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Ayya Vaikundar

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Ayya Vaikundar
Ukara Pranava, Avatar of Narayana
Other namesAyya Narayanar, Siva Marugan
Devanagariअय्या वैकुण्टर
Affiliation
PredecessorKrishna
AbodeVaikuntha
MantraAyya Siva siva siva siva Arahara Arahara
BattlesOngoing, Destruction of Kali.
Texts
GenderMale
FestivalsAyya Vaikunda Avataram
Genealogy
Born
Tiruchendur, Tamil Nadu, India.
Parents
  • Vishwa Maha Lakshmi (mother)
  • Vishwa Narayanar (father)

Ayya Vaikundar (Tamil: அய்யா வைகுண்டர்) also known as Siva Narayana or Vaikunda Swami was the founder of the Ayyavazhi faith.[1] The Ayyavazhis believe him to be the first and foremost Purna avatar of Eka-Paran and the god Vishnu (Narayana).[2][3][4] As per Ayyavazhi mythology detailed in their scriptures, Ayya Vaikundar incarnated in 1833, when he rose from the sea of Tiruchendur in the mortal shell of Vaikundar.[5]

Ayya Vaikundar is a central character in the narratives and teaching of the Ayyavazhi scripture Akilathirattu Ammanai (Akilam).[6] The Ayyayazhis believe that he will be instrumental in the destruction of Kali and establishment of Dharma Yukam.[7][8][9] As per Ayyavazhi scriptures, Ayya Vaikundar is the supreme God in his own right.[10]

Most of the preachings and activities found in Akilam and other texts about the life of Ayya Vaikundar was documented historically[11] and detailed in critical contemporary sources externally as well.[12] Though the prime features of Ayya Vaikundar's mission is revealed through Akilathirattu, he also teaches orally.[13] His oral teaching are compiled in the Books of Pathiram, Sivakanta Athikara Pathiram and Thingal Patham.[14] Though Akilam is directly against creating any form of organised religion or belief,[15] the teachings of Akilam and especially few books of Arul Nool form the basis of Ayyavazhi belief.[16] The birth anniversary of Ayya Vaikundar is celebrated as Ayya Vaikunda Avataram on the 20th of Masi[17] as per the Tamil Calendar (3 or 4 March C.E).

Background

In 1809, a baby born (lit. "Vishnu with a crown") to Ponnu Madan and Veyilal Amma at Poovandanthope in the Kanyakumari District (part of Travancore then). The baby boy was named Mudisoodum Perumal.

The religious book, Akilam mentions that the child was still-born, and then the soul of the deva Sampooranathevan was placed in the body. He had special interest in the worship of the Vishnu. The holy book Akilam mentions that he had set a pedestal for Vishnu in his house and worshipped the deity devoutly.[18] At the age of seventeen, He came to live with Thirumalammal from the nearby village of Puviyur. Thirumalammal had been previously married, but left her former husband to marry Mudisoodum Perumal.[19]

In his twenty-fourth year, he was struck by a severe illness and suffered for a year. His mother Veyilal Amma took her sick son to the temple at Thiruchendur, during a festival. There, He went into the sea and disappeared. On the Third day on March 2, 1833, Ukara-Pranava, the source of existence, incarnated as Ayya Vaikundar, the son of Narayana from the sea of Tiruchendur.[20] He then camouflaged as Mudisoodum Perumal in order to deceive the all powerful Kaliyan and started walking towards Detchanam. This place became a holy place for the devotees of Ayyavazhi and they erected a temple there named Avatharappathi at Thiruchendur. This event is celebrated during the festival of Ayya vaikundar avataram, on 20th of the Tamil Month of Masi.

