Battle of An Lộc

Battle of An Lộc
Part of the Vietnam War
An Lộc, as viewed from the air in 1972.
Date April 13, 1972 – July 20, 1972 (3 months and 1 week) Location An Lộc, Bình Long Province, South Vietnam Result U.S/South Vietnamese victory
Belligerents
Viet Cong North Vietnam	South Vietnam United States
Commanders and leaders
Trần Văn Trà    Bùi Thanh Vân    Đàm Văn Ngụy    Nguyễn Thới Bưng	Nguyễn Văn Minh   Lê Văn Hưng   Lê Nguyên Vỹ James Hollingsworth   Richard J. Tallman †
Strength
Overall ~ 31,640+ 5th Division ~ 9,230 174th,275th,E6 Regt 7th Division ~ 8,600 141st,165th,209th Regt 9th Division ~ 10,680 271st,272nd,95th Regt 101st Regiment ~ 760 205th Regiment ~ 1,250 203rd Tank Regiment ~ 800 D20 & D21 Tank Bn.s 429th Sapper Group ~ 320 Fire support: 69th Artillery Command ~ 3,830 42d Artillery Regt 208th Rocket Regt 271st AAA Regt	At An Loc: 7,500 5th Division: 7th Regiment, 850 8th Regiment, 2,100 9th Regiment, 200 18th Division Task Force 52: 500 3rd Ranger Group: 1,300 Binh Long Provincial Forces: 2,000 Miscellaneous units: 300 Reinforcements: 25,000+ 1st Airborne Brigade 81st Airborne Ranger Group 21st Division Air support:  U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy
Casualties and losses
U.S. estimate: 10,000 killed and 15,000 wounded Vietnamese figures: ~2,000 killed and 5,000 wounded ~40 tanks destroyed or damaged	2,280 killed 2,091 missing 8,564 wounded 38 tanks and APCs, 32 howitzers, 10 aircraft and 20 helicopters destroyed

The Battle of An Lộc was a major battle of the Vietnam War that lasted for 66 days and culminated in a tactical victory for South Vietnam. The struggle for An Lộc in 1972 was an important battle of the war, as South Vietnamese forces halted the North Vietnamese advance towards Saigon. This fighting which ensued became the most protracted conflict of the 1972 Easter Offensive.

During the first month of the battle, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) 5th Division was outnumbered by a combined force consisting of three People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and Viet Cong (VC) divisions. The An Lộc defenders were later reinforced by the elite 81st Ranger Group and the 1st Airborne Brigade, brought in by air after failing to pass the PAVN block at Tàu Ô. Other reinforcement was the 21st Division, which was plagued by a very slow move from the Mekong Delta and cleared QL-13 after protracted fighting.

Background

An Lộc is the capital of Bình Long Province located northwest of Military Region III. During North Vietnam's Easter Offensive (known in Vietnam as the Nguyen Hue Offensive) of 1972, An Lộc was at the centre of the PAVN strategy, its location on Route QL-13 near Base Area 708 in Cambodia allowed safeguarding supplies based out of a "neutral" location in order to reduce exposure to U.S. bombing. To protect this critical area, the ARVN had essentially a single division, the 5th Division covering Bình Long and Phước Long Provinces.

On the same day that Lộc Ninh, a small town 20 miles (32 km) north of An Lộc on the border with Cambodia was assaulted by the PAVN 5th Division, Tàu Ô bridge - a key bridge on route QL-13, 15km south of An Lộc was also blockaded by the PAVN 7th Division, cutting off An Lộc from Saigon. To control QL-13 was to control the road to Saigon, roughly 90 miles (140 km) to the south. This prevented resupply of ARVN forces in An Lộc battle. Lieutenant general Nguyễn Văn Minh, commander of III Corps responded by helilifting the 5th Division headquarter with its commander, Brigadier general Lê Văn Hưng and two battalions of the 3rd Ranger Group into An Lộc.

On 7 April, Gen. Minh reported to the National Security Council about the equivalent of four PAVN divisions in his Corps area, and demanded more troops to protect the road to Saigon. Later in the day, the Council decided to assign the 21st Division from IV Corps as well as the 1st Airborne Brigade from JGS reserve to him. Around 16:40, Lộc Ninh was overrun by the PAVN 5th Division, just a few hundreds of Lộc Ninh defenders - the 9/5 Regiment could escape to An Lộc. That evening, elements of the PAVN 9th Division overran Quần Lợi Base Camp, forced its defenders - the 7/5 Regiment destroyed their heavy equipment and fall back to An Lộc. Since then, the PAVN used Quần Lợi as a staging base for units coming in from Cambodia to join the siege of An Lộc. Key members of COSVN were based there to oversee the battle.

