deployment of African-led International Support Mission in Mali for Initial Year-Long Period (full text of the resolution)
  24. ^ Au Sahel, l'opération «Barkhane» remplace «Serval» (in French)
  25. ^ "Le terroriste islamiste Mokhtar Belmokhtar serait en Libye". Radio France Internationale. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  26. ^ Jeune Afrique : Mali : Iyad Ag Ghaly se cache en Algérie, selon les services français
  27. ^ "Mali Besieged by Fighters Fleeing Libya". Stratfor. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  28. ^ "Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali". Al Arabiya. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  29. ^ Serge Daniel (27 June 2012). "Islamists seize north Mali town, at least 21 dead in clashes". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  30. ^ "Mali: des islamistes à la lisière Nord-Sud". Le Figaro. 1 September 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  31. ^ "Ban Ki-moon met en garde contre une intervention au Mali". Le Monde. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  32. ^ a b "Mali: lancement de l'opération Serval, Ministère de la Défense" (in French). Defense. 12 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  33. ^ "France Rafale jets target Gao in eastern Mali". BBC. 13 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  34. ^ "Secret défense". Marianne.net. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  35. ^ a b "Opération Serval : point de situation du 23 janvier 2013" (in French). Defense.gouv.fr. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  36. ^ "Opération Serval : point de situation du 24 janvier 18h au 26 janvier 12h" (in French). Defense.gouv.fr. 26 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  37. ^ Publié par mamouth leader (26 January 2013). "Le mamouth: Comment le COS a repris l'aéroport de Gao (actualisé-3)". Lemamouth.blogspot.com.au. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  38. ^ "Mali: La France lance ses Rafale et Tigre dans la bataille" (in French). Mer et Marine. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  39. ^ "Mali: la France veut " accélérer " l'opération militaire". Les Échos. France. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  40. ^ "Opération Serval: montée en puissance du dispositif et poursuite des opérations" (in French). Defense. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  41. ^ "Opération Serval au Mali : le Commandement des forces terrestres à Lille gère et devance la montée en puissance : Défense globale". Defense.blogs.lavoixdunord.fr. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  42. ^ "Mali: VBCI et Caesar engagés dans l'opération Serval". Forcesoperations.com. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  43. ^ "France sends more armoured vehicles in Mali to answer strong resistance of Islamist rebels". Army Recognition. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  44. ^ "Opération Serval : point de situation du 22 janvier 2013" (in French). Defense.gouv.fr. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  45. ^ "Opération Serval : point de situation du 4 février 2013" (in French). Defense.gouv.fr. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  46. ^ "Mali : les forces françaises et maliennes sont entrées dans Tombouctou". Le Monde. 28 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  47. ^ "Serval: rearticulation du dispositif" (in French). French Army - Armée de Terre. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  48. ^ "Opération Serval: Embarquement immédiat pour le 92e RI" (in French). Defense.gouv.fr. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  49. ^ "Opération Serval : point de situation du 24 janvier 2013" (in French). Defense.gouv.fr. 24 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  50. ^ "Belgien stellt zwei Flugzeuge und einen Hubschrauber für Mali" (in German). Europe Online. 20 November 2012. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  51. ^ "Canada sends C-17 to Mali". Castanet. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  52. ^ "France wants Canada's C-17 missions to Mali extended". CBC News. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  53. ^ "2 000 Tchadiens en route. Précision: ils n'appartiennent pas à la force de la CEDEAO : Lignes de défense". Lignesdedefense.blogs.ouest-france.fr. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  54. ^ "Le Tchad va envoyer 2 000 hommes au Mali". Libération. 16 January 2013. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  55. ^ yys (16 January 2013). "Mali: le Tchad soutient l'intervention militaire de la France". French.china.org.cn. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  56. ^ Wenande, Christian (15 January 2013). Hamilton, Ben; Wenande, Christian; Karpantschof, Johan; Sandal, Ejvind; Hermansen, Hans; Elkjær, Dorthe (eds.). "Air Force cargo plane heading to Mali". The Copenhagen Post (CPH Post). Copenhagen, Denmark: CPHPOST.DK ApS. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  57. ^ Elkjær, Dorthe; Wenande, Christian (10 December 2013). Hamilton, Ben; Wenande, Christian; Karpantschof, Johan; Sandal, Ejvind; Hermansen, Hans; Elkjær, Dorthe (eds.). "Denmark sending troops to UN mission in Mali". The Copenhagen Post (CPH Post). Copenhagen, Denmark: CPHPOST.DK ApS. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  58. ^ Süddeutsche.de GmbH, Munich, Germany (29 January 2013). "Dritte Transall-Maschine für Mali". Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved 22 November 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  59. ^ "Large majority in the German Bundestag approves the Mali mandate". Bundesregierung.de. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  60. ^ "Inzet transportvliegtuig Mali". Nos.nl. 16 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  61. ^ "Luchtmachtvliegtuig brengt goederen naar Mali". Defensie.nl. 16 February 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  62. ^ "Opération Serval : contribution alliée au transport tactique intra-théâtre" (in French). Defense.gouv.fr. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  63. ^ González, Miguel (17 January 2013). "Spain offers to France a plane to move African troops". El País. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  64. ^ González, Miguel (13 February 2013). "Spain sends 30 soldiers to Mali to protect European instructors". El País.