Penance and growing following

Main article: Tavam of Vaikundar

Upon reaching Poovantanthoppu, (present-day Swamithopu), he undertook a penance. The penance consisted of three stages, each spanning two years. A tradition describes his postures during the six-year tavam as follows: during the first two years, he stood inside a six feet deep pit; during the next two years, he squatted on the ground; and during the last two years, he sat on a raised platform. His appearance was squalid, "long and entangled plait of hair" and frayed clothes. He spoke less and subsisted on frugal meals.[21]

The Akilam speaks of the act of incinerating the evil spirits as an important event in the life of Ayya Vaikundar. It took place when he was performing his penance, which had been announced by him to be the means of destroying the kalimayai – the illusory evil force.[22] He, then, gathered the people around, and caused some of them to get possessed of the evil spirits (peyattam).[23] The possessed ones came and danced in front of the crowd as if the evil spirits had come upon them. Vaikundar, then, ordered these evil spirits to make an oath, in front of the people, to surrender their powers and get burned up in flames. When he had finished his orders, those dancing under the duress of possession got exhausted and fell flat on the ground. Thus the evil spirits were incinerated.[24]

Vaikundar performed another action to 'seize the esoteric evil powers'. The Akilam says that, he took away the powers of those who knew to perform witchcraft, sorcery, and other magical rituals. People living in the hills, called as Kanikkarar, were believed to be powerful shamans or witchdoctors, having powers to contain or to provoke the demons. Vaikundar, in a trance, made some of these Kanikkarar to testify in front of the people that they had surrendered their powers. People grew appreciative of Vaikundar's actions. They began addressing him as Vaikuntacami. This implied an attribution of divinity to Vaikundar.[25]

The things used by Ayya Vaikundar; 'Surai Koodu', 'Pirambu' and 'Thandayam'.

The fame of Vaikundar had begun to spread in the countries of Travancore and Tirunelveli, and he had been gradually recognised socially as a religious person with extraordinary powers.[26] In the religious parlance of the time, he was addressed as a Pantaram, a religious person hailing from, and serving the ordinary folk. Akilattirattu addresses him as Pantaram.[27]

People came to him to listen to his teachings and instructions, to be cured by him of different diseases, to witness, worship and serve a religious person. Vaikundar encouraged the people to come together around a well to take a ritual bath, irrespective of caste differences. He encouraged them to dine together in his presence.[28]

He gave out a number of teachings and instructions, the central point of which was that he had come to abolish Kali Yukam, and to usher in an age of Dharma Yukam, during the time of which the now-oppressed and suffering people would be liberated and rule the land under his leadership. 'Uplift of the lowly is dharmam’.[29] was a constant refrain in his teachings.[26] People were encouraged to serve as catalysts for the destruction of Kali by transforming themselves to be 'people of Dharma Yukam' and to acquire a new character. The new character would come upon them, he said, if they learned to live with self-respect, social dignity and fearlessness. Underscoring the importance of self-respect and social dignity, he said, ‘if one lives with dignity and self-respect, the kali would destroy itself’. He said when people grew out of kalimayai, Dharma Yukam would unfold itself and in that age, he would rule over the people as Dharma Raja, the king of Dharma Yukam.[26]

Arrest and post-imprisonment

See also: Vaikundar's Trial

Vaikundar made some controversial statements like mentioning the Travancore king as ‘Devil in Ananthapuri’ and the British rule as ‘Rule of White Devils’. Against the background of the growing popularity of Ayya Vaikundar and the convergence of people around him in multitudes, a complaint was lodged against him with the King of Travancore Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma . The King arrested Ayya Vaikundar in 1838 and imprisoned him at Singarathoppe jail. After 110 days of imprisonment, on 26 March 1839 he was released by Swathithirunal on the advice of Thycaud Ayya who was the Guru of Swathi thirunal Maharaj and a disciple of Ayya Vaikundar as well.

After returning from the prison, Ayya Vaikundar inspired a group of his devotees to undertake a religious exercise called Thuvayal Thavasu.[30][31] He also performed miracles. He married Saptha Kanniyar as Narayana (see: Marriage with the Seven Virgins), the seven deities in the form of Ekam (see:Marriage with the Deities). He initiated festivities (see: Festivals and Celebrations). The deities were made to 'come upon' some of the female devotees who became their human media and a marriage ceremony was performed.[32] Ceremonial processions were held amidst singing, incantations and shouts of joy by the followers. Several rites and rituals were instituted during these occasions.[33]

Legacy

Further information: Ayyavazhi mythology § Ascending to Vaikundam.