Meanwhile, Task Force 52 abandoned their twin fire bases near the junction of routes QL-13 and LTL-17, destroyed their heavy equipment, broke the PAVN encirclement and moved southward on foot through the jungle to An Lộc. TF52 withdrawal completed at 11:00 8 April with the remaining wounded ARVN troops and American advisors airlifted to medical facilities in Saigon, ~500 left from the original 1000 troops force joined An Lộc defenders.

Prelude

On 8 April, the 1st Airborne Brigade attempted to push north from Lai Khê to Chơn Thành by road, but was stopped at Tàu Ô bridge, only 6 kilometers north of Chơn Thành by solid entrenched blocking positions of a regiment of the PAVN 7th Division along QL-13. With the loss of Quần Lợi airstrip and the blocking of QL-13, An Lộc was isolated from outside, the two-month-long siege began.

On 11 April, the whole 21st Division arrived Lai Khê on trucks. With this reinforcement, III Corps could deploy the 8th Regiment of the 5th Division into An Lộc. The deployment of the 8/5 Regiment was completed on 12 April by helicopters.

Bình Long dispositions in Easter 1972 - early April

Till 12 April, the ARVN defenders of An Lộc were made up of the 5th Division ~3,150 men, including its fresh 8th Regiment, the 7th Regiment short one battalion, the exhausted 9th Regiment; Task Force 52 ~500 men; the 3rd Ranger Group ~1,300 men; plus Bình Long Regional Force, Popular Forces and People's Self-Defense Forces (PSDF) ~2,000 men.

Battle

The first attack on the city occurred on 13 April and was preceded by a powerful artillery barrage. The PAVN 9th Division with armoured spearheads attacked on northwestern and northern positions held by the 5th Division. The PAVN overwhelming forces quickly pushed the ARVN defenders back to the southern half of the city before being halted by massive airstrikes of B-52. During the first few hours of fighting, the defenders use M72 LAW quite effectively. News of the first tank kill carried out by a RF soldier quickly spread, then cleared the long-established fear of PAVN tanks among the defenders. Lacking of experience for combined tanks, B2 Front commanders left their tanks penetrated the defensive perimeter without accompanying infantry. Gen. Hưng, later ordered tank-destroying teams be formed by each battalion, which included PSDF members who knew the local terrain and could help identify strategic locations to ambush tanks.

15 April saw the second attack on the city. The PAVN were concerned that because the ARVN 1st Airborne Brigade had air-assaulted into positions west of the city, that they were now coming to reinforce the defenders. Again the PAVN preceded their attack with an artillery barrage followed by a tank-infantry attack. Like before, their tanks became separated from their infantry and fell prey to ARVN anti-tank weapons. PAVN infantry followed behind the tank deployment, assaulted the ARVN defensive positions, and pushed farther into the city. B-52 strikes helped break up some PAVN units assembling for the attack. This engagement lasted until tapering off on the afternoon of April 16.

Unable to take the city, the PAVN kept it under constant artillery fire. They also moved in more anti-aircraft guns to prevent aerial resupply. Heavy anti-aircraft fire kept RVNAF helicopters from getting into the city after 12 April. In response, fixed wing RVNAF aircraft (C-123s and C-119s) made attempts, but after suffering losses, the USAF took over on 19 April. The USAF used C-130s to parachute in supplies, but many missed the defenders and several aircraft were shot down or damaged. Low altitude drops during day and night did not do the job, so by 2 May, the USAF began using High Altitude Low Opening (HALO) techniques. With far greater success, this method of resupply was utilized until 25 June, when the siege was lifted and aircraft could land at An Lộc.

PAVN T-54 tanks destroyed in An Lộc

After making slow progress, on 22 April the 32nd Regiment encountered a roadblock of the PAVN 101st Regiment 15 km north of Lai Khê. From 24 April the division engaged the PAVN in a two-pronged attack to clear the road with the 32nd Regiment attacking from the north and the 33rd Regiment attacking from the south. These attacks eventually forced the 101st Regiment to withdraw west on 27 April, leaving one battalion to cover the withdrawal for a further two days. The 31st Regiment was then lifted by helicopters to 6 km north of Chơn Thành where it fought the PAVN 165th Regiment, 7th Division, later reinforced by the 209th Regiment, for the next 13 days.

On 11 May the PAVN launched a massive all-out infantry and armor (T-54 medium tanks) assault on An Lộc. The attack was carried out by units of the 5th and 9th PAVN divisions. This attack was repulsed by a combination of U.S. airpower and the determined stand of ARVN soldiers on the ground. Almost every B-52 in Southeast Asia was called in to strike the massing enemy tanks and infantry. The commander of the defending forces had placed a grid around the town creating many "boxes", each measuring 1 km by 3 km in size, which were given a number and could be called by ground forces at any time. The B-52 cells (groups of three aircraft) were guided onto these boxes by ground-based radar. During 11 and 12 May, the USAF managed a B-52 mission every 55 minutes for 30 hours straight—using 170 B-52s and smashing whole regiments of PAVN in the process. Despite this air support, the PAVN made gains, and were within a few hundred meters of the ARVN 5th Division command post. ARVN counter-attacks were able to stabilize the situation. By the night of 11 May, the PAVN consolidated their gains. During that day an A-37B piloted by First lieutenant Michael Blassie was shot down while providing air support, his body was recovered in late 1972 and he was separated from the identification documents recovered leading to him being later designated as the unknown service member from the Vietnam War buried at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery.

