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Babi Yar in poetry

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Poems about Babi Yar commemorate the massacres committed by the Nazi Einsatzgruppe during World War II at Babi Yar, in a ravine located within the present-day Ukrainian capital of Kyiv. In just one of these atrocities – taking place over September 29–30, 1941 – 33,771 Jewish men, women and children were killed in a single Einsatzgruppe operation.

Background

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On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa.[1] The German army crossed the 1939 former Polish-Soviet border soon thereafter and arrived in Kiev on September 19, 1941.[2] Ten days later, following an explosion at the German army headquarters, Jews were rounded up,[3] marched out of town, made to strip naked and massacred; they were stacked up, layer upon layer, at Babi Yar (literally, a "grandmother's ravine.")[4]

For decades after World War II, Soviet authorities were unwilling to acknowledge that the mass murder of Jews at Babi Yar was part of the Holocaust.[5] The victims were generalized as Soviet; mention of their Jewish identity was impermissible, even though their deaths were every bit as much a consequence of the Nazi's genocidal Final Solution as the death camps of occupied Poland (Ehrenburg, Pravda 1944).[6][7] In order to make the connection the Soviets worked so hard to suppress, Holocaust scholars have come to call events such as the massacres at Babi Yar "the Holocaust by bullet."[6]

By November 1941, the number of Jews shot dead at Babi Yar exceeded 75,000, according to an official report written by SS commander Paul Blobel.[8] But Babi Yar remained the site of mass executions for two more years after the murder of most of Kiev's Jewish community in the fall of 1941. Later victims included prisoners of war, Soviet partisans, Ukrainian nationalists and Gypsies.[9] Over 100,000 more people died there.[9] The deaths of these non-Jewish victims facilitated the Soviet Union's postwar efforts to suppress recognition of Babi Yar's place in the history of the Holocaust, especially in the aftermath of the 1952 executions of prominent Jewish intellectuals dubbed the "Night of the Murdered Poets."[10]

Authors

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The atrocity was first remembered by the Jews of Kiev through a manuscript poem by Ilya Selvinsky, called I Saw It!. Even though it wasn't written specifically about Babi Yar, it was broadly received as such. Poems by Holovanivskyi, Ozerov, Ilya Ehrenburg and Pavel Antokolsky (Death Camp) soon followed, but the Jewish identity of the victims was revealed only through "coded" references.[6]

Lyudmila Titova

Possibly the first known poem on the subject was written in Russian the same year the massacres took place, by Liudmila Titova, a young Jewish-Ukrainian poet from Kiev and an eyewitness to the events. Her poem, Babi Yar, was discovered only in the 1990s.[11]

Mykola Bazhan

Mykola Bazhan wrote a poem called Babi Yar in 1943,[12] explicitly depicting the massacres in the ravine.[11] Bazhan was nominated for the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature. The Communist Party forced him to decline the nomination.[13][14]

Yevgeny Yevtushenko
Yevgeny Yevtushenko's Babi Yar broke the long official silence about the connection between Babi Yar and the Holocaust.

In 1961, Yevgeny Yevtushenko published his poem Babi Yar in a leading Russian periodical, in part to protest the Soviet Union's refusal to recognize Babi Yar as a Holocaust site.[2] The poem's first line is "Nad Babim Yarom pamyatnikov nyet" ("There are no monuments over Babi Yar"). The anniversary of the massacre had been observed in the context of the "Great Patriotic War" throughout the 1950s and 60s; the code of silence about what it meant for the Jews was broken only in 1961, with the publication of Yevtushenko's Babi Yar, in Literaturnaya Gazeta.[2][15] The poet denounced both Soviet historical revisionism and still-common anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union of 1961.[16] "[I]t spoke not only of the Nazi atrocities, but also of the Soviet government's own persecution of Jewish people."[16] Babi Yar first circulated as samizdat (unofficial publications without state sanction).[17] After its publication in Literaturnaya Gazeta, Dmitri Shostakovich set it to music, as the first movement of his Thirteenth Symphony, subtitled Babi Yar.[18]

Moysey Fishbeyn

An important Babi Yar poem was written by Moysey Fishbein in Ukrainian in 1974. It was translated into English by Roman Turovsky.[19]

Ilya Ehrenburg
Ilya Ehrenburg (born in Kiev) was 50 at the time of the massacre, living in Moscow

Ehrenburg penned six poems about the Holocaust that first appeared without titles (identified only by numbers) in 1945-46. They were published in three magazines based in Moscow: Novy Mir (New World), Znamya (The Banner) and Oktyabr' (October) (Russian: Октябрь). In one, he wrote of the "grandmother's ravine" through the repetitive use of words: Now, every ravine is my utterance, / And every ravine is my home.[20] The actual title of the poem, Babi Yar, was restored only in a 1959 collection of his work.[6]

Other authors

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In 1943, Sava Holovanivskyi wrote Avraam (Abraham) about Babi Yar,[6] and Kievan poet Olga Anstei wrote Kirillovskie iary (Kirillov Ravines, another name for Babi Yar.) She and her husband, poet Ivan Elagin,[21] defected from the Soviet Union to the West that year.[22]

Undated poems about Babi Yar were written by Leonid Pervomayskiy, In Babi Yar, and Leonid Vysheslavsky, Cross of Olena Teliha.[23] In 1944, Ilya Ehrenburg wrote his Babi Yar, reprinted in 1959, and in 1946 Lev Ozerov wrote and published his long poem Babi Yar.

