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Azerbaijan's construction in areas gained in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War

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Following the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, and in accordance with 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement, Republic of Azerbaijan re-established authority on the part of the territories, previously de facto controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, which allowed Azerbaijan to begin construction projects and rehabilitation in areas of the Karabakh, many of which had been practically leveled since Azerbaijan lost control of them in the 1990s.[citation needed]

Post-conflict condition and reconstruction

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See also: Land mine situation in Nagorno-Karabakh

Azerbaijan recovered many of its territories during and after the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, which culminated by the ceasefire deal on 9 November 2020. The ceasefire allowed rehabilitation to begin in places where Azerbaijan re-established authority, many of which had been practically leveled since Azerbaijan lost control of them in the 1990s.[1][2] Government-sponsored sources present these plans as "Great Return" or "Big Return" (Azerbaijani: Böyük qayıdış).[3][4] At the 11th Session of the World Urban Forum, President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev claimed that huge mine pollution is the main challenge, which slowing down reconstruction and return of internally displaced individuals.[5]

Paul Gavan, PACE rapporteur on the 'Humanitarian consequences of the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan', stated in his report that:[6]

The extent of damage to homes and cultural heritage in particular in the seven districts returned to Azerbaijan during and after the conflict is massive and shocking and will take many years and substantial resources to bring the area back to life. The first priority will be demining and then infrastructure has to be created, homes built, services provided, livelihoods created, and areas repopulated. The position is dramatic, and as one senior member of the international community commented to the rapporteur, “we should all have done more over the last 30 years to prevent this level of destruction”.

According to US Department of State Azerbaijani government is looking for new investments in the areas around Nagorno-Karabakh that were previously controlled by Armenia-backed separatists. Azerbaijan allocated US$1.3 billion from the budget for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of these lands. These funds will apparently be utilized to rehabilitate infrastructure, education, and healthcare sectors, as well as cultural and historical landmarks. Reconstruction is projected to continue in the future years, with specific financial provisions continuing to be made for demining, reconstructing, and resettling.[7]

Agdam

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On 20 November 2020, the city of Aghdam and its surrounding district were returned to Azerbaijan as part of the ceasefire agreement.[8] Plans were announced to construct a 44.5-kilometer-long highway linking Agdam to the city of Barda.[9] On 28 May 2021, President Aliyev laid the foundation stone for the project.[10]

Fuzuli

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Entrance to Fuzuli International Airport

On 16 November 2020, the foundation stone for the construction of a highway linking the cities of Fuzuli and Shusha was laid.[11] The highway was planned to integrate into a wider scheme to construct a highway to the municipality of Ahmadbeyli. Plans indicate that the road would be 101.5 km in length and 37.7m wide.[12] On 26 October 2021, Fuzuli International Airport was inaugurated. Turkish companies constructed the airport[13] at a cost of 75 million manats ($44 million).[14][15][16] The first flight test to the airport took place on August 22, 2021.[17]

Hadrut

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Construction works in Hadrut, which came under Azerbaijan's control on October 9, 2020,[18] began with the restoration of roads. On March 15, 2021, President Aliyev laid the foundation for the Fuzuli–Hadrut highway with a length of 13 km.[19][20] . It has been noted that the Hadrut–Jabrayil–Shukurbayli, which passes through Jabrayil District, will be connected to the Hajigabul–Minjivan–Zangazur highway in Shukurbeyli. The road, which is planned to be 43 km in length, will have 4 lanes and road bridges built along.[19] Moreover, it was reported that the construction of the 18-kilometer-long Tugh–Hadrut highway was underway.[21]

Kalbajar

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Murovdag Tunnel under construction

On 23 July 2021, construction began on the construction of a highway linking Toganali, Istisu and Kalbajar. The 81-kilometer long highway would connect Goygol District and Kalbajar District.[22]

On 16 August 16, 2021, the foundation stone for the Murovdag tunnel was laid. The tunnel will form part of an 11.6-kilometer highway.[23]

On 16 August 16, 2021, the foundation stone for a 3.4-kilometer-long tunnel was laid. It is planned that the tunnel will be a part of a 72.8-kilometer-long highway that is intended to link Kalbajar with Lachin.[24] A second connection between Kalbajar and Lachin districts is also planned - the Istisu–Minkend road.[25]

Lachin

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Lachin International Airport, is an airport under construction in Lachin, Azerbaijan. The construction of the airport began in May 2021 and is expected to be completed in 2024. It will be the highest altitude airport in Azerbaijan at 1,700-1,800 meters above sea level.