Later Vaikundar was invited by his devotees to their homes and treated in a grand manner. By way of soliciting his blessings, his devotees carried him to different places. During these occasions, he laid foundations in various places for small shrine-like centres, called Nizhal Thangals. Vaikundar came to recognize five individuals as his disciples Through one of his disciples, Hari Gopalan Citar, he wrote the holy book, called Akilam.[34]

Vaikundar returned to his celestial abode Vaikundam 3 June 1851. His 'Sacred-golden body' was interred in a tomb and a pati (temple) was built around the same later. His devotees revere this site, and performed the rituals as they used to do when Vaikundar was bodily present. His life and works remain the foundation of the Ayyavazhi. The head temple of the Ayyavazhi is the Swamithopepathi and is located in the Village of Swamithope.

The film Ayyavazhi released in 2008 was based on the life of Ayya Vaikundar. The film Oru Kudaikul (2021) also featured the tale of Ayya Vaikundar.

References

  1. ^ Chryssides, George D. (2012). Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 48-49. ISBN 978-0-8108-6194-7.
  2. ^ Mani, Ari Sundara (22 March 2002). Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai (Third ed.). Ambala Pathi: Ayya Vaikundar Narppani Manram. p. 310.
  3. ^ Krishna Nathan, T (December 2000). Ayya Vaikundarin Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum (First ed.). Nagercoil: Thinai Veliyeettagam. p. 44.
  4. ^ Patrick 2003, p. 210.
  5. ^ Krishna Nathan, T (December 2000). Ayya Vaikundarin Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum (First ed.). Nagercoil: Thinai Veliyeettagam. p. 44.
  6. ^ Chryssides, George D. (2012). Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 48–9. ISBN 978-0-8108-6194-7.
  7. ^ Puthirar, Poojya (4 March 1999). "Vaiyameerezhukkum Makizhvu tharum Vaikunda Jayanthi". Vaikunda Vijayam. 1 (8): 34–36.
  8. ^ Bala Sundaram, T (2010). Akilathirattu Urainadai (First ed.). Swamithope: Ayya Vaikundar Veeman Sidar Arakkattalai. p. 125.
  9. ^ Anna Selvam, S (June 2015). Akilathirattu Ammanai Mulamum Porulum (First ed.). Madhaganeri: Selva Ganeshan. pp. 1613–1615.
  10. ^ Vivekanandan, N (1993). Thiruvasakam Mulamum Uraiyum (Third ed.). Asarippallam: Vivekananda Pathippakam. pp. 30–33.
  11. ^ Arunan, Thiru (1999). Two Hundred Years' History of Social Reform in Tamil Land. Madurai: Vahai Publication. p. 28.
  12. ^ The London Missionary Society Reports for the Years 1838, 1843 and 1847; Though it is evident that the missionaries in their reports were of negative view on Vaikundar, their attestation regarding the historicity of Vaikundar shall be acknowledged by the reports.
  13. ^ Ponnu, R (2000). Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Social Equality in South India. Madurai: Ram Publishers. p. 47.
  14. ^ Mani Bharathi, A (January 1995). "Samithoppu Ayya Narayana Swami - 2". The Dina Thanthi, Kudumba Malar: 5.
  15. ^ Vivekanandan, N (2003). Akilathirattu Ammanai Mulamum Uraiyum - Irandam Pakam (First - Revised ed.). Nagercoil: Vivekananda Pathippakam. p. 68.
  16. ^ Vivekanandan, N (2017). Arul Nool Mulamum Uraiyum (Second - Revised ed.). Nagercoil: Vivekananda Pathippakam. p. 23.
  17. ^ Ponnu, R (2002). Vaikunda Swamigal Ore Avataram (2002 ed.). Madurai: Ram Pathipakam. p. 59.
  18. ^ Akilattirattu Ammanai Published by T. Palramachandran Nadar, Star Press:Suchindram, 9th impression, 1989, page 197
  19. ^ N.Vivekananthan's, Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum Pakam Ontu, Chapter 8, Page 398, Line 22: Birth of Parathevathai
  20. ^ "அய்யா வைகுண்டர் பட்டாபிசேகம் - Mediyaan". Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  21. ^ Patrick 2003, p. 79 He seems to have spoken less and subsisted on frugal meals.
  22. ^ G.Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 4, Page-80
  23. ^ G.Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 4, Page 80
  24. ^ Akilattirattu Ammanai published by T. Palaramachandar Nadar, Star Press: Suchindrum, 9th impression, 1989, page 254-260
  25. ^ G.Ptrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 4, Page 80
  26. ^ a b c Patrick 2003, p. 81.
  27. ^ Nadar 1989, p. 253.
  28. ^ Nadar 1989, p. 251.
  29. ^ Nadar 1989, p. 212.
  30. ^ Nadar 1989, pp. 290–298.
  31. ^ LMS Report 1838, p. 71.
  32. ^ Nadar 1989, p. 336-338.
  33. ^ Patrick 2003, p. 83.
  34. ^ Pathippakam 2004, p. 4.