  65. ^ "Sverige stödjer med transportflyg till Mali". Forsvarsmakten.se. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  66. ^ "MALI. La France un peu moins isolée... Un peu". Le Nouvel Observateur. 21 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  67. ^ "RAF C17 cargo plane to help French operation". BBC. 13 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  68. ^ "Mali: RAF surveillance aircraft Sentinel deployed". BBC. 25 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  69. ^ Nicholas Watt & Luke Harding in Sévaré (28 January 2013). "Mali: Britain prepared to send 'sizeable amount' of troops to support French". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  70. ^ Chris Carroll (22 January 2013). "Pentagon: US Air Force flying French troops, equipment to Mali". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  71. ^ Tilghman, Andrew (22 January 2013). Miller, Kent; Tilghman, Andrew; Altman, Howard; Sicard, Sarah; Leo, Shane III; Myers, Meghann; Weigand, Steve; Byers, Shawn; Jowers, Karen; Barrows, Shaun; Alexander, Will; Simkins, J.D.; Correll, Diana Stancy; Reinstein, Michael A.; Steinhafel, David; Neiman, David; Wilkins, Rob; Greenberg, Mort; Facer, Kelly; Barrows, Shaun (eds.). "U.S. C-17s helping supply French ops in Mali". Army Times. Vienna, Virginia, United States: Defense News Media Group (Sightline Media Group/Regent, L.P.). Associated Press. ISSN 0004-2595. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  72. ^ "US agrees to refuel French warplanes on Mali mission". Spacewar.com. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  73. ^ "100th ARW Flies 100th Refueling Mission for French Operations in Mali". 100th Air Refueling Wing Public Affairs. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  74. ^ Neville, Leigh, Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military), Osprey Publishing, 2015 ISBN 978-1472807908, p.305
  75. ^ "Why US troops are in Niger". ABC News. 19 October 2017.
  76. ^ Par Nathalie Guibert (12 January 2013). "Mali: après la mort rapide d'un officier, l'opération militaire s'annonce compliquée". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  77. ^ Merchet, Jean-Dominique. "Mali: le premier mort français de l'opération Serval" (in French). Marianne.net. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  78. ^ "French troops continue operation against Mali Islamists". BBC. 12 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  79. ^ Vasudevan Sridharan (12 January 2012). "France's Airstrike Helps Mali Army to Recapture Konna". International Business Times.
  80. ^ a b c "French Airstrikes in Mali Deter Islamist Rebels". The New York Times. 13 January 2013.
  81. ^ Robyn Dixon (12 January 2013). "France airstrikes in Mali repel Al Qaeda-linked militants". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  82. ^ "UK troops to assist Mali operation to halt rebel advance". BBC. 12 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  83. ^ "France surprised by Mali Islamists' fighting strength". BBC News. 13 January 2013.
  84. ^ "Mali Islamists counter attack, threaten France WORLD". Ibnlive.in.com. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  85. ^ Afua Hirsch in Bamako & Kim Willsher in Paris (14 January 2013). "Mali conflict: France has opened gates of hell, say rebels". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  86. ^ "France military says Mali town Konna 'not recaptured'". BBC. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  87. ^ "Mali : l'armée française passe au sol". Radio France Internationale. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  88. ^ "French troops in Mali secure key town of Markala". Euronews.com. 19 January 2013. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  89. ^ "France in 'direct combat' in Mali within hours". Yahoo! News. 16 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  90. ^ "Malian troops take key town;humanitarian crisis grows". CNN. 21 January 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  91. ^ "Chadian soldiers join battle for northern Mali". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  92. ^ "Mali crisis: Troops 'take northern town of Hombori'". BBC. 25 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  93. ^ Mark Doyle (26 January 2013). "Mali crisis: Troops 'take northern town of Hombori'". BBC. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  94. ^ a b Valdmanis, Richard (26 January 2013). "French, Malian forces capture Gao rebel stronghold". Reuters. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  95. ^ Andrew Harding (26 January 2013). "Mali: French-led soldiers 'in control of Gao'". BBC. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  96. ^ "French special forces in action at Gao in Mali: officer". Reuters. 26 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  97. ^ Brown, Rachel (27 January 2013). Morris, Gaven; Clifton, Helen; Whelan, Judith; McMurtrie, Craig; Carrington, Michael; Bacon, Leisa; Tapley, Mark; Davies, Mark; Mackay, Claire; Anderson, David; Buttrose, Ita; Kleyn, Melanie; Donaldson, Rebekah (eds.). "French-led troops push on to Timbuktu". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Sydney, Australia: Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). ABC/AFP. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  98. ^ "French Troops Recapture Timbuktu From Rebels". Sky News. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  99. ^ Rukmini, Callimachi (14 February 2013). Miller, Kent; Tilghman, Andrew; Altman, Howard; Sicard, Sarah; Leo, Shane III; Myers, Meghann; Weigand, Steve; Byers, Shawn; Jowers, Karen; Barrows, Shaun; Alexander, Will; Simkins, J.D.; Correll, Diana Stancy; Reinstein, Michael A.; Steinhafel, David; Neiman, David; Wilkins, Rob; Greenberg, Mort; Facer, Kelly; Barrows, Shaun (eds.). "In Timbuktu, al-Qaida left behind a manifesto". Army Times. Vienna, Virginia, United States: Defense News Media Group (Sightline Media Group/Regent, L.P.). Associated Press. ISSN 0004-2595. Retrieved 6 June 2021.[permanent dead link‍]