Qubadli

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On 25 October 2021, the foundation stone for a highway connecting Khanlig and Qubadli was laid and a substation of Azerenerji in Qubadli was opened.[26] On the same day, a 50-meter-high radio and television broadcasting tower was erected in Khanlig village.[27] Two 76-kilometer-long power lines (Qubadli-1 and Qubadli-2) were installed from Shukurbayli and Jabrayil substations to connect Qubadli to the general energy system of Azerbaijan.[28]

Shusha

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Shusha fortress being renovated in May 2021
See also: Battle of Shusha (2020), Shusha, and 2020 Ghazanchetsots Cathedral shelling

Following Azerbaijan taking control of the city in the Battle of Shusha and the subsequent end of the war, Azerbaijan's government embarked on a major construction plan to restore the city, attracting substantial criticism including due to a lack of transparency. Some former Azerbaijani residents of the city also expressed discontent with the demolition of buildings due to them wanting to return to their homes as well as due to their opinions not being taken into consideration.[29] Among the buildings being demolished were those constructed by the Armenian authorities while they controlled the city, including a new parliament building, apparently in order to make room for the construction of a mosque.[30]

In January 2021, plans were announced for the construction of a five-star hotel in the city of Shusha.[31] Restoration of the Shusha fortress began in early February 2021.[32]

In early May 2021, the government announced that it would commence repairs to Ghazanchetsots Cathedral which was twice struck with missiles by the Azerbaijaini military during the 2020 war.[33]

In early June 2021, it was announced that three mosques in Shusha — Ashagi Govhar Agha, Yukhari Govhar Agha and Saatli — would be restored by the Heydar Aliyev Foundation.[34] On June 22, the "Shusha City State Reserve Department" was established.[35]

On January 14, 2021, restoration works began on Vagif Mausoleum[36] and it was opened on August 29.[37]

Zangilan

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Zangilan International Airport

On 14 February 14, 2021, the foundation stone of a railway line linking Horadiz, Zangilan and Agband was laid. In making the announcement, the President stated that was intended that the branch would connect Azerbaijan proper with the exclave of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.[38][39] It was not mentioned how such a line would traverse the territory of the Republic of Armenia.

On March 18, 2021, the "Brotherhood Garden" was opened in Agali village by delegations from the Turkish Ministerty of Agriculture and Forestry (Bekir Pakdemirli) and the Azerbaijani the Ministry of Agriculture of Azerbaijan.[40]

On 1 May 2021, plans were announced for the construction of the Zangilan International Airport.[41]

On 20 October 2021, the President signed an order to make an inventory of natural objects in the Basut-Chay State Reserve and to assess the environmental situation.[42]

On 26 October 2021, the Presidents of Azerbaijan and Turkey announced plans to found an agro-park -"Dost" - to be constructed with the support of Turkey.[43][44]

On 19 July 2022, the first residents returned to Ağalı village after 29 years. The village has a school, post office, health centre, bank, market and cafe. It is expected that 1300 people will live in the village [45]

On 21 October 2022, Zangilan International Airport was inaugurated by President Aliyev of Azerbaijan and President Erdoğan of Turkey [46]

Controversies

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Various Armenian cultural monuments in the captured areas have been partially or entirely destroyed during the reconstruction process, including Armenian cemeteries and homes bulldozed in the process of road construction, as well as an 18th/19th century Armenian church.[47][48][49][50][full citation needed] The restoration of Ghazanchetsots Cathedral announcement was met with criticism and concern by the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom and various Armenian groups alike as well.[51][52][53]