On 12 May the PAVN launched new attacks in an effort to take the city, but again failed. The PAVN launched one more attack on 19 May in honor of Ho Chi Minh's birthday. The defenders were not surprised, and the attack was broken up by U.S. air support and an ambush by the ARVN paratroopers.

On 13 May with intensive air support the 31st Regiment finally overran the PAVN positions and extended ARVN control to 8 km north of Chơn Thành. The 32nd Regiment then deployed into the Tàu Ô area (11.514°N 106.614°E / 11.514; 106.614) a further 5 km north, where they ran into the 209th Regiment's well-prepared blocking positions, which stopped the division's advance for 38 days despite extensive artillery and air support, including B-52 strikes. This stalemate would continue until the PAVN withdrew from An Lộc. On 15 May a task force of the 15th Regiment, 9th Division, which was redeployed from the Mekong Delta, and the 9th Armored Cavalry Squadron, 21st Division moved north, east of QL-13 bypassing the Tàu Ô roadblock to establish a fire support base at Tan Khai (11.55°N 106.616°E / 11.55; 106.616) 10 km south of An Lộc. On 20 May the PAVN 141st Regiment attacked the base at Tan Khai and continued attacking unsuccessfully for three days against a determined defense before withdrawing.

On 13/14 June, a regiment of the 18th Division was landed in An Lộc to reinforce the exhausted 5th Division. On 17 June, the 48th Regiment of the 18th Division reoccupied Hill 169, allowing them to guide air and artillery strikes on PAVN forces. By 18 June 1972, the III Corps commander declared the siege was over and released the 1st Airborne Brigade to its parent unit. Despite this declaration, An Lộc remained under PAVN artillery fire, on 9 July Third [Military] Regional Assistance Command (TRAC) deputy commander Brigadier General Richard J. Tallman and his aides had just landed at An Lộc when they were hit by PAVN artillery fire, three of the group were killed instantly, while Tallman and two others were wounded. The wounded men were evacuated to the 3rd Field Hospital in Saigon where Tallman died of his wounds. He was the last U.S. Army general to die in South Vietnam.

The victory, however, was not complete. QL-13 still was not open. On 11 July the entire 18th Division arrived at An Lộc to replace the 5th Division. In mid-July the 21st Division was replaced by the 25th Division and it completed the destruction of the remaining PAVN strongpoints at Tàu Ô by 20 July.

Aftermath

The 18th Division would spread out from An Lộc and push the PAVN back, increasing control in the area.

On 8 August the 18th Division launched an assault to retake Quần Lợi, but was stopped by the PAVN in the base's reinforced concrete bunkers. A second attack was launched on 9 August with limited gains. Attacks on the base continued for two weeks; eventually one third of the base was captured. Finally, the ARVN attacked the PAVN-occupied bunkers with TOW missiles and M-202 rockets, breaking the PAVN defense and forcing the remaining defenders to flee the base.

The fighting at An Lộc demonstrated the continued ARVN dependence on U.S. air power and U.S. advisors. For the PAVN, it demonstrated their logistical constraints; following each attack, resupply times caused lengthy delays in their ability to properly defend their position.

Analysis

The ARVN defenders did have one card to play throughout the battle: the immense power of U.S. air support. The use of United States Air Force (USAF) B-52 Stratofortress bombers (capable of carrying 108 MK82s (500 pound) bombs on one run) in a close support tactical role, as well as AC-119 Stinger and AC-130E Spectre gunships, fixed wing cargo aircraft of varying sizes, AH-1 Cobra attack helicopters and Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) A-37s. These methods worked to blunt the PAVN offensive. At this stage in the war, the PAVN often attacked with PT-76 amphibious and T-54 medium tanks spearheading the advance, usually preceded by a massive artillery barrage. These tactics reflected Soviet doctrine, as the PAVN had been supplied with Soviet and Chinese Communist equipment, including jets, artillery, and surface-to-air missiles since the beginning of the war. The battle eventually stagnated and became a periodic trade of artillery barrages. This was most probably a result of casualties sustained in the frustrated attacks on heavily entrenched enemy positions in control of a withering array of supporting firepower.

Further reading

• Fleming, Thomas (Winter 2012). "How Nixon Almost Won the Vietnam War". MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History. Vol. 24, no. 2. ISSN 1040-5992. OCLC 1179339912.

External links

• Battle of An Loc – by Lieutenant Colonel James H. Willbanks
• The Battle of An Loc – A Massive Convergence of Forces