  100. ^ Bose, Jaideep; Lal, Sham; Jain, Vineet; Jain, Girilal; Suraiya, Jug; Jain, Samir; Sivakumar, S., eds. (28 January 2013). "French-led troops in Mali control access to Timbuktu". The Times of India. Mumbai, India: The Times Group (Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd./B.C.C.L.). ISSN 0971-8257. OCLC 23379369. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  101. ^ French-led troops control access to Timbuktu: military Daily News. Retrieved 28 January 2013
  102. ^ Velloor, Ravi (28 January 2013). "French-led troops control access to Timbuktu: Military". The Straits Times. Paris, France. Agence France-Presse. OCLC 8572659. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  103. ^ "French troops in Mali take Kidal, last Islamist holdout". BBC. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  104. ^ Evans, Chris; Morrell, Jo; Taylor, Chris; Barclay, David Rowat; Barclay, Frederick Hugh; Neil, Andrew; Hugh, Nick; Forrester, Chris; Lindsay, Peter; Pape, Claire, eds. (6 February 2013). "French clash with Islamists in north Mali". The Daily Telegraph (The Telegraph). London, United Kingdom of Great Britain: Telegraph Media Group/Telegraph Media Group Limited (Press Acquisitions Limited/Press Holdings-May Corporation Limited). Agence France-Presse. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  105. ^ "Mali Conflict: First suicide bomber in Gao". BBC. 8 February 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  106. ^ David Lewis (10 February 2013). "Gunbattle rocks Gao after rebels surprise French, Malians". Reuters. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  107. ^ Bamako (17 February 2013). "French, Malian troops secure rebel strongpoint near Gao". Reuters. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  108. ^ "Mali: French soldier killed fighting Islamists". BBC. 19 February 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  109. ^ "Mali : un Français tué dans de violents combats, inquiétude pour les otages". Le Monde. 3 March 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  110. ^ "Al Qaeda leader Abou Zeid 'killed in Mali'". FRANCE 24. 5 March 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  111. ^ "Un cinquième soldat français tué au Mali". Le Monde. 17 March 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  112. ^ "Timbuktu clashes between Mali army and Islamists". BBC. 31 March 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  113. ^ Ahmed, Baba (12 April 2013). "Official: Suicide bombing at market in north Mali kills 3 Chad soldiers, injures civilians". The Gazette. Montreal. Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  114. ^ "Relève de la 3e brigade mécanisée par la 6e brigade légère blindée" (in French). French Ministry of Defense. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  115. ^ "France begins first stage of Mali military withdrawal". BBC. 25 May 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  116. ^ "French forces kill Islamist chief Belmokhtar's No. 2". France 24. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  117. ^ Ministère de la Défense : Mali : libération de cinq otages maliens Archived 19 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  118. ^ "Reuters : Libération de cinq humanitaires pris en otage au Mali". Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  119. ^ "France confirms Mali military intervention". BBC News. 11 January 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  120. ^ "Mali air strikes: 'The situation has become much more volatile,' says Ban Ki-moon". The Daily Telegraph. London. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.
  121. ^ "Mali PM arrives in Algiers after pledge of support".
  122. ^ "Rasmussen: No role for NATO in Mali" (Interview). Euronews. 18 January 2013.
  123. ^ "Germany could assist in Mali training mission: Merkel". Reuters. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  124. ^ Hirsch, Afua; Willsher, Kim (14 January 2013). "Mali conflict: France has opened gates of hell, say rebels". The Guardian. London.
  125. ^ "Mathieu Guidère : "Sans l'intervention française, l'État malien tombait"". 15 January 2013.
  126. ^ Mark Doyle (17 January 2013). "Mali conflict: France boosts troop numbers". BBC. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  127. ^ Ahren, Raphael (17 January 2013). "Netanyahu lauds French intervention in Mali". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  128. ^ "Egypt's Morsi says France's intervention in Mali is creating a 'new conflict hotspot'". Fox News Channel. 21 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  129. ^ "Francia le expresó a Santos apoyo frente al proceso de paz en Colombia". 26 January 2013.
  130. ^ "Interactive: Mali Speaks". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]

Media related to Operation Serval at Wikimedia Commons

16°16′00″N 0°03′00″W / 16.2667°N 0.0500°W / 16.2667; -0.0500

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Serval&oldid=1256478990#Battle_of_Dayet_in_Maharat"