Lev Ozerov's long poem titled Babi Yar first appeared in Oktyabr' magazine's March–April 1946 issue. Again, many references were "coded": The Fascists and the policemen / Stand at each house, at every fence. / Forget about turning back. Their identities are abstracted even at the pits: A Fascist struck mulishly with the shovel / The soil turned wet...[24] The shovel-wielding assailants are not identified.

Any further publications about the subject were prohibited, along with the Black Book project of 1947 by Ehrenburg and Vasily Grossman,[25] as part of the official Soviet rootless cosmopolitan campaign.

A song, "Babi Yar", was created by Natella Boltyanskaya.[26]

In 2017,[27] Marianna Kiyanovska published a poetry book titled The Voices of Babyn Yar, for which she was awarded the Shevchenko National Prize in 2020.[28] In the poems, she lent her voice to the Jewish victims of the Babi Yar massacre.[27]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Rossino, Alexander B. (2003-11-01). ""Polish 'Neighbours' and German Invaders: Anti-Jewish Violence in the Białystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa."". In Steinlauf, Michael C.; Polonsky, Antony (eds.). Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 16: Focusing on Jewish Popular Culture and Its Afterlife. The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. pp. 431–452. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1rmk6w.30. ISBN 978-1-909821-67-5. JSTOR j.ctv1rmk6w.
  2. ^ a b c Yaacov Ro'i (2010). "Babi Yar, symbol of Jewish suffering". Babi Yar. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
  3. ^ Publications International (2009). "Massacre at Babi Yar". 1941: Mass Murder. The Holocaust Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
  4. ^ Rabbi Yehiel E. Poupko (October 5, 2011). "Yom Kippur — The 70th Anniversary of Babi Yar". The Jewish United Fund / Jewish Federation of Metropolitan Chicago. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
  5. ^ Karel C. Berkhoff (May 28, 2008). Babi Yar Massacre (Google book preview). Indiana University Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-0253001597. Retrieved February 23, 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e Maxim D. Shrayer (2010). "Poets Bearing Witness to the Shoah" (PDF). Boston College. p. 78 (Section II). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
  7. ^ Gordon Williamson (2004). Just Soldiers (Google books preview). MBI Publishing Company LLC. p. 230. ISBN 0760319332. Retrieved February 21, 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)[permanent dead link‍]
  8. ^ Richard Sheldon. "The Transformations of Babi Yar" (PDF file, direct download 638 KB). Report to the National Council for Soviet and East European Research. Research Institute of International Change, Columbia University. pp. 7–51 (1–43 in the document). Retrieved February 26, 2013.
  9. ^ a b Paul Robert Magocsi (June 19, 2010). Nazi policies toward ethnic Ukrainians (Google book preview). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1442698796. Retrieved February 24, 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Joshua Rubenstein (August 25, 1997). "The Night of the Murdered Poets". Stalin's Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. Article from the New Republic. Archived from the original on August 27, 2007. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
  11. ^ a b "Первые стихи о Бабьем Яре. Людмила Титова". Babiy-Yar.Livejournal.com. October 4, 2012. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  12. ^ "Babi Yar".
  13. ^ Beevor, Antony (2011). A Writer at War: Vasily Grossman with the Red Army. Random House. ISBN 978-0307363787.
  14. ^ Lev Fridman, in Odessa Review, October/November 2016
  15. ^ Literaturnaya Gazeta, September 19, 1961.
  16. ^ a b Patterson, Donald, Renowned Poet to Visit City, Greensboro News & Record, April 8, 1999. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  17. ^ McLaughlin, Daniel, West awakes to Yevtushenko: One of the greatest poets alive will perform at the Galway Arts Festival, but he is not without his critics, The Irish Times, July 17, 2004. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  18. ^ Blokker, Roy, and Robert Dearling, The Music of Dmitri Shostakovich: The Symphonies, The Tantivy Press, London (1979). ISBN 0-8386-1948-7.
  19. ^ "The Ravine".
  20. ^ Original in Russian by Ilya Ehrenburg (1944): "Теперь мне каждый яр знаком, / И каждый яр теперь мне дом." (Maxim D. Shrayer 2010, ibidem.)
  21. ^ Maria Gorecki Nowak (July 1, 1999). Book Reviews: Berega featuring Olga Anstei and Ivan Elagin. M.E. Sharpe. p. 469. ISBN 1563247518. Retrieved March 31, 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  22. ^ Юрій КАПЛАН (2007). "ВIДЛУННЯ БАБИНОГО ЯРУ" (PDF). Література та життя (in Ukrainian). ГАЗЕТА КОНГРЕСУ ЛІТЕРАТОРІВ УКРАЇНИ. p. 6. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
  23. ^ Original in Russian by Lev Ozerov (Oktyabr 3/4, 1946: pp. 160-163): "Фашисты и полицаи / Стоят у каждого дома, у каждого палисада. / Назад повернуть — не думай" From the following stanza: "Фашист ударил лопатой упрямо. / Земля стала мокрой," (Maxim D. Shrayer 2010, ibidem.)
  24. ^ Joshua S. Rubenstein, Vladimir Pavlovič Naumov (2005). The Postwar Years (Google book preview). Yale University Press. pp. 25–. ISBN 0300104529. Retrieved February 24, 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  25. ^ Alphabet of dissent. Babi Yar, part II, RFE/RL
  26. ^ a b "The Voices of Babyn Yar in the Poetry of Marianna Kiyanovska". Poetry International Online. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  27. ^ "HURI Books". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
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