References

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  1. ^ "Azerbaijan starts rebuilding in newly won territories | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  2. ^ Human Rights Watch (2021-12-13), "Azerbaijan: Events of 2021", English, retrieved 2022-06-27
  3. ^ "Azerbaijani President Aliyev announces 'big return' to Karabakh". TASS. 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  4. ^ "Israel acompaña a Azerbaiyán en la "colonización de Karabaj"" (in Spanish). Nor Sevan. 2021-07-02. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
  5. ^ "President Ilham Aliyev: During the times of occupation, Armenia planted more than one million landmines". Apa.az. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  6. ^ Gavan, Paul (13 September 2021). "Humanitarian consequences of the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan" (Report). Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Committee on Migration, Refugees and Displaced Persons. pp. 20–21. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  7. ^ Thaivalappil, Maureen. "Azerbaijan". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
  8. ^ "Azerbaijan Army Enters Agdam As Armenians Flee". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  9. ^ "Bərdə-Ağdam avtomobil yolunun tikintisinə başlanılıb" (in Azerbaijani). APA. 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
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  11. ^ "İlham Əliyev və birinci xanım Mehriban Əliyeva işğaldan azad edilmiş Füzuli və Cəbrayıl rayonlarında, o cümlədən Füzuli və Cəbrayıl şəhərlərində olublar". president.az (in Azerbaijani). 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  12. ^ "Əhmədbəyli-Füzuli-Şuşa avtomobil yolunun tikintisi layihəsi icra olunur" (in Azerbaijani). State Agency of Azerbaijan Automobile Roads. 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
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  22. ^ "Toğanalı-Kəlbəcər-İstisu avtomobil yolunun genişmiqyaslı tikintisinə başlanılıb" (in Azerbaijani). APA. 2021-07-23. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  23. ^ "Toğanalı-Kəlbəcər avtomobil yolu üzərində Murovdağ tunelinin inşası davam etdirilir". report.az (in Azerbaijani). 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  24. ^ "Azərbaycan Prezidenti Kəlbəcər-Laçın avtomobil yolu üzərində tunelin təməlini qoyub" (in Azerbaijani). APA. 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  25. ^ "Prezident İlham Əliyev və birinci xanım Mehriban Əliyeva Kəlbəcər və Laçın rayonlarında olublar". milli.az (in Azerbaijani). 2021-08-16. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  26. ^ "Կուբաթլուում՝ նոր զորամաս, Ֆիզուլիում՝ նոր օդանավակայան". aliqmedia.am (in Armenian). 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
  27. ^ "Dövlət başçısı və Birinci xanım "Qubadlı" yarımstansiyasının açılışını ediblər". news.milli.az (in Azerbaijani). 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
  28. ^ "Prezident və birinci xanım "Qubadlı" yarımstansiyasının açılışında iştirak ediblər" (in Azerbaijani). APA. 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2021-10-25.
  29. ^ "Top-down Shusha reconstruction facing opposition from Azerbaijanis | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
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  33. ^ "Azərbaycan XİN: 'Qazançı kilsəsi bərpa edilir'". azadliq.org (in Azerbaijani). 2021-05-04. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
  34. ^ "Şuşada üç məscid bərpa olunur". aztv.az (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  35. ^ "Şuşa Şəhəri Dövlət Qoruğu İdarəsi yaradılıb". medeniyyet.az (in Azerbaijani). 2021-06-23. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  36. ^ "Şuşada Molla Pənah Vaqifin muzey-məqbərə kompleksinin bərpadan sonra açılışı olub" (in Azerbaijani). Report. 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
  37. ^ "Şuşada dahi Azərbaycan şairi və ictimai-xadimi Molla Pənah Vaqifin muzey-məqbərə kompleksinin açılışı olub" (in Azerbaijani). APA. 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
  38. ^ "Prezident İlham Əliyev Horadiz-Ağbənd dəmir yolu xəttinin təməlini qoydu". adyexpress.az. 2021-02-15. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
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  44. ^ "Էրդողանն ու Ալիևը բացեցին Ֆիզուլիի միջազգային օդանավակայանը" (in Armenian). CivilNet. 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  45. ^ "İşgalden kurtarılan Zengilan'da hayat canlanmaya başladı".
  46. ^ "Heads of Azerbaijan and Turkey Inaugurate International Airport in Zangilan". 21 October 2022.
  47. ^ Khatchadouran, L., I. Lindsay, A. T. Smith. 2021. Caucasus Heritage Watch Monitoring Report #1, June 2021. Ithaca: Caucasus Heritage Watch
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  49. ^ Smith, A. T., L. Khatchadouran, and I. Lindsay. 2021. Caucasus Heritage Watch Monitoring Report #3, December 2021. Ithaca: Caucasus Heritage Watch.
  50. ^ "Azerbaijan destroyed the church of Surb Sargis in Mokhrenes village". Monument Watch. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  51. ^ "USCIRF Concerned by Azerbaijan Religion Law Amendments, Condition of Ghazanchetsots Cathedral | USCIRF". www.uscirf.gov. 2021-05-28. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  52. ^ "Ghazanchetsots Cathedral in Shushi Defaced". Persecution. 2021-05-20. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  53. ^ "Azerbaijan begins controversial renovation of Armenian church" (in Azerbaijani). Eurasianet. 2021-05-04. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
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