2. Benjamín Preciado-Solís (1984). The Kṛṣṇa Cycle in the Purāṇas: Themes and Motifs in a Heroic Saga. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-89581-226-1., Quote: "Within a period of four or five centuries [around the start of the common era], we encounter our major sources of information, all in different versions. The Mahabharata, the Harivamsa, the Visnu Purana, the Ghata Jataka, and the Bala Carita all appear between the first and the fifth century AD, and each of them represents a tradition of a Krsna cycle different from the others".

3. Edward Geoffrey Parrinder (1997). Avatar and Incarnation: The Divine in Human Form in the World's Religions. Oxford: Oneworld. pp. 19–24, 35–38, 75–78, 130–133. ISBN 978-1-85168-130-3.

4. D. Muthu Prakash (2021), LIFE STORY OF CREATOR AND PROTECTOR OF UNIVERSE LORD MAHA VISHNU’S INCARNATE Ayya Vaikundar, IASF Publications, Chennai

Sources

  • Arunan (1999). Tamilakatil Camuka Cirtirutam Irunuttantu Varalaru. Madurai: Vaihai Publications.
  • Chellam, V. T. Thamizaka Varalarum Panpadum.
  • LMS Report, 1838
  • Manibharathi (1 August 1995). "Samithoppu Ayya Narayana Cuvami". Tina Tanti Kutumba Malar.
  • Mateer, Samuel (1871). "The Land of Charity:": A Descriptive Account of Travancore and Its People, with Especial Reference to Missionary Labour. J. Snow and Company.
  • Menon, A Sreedhara. A Survey Of Kerala History.
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  • Pandiyan, M. S. S. (1992). "Meanings of Colonialism and Nationalism: An essay on Vaikunda Swamy Cult". Studies in History. VIII (2): 177. doi:10.1177/025764309200800202. S2CID 161124037.
  • Pathippakam, Vivekanantha (2004). Akilattirattu Ammanai.
  • Patrick, G. (2003). Religion and Subaltern Agency: A Case-study of Ayyā Vaḷi - a Subaltern Religious Phenomenon in South Tiruvitǟṅkūr. Department of Christian Studies, University of Madras.
  • Ponnu, R. (1983). Vaikuntacuvamikal Valvum Valikattalum.
  • Menon, A Sreedhara (1 January 2007). A Survey Of Kerala History. DC Books. ISBN 978-81-264-1578-6.
  • Thuvarakapathi, Thechanathu. Thechanathu Thuvarakapathi Akilathirattu Akakorvai.
  • "Holy Akilathirattu", R. Hari Gopalan Citar, Thenthamarikualam, 10 December 1841, First Publication 1939
  • "Holy Akilathirattu Scripture", R. Gopalakrishnan, Chennai, First Publication 2019, Published by Akilattirattu India Mission
  • "Holy Akilathirattu Descriptive Text" Part 2, A. Manibharathi, Chennai, First Publication 2003
  • "Holy Akilathirattu Text", T. Balasundaram M.A.,B.Ed. Swamithoppu, Third Publication 2013, Published by Ayya Vaikundar Veeman Citar Foundation
  • "Holy Akilathirattu Ammani Recitation Text", A. Arisundra Mani, First Publication 2002
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