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Azuchi Screens

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The Azuchi Screens (Japanese: 安土屏風) are a set of six-folding screens depicting Azuchi Castle and its nearby town. Oda Nobunaga gifted them to Pope Gregory XIII, who displayed them in the Vatican collections, where they were admired by visitors. However, they disappeared from historical record. Their fate is unknown and they are considered to be lost. The screens must have been pivotal works in the development of Japanese folding screens.[1]

Variations on the name are Azuchiyama screens or Azuchi Castle screens (Japanese: 安土城屏風).[2]

History

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Painting of Azuchi Castle (by Iwasaki Ōu, 1855)
Etching showing the Gallery of Maps in the Vatican, 1765
Example of a folding screen depicting Osaka castle, which was discovered at Eggenberg Palace in Graz, Austria, during a restoration between 2001 and 2004
Example of a folding screen created by Kanō Eitoku around 1574, called Scenes in and around the capital (紙本金地著色洛中洛外図, shihonkinji chakushoku rakuchū rakugaizu)

The second half and the start of the seventeenth century saw the unification of Japan through the conquests of three great military leaders: Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu.[3] This era is also called the Azuchi-Momoyama period, after the sites of the great castles of Nobunaga and Hideyoshi. The period saw a rapid development in Japanese castle construction: castles on a larger grander scale boasting a large stone basis, a complex arrangement of concentric baileys, and a tall tower.[4] But also, in the visual arts, such as the folding screens decorating the palatial residences.[1]

In 1579, Oda Nobunaga commissioned Kanō Eitoku (1543-1590), the most famous Japanese painter of his time, to create a pair of folding screens of Azuchi castle.[1][3][2] It was a meticulously detailed birds-eye view of the fortress and its nearby town.[1][3][2] In 1581, the Italian Jesuit Alessandro Valignano (1539 – 1606) visited Japan. Oda Nobunaga gifted him with the screens.[3] The Jesuit conceived the idea of sending a Japanese embassy to Europe, and the screens became part of this plan.[3] This became the so-called Tenshō embassy of 1582–1592, consisting of four young Japanese noblemen who left Japan to visit the Pope and the kings of Europe.[1][2] Over India, Portugal and Spain, they traveled to Italy. In March 1585, the embassy arrived in Rome. In the afternoon of 3 April 1585, in the Papal apartments of the Vatican, they presented the screens to Pope Gregory XIII (1502-1585).[5][1][3] Afterwards, they are set up for display in a gallery of the Vatican, probably the Galleria delle carte geografiche ('Gallery of Maps').[3][6]

In 1592, a Flemish artist from Leuven named Philips van Winghe made a few drawings copying details of Azuchi castle.[2][3][6] This is the last historical record of the screens.[3] They were major renovations of the gallery between 1592 and 1596, and between 1630 and 1637, but there is no record what happened to the screens.[3]

There is a faint hope that the screens will be discovered in a forgotten corner of the Vatican.[2] It is also possible that a Pope has re-gifted them to someone else, and that they are hidden in a repository elsewhere in Europe.[2] In the early 2000s, during a restoration of Eggenberg Palace in Graz, Austria screens were discovered depicting Toyotomi's Osaka Castle.[2] In the 18th century, they were repurposed to decorate a room of the palace. Something similar may have happened to the Azuchi screens. However, a scholar raised that compared to Japan the climate is comparatively dryer in Italy, which may have caused the screens to disintegrate, which is also a possibility.[2]

The sketches by Philips van Winghe are also lost.[2] However, the Italian Filippo Ferroverde made two woodblock print copies for Lorenzo Pignoria’s (1571-1631) addendum, Second Part of the Images of Indian Gods, in the 1624, 1626, and 1647 editions of Vincent Catari’s (circa 1531-1569) Images of the Gods and Ancients.[2] These prints are still there and often discussed in studies on the Azuchi castle.[2]

Most likely, the Tenshō embassy also presented folding screens to the king of Spain in the court of Madrid, but they left no trace here at all.[3]

Azuchi Screens Research Network

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In 1984, the town of Azuchi conducted the first research project into the screens at the Vatican, but no information is found.[3] Multiple investigation attempts were performed by a group of scholars and government officials between 2004 and 2016.[3] This resulted in the 2016 creation of the Azuchi Screens Research Network, a group dedicated "to finding these priceless artworks, or in lieu of the real thing, discovering vestiges, descriptions, or other mentions of the screens that might offer new insights into the screens' composition, character, quality, meanings, or fate."[3] The network sponsors two part-time researchers in Rome.[3]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f McKelway, Matthew (2006). "The Azuchi Screens and Images of Castles". Capitalscapes Folding Screens and Political Imagination in Late Medieval Kyoto. University of Hawaii Press. p. 296. ISBN 978-0824861773.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Erdmann, Mark Karl (2016). Azuchi Castle: Architectural Innovation and Political Legitimacy in Sixteenth-Century Japan (Thesis). Harvard University.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Azuchi Screens Research Network". www.azuchiscreens.org. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  4. ^ De Lange, William (2021). An Encyclopedia of Japanese Castles. Groningen: Toyo Press. pp. 600 pages. ISBN 978-9492722300.
  5. ^ Cooper, Michael (2005). "Appendix 3 Azuchi Screens and Braun's Cities". The Japanese Mission to Europe, 1582-1590 The Journey of Four Samurai Boys through Portugal, Spain and Italy. Brill. pp. 203–211. ISBN 978-1901903386.
  6. ^ a b Rees, Joachim & Usanov-Geissler (2015). "Harbouring Expectations The Littoral as Contact Zone in the Visual Arts of Japan and the Netherlands around 1600". In Karin Gludovatz/Juliane Noth/Joachim Rees (ed.). The Itineraries of Art. Topographies of Artistic Mobility in Europe and Asia (PDF). Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink. pp. 203–233. ISBN 978-3-7705-5795-0.

Literature

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