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Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Ahmed I)

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Ayşe Sultan
Sarcophagus of Ayşe Sultan
Born1605/1606 or 1608
Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
(present day Istanbul, Turkey)
Died1657 (aged 48-52)
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Burial
Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Istanbul
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1612; died 1614)​

Karakaş Mehmed Pasha
​
​
(m. 1620; died 1621)​

​
​
(m. 1626; died 1632)​

Murtaza Pasha
​
​
(m. 1635; died 1636)​

Ahmed Pasha
​
​
(m. 1639; died 1644)​

Voynuk Ahmed Pasha
​
​
(m. 1645; died 1649)​

​
​
(m. 1655; died 1655)​

​
​
(m. 1656)​
IssueThird marriage
Sultanzade Fülan Bey
Sultanzade Mustafa Bey
Names
Turkish: Ayşe Sultan binti Ahmed Han[1]
DynastyOttoman
FatherAhmed I
MotherKösem Sultan
ReligionSunni Islam

Ayşe Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: عائشه سلطان; "the living one" or "womanly"; 1605/1606 or 1608[2] – 1657) was an Ottoman princess, daughter of Sultan Ahmed I (reign 1603–17) and Kösem Sultan, half-sister of Sultan Osman II (reign 1618–22) and sister of Sultan Murad IV (reign 1623–40) and Sultan Ibrahim (reign 1640–48) of the Ottoman Empire. Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages.

Life

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Early life

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Born in Istanbul, Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmed's daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan.[3] Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605,[1][4] 1606[5] or 1608,.[6][2] When mentioning her and Nasuh Pasha's 1612 wedding, 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as "the youngest of the princesses married in these day".[7]

Ottoman princesses were normally married away, to influential Ottoman officials, by their mothers or paternal grandmothers, who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use. They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females: such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse, to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready, and to contract a divorce when they pleased. Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times, often for political reasons, remarriages were very common. Ayşe and her sister, Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this: they were married at least seven times, and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61, respectively.

Of the total number of Ayşe's husbands, two were executed, one was assassinated and two fell in battle.[6]

1st marriage

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Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha (d. 1614), Grand Vizier 1611–14.[1][6][3] The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies, as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha, which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612, were sponsored by Ahmed, and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised.[8] In July of the latter year, the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husband's palace, where he would eventually be executed in her presence, much to her distress, in 1614.[1] This palace, located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar, she retained as her own property.[9][10] In 1618, she had a water dispenser (sebil) built in Okçubaşı avenue in Istanbul.[11]

2nd marriage

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While still a child,[6] Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha (d. 1621), Beylerbey (governor-general) of Buda. However the man soon died[1] while fighting in Osman II's military campaign against Poland, the marriage thus lasting less than a year.[6]

3rd marriage

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In 1622 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha (1564– 10 February 1632), Grand Vizier (1625–26, 1631–32). In a letter to Hafız Pasha, Kösem had proposed the marriage alliance, expressing readiness to act promptly and extending the same care she provided in the past when arranging the marriage of her daughter Fatma Sultan.[12][13][14] Ayşe wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year[1] or on 13 March 1626.[6] Hafız Pasha died in 1632 during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV.[13]

4th marriage

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Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV, Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha (d. 1636), beylerbey of Diyarbekir [6] and Vizier, the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635.[1]

This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked, according to Venetian reports,[15] died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murad's military campaign against Revan, which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639). She was widowed at his death in April 1636.[16]

5th and 6th marriage

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She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha (d.1644), beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus, who died in 1644.[17][18]: 168 [17][19] Her daily stipend during this time was 430 aspers.[17] In March[15] 1645 she married Voynuk Ahmed Pasha, beylerbey of Adana, Vizier, Admiral of the Fleet[1][15]12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649. She widowed on 28 July 1649.[20][21]

In 1643, early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim "the Mad", Ayşe is recorded, like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan, as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time, namely 400 aspers;[22] yet, later, in circa 1647, [23] the three of them as well as their niece, Murad's daughter Kaya Sultan, were subjected, on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahim's part, to the indignity of subordination to his concubines. He took away their lands and jewels (presumably to award them to his Hasekis), and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan, the concubine he married, by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap, basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands.[5] Because of what he believed was their failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly, the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace.[23][19]

7th marriage

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Some five or six years after her sixth husband Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle, by rifle fire, [24] during the Cretan War (1645–1669), in 1654 [15] or 1655, Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha (d. 11 May 1655). Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier.[9]

She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husband's arrival [25] – which he delayed for months [26] – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capital. Her head servant, Mercan Ağa, finally succeeded in the task, and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet,[9][15][27] "like a feast of Hatem Tay", according to Evliya Çelebi.[10] Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655.[15] Their life together was short, ending upon his execution in May of the same year.[28][29]

8th marriage

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In 1656 she married for the eighth and last time, with Ermeni Süleyman Pasha. She died the follow year.[30][18]: 168 

Issue

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By her third husband, Ayşe had two sons:[6][1]

  • Sultanzade Fülan Bey (1626 - 1628).
  • Sultanzade Mustafa Bey (1628 - 1670).

It is not known if she had other children.

Death

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Ayşe Sultan died in 1657.[9][15][4] She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed I's mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque.[9][15][4]

Charities

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In 1618, Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tramway railway in Istanbul.[9]

[edit]
  • Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmen's (1930-2012) one-woman play I, Anatolia (Ben, Anadolu), featuring Anatolian women "from time immemorial to the early twentieth century".[31]
  • In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem, an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner.

See also

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Ancestry

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Uluçay 1985, p. 50.
  2. ^ a b Ayşe and her sister Gevherhan Sultan were born one in 1605 and one in 1608, but historians are uncertain about assigning dates
  3. ^ a b Börekçi 2010, p. 238.
  4. ^ a b c Singh, Nagendra Kr (2000). International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties (reproduction of the article by M. Cavid Baysun "Kösem Walide or Kösem Sultan" in The Encyclopaedia of Islam vol V). Anmol Publications PVT. pp. 423–424. ISBN 81-261-0403-1. Through her beauty and intelligence, Kösem Walide was especially attractive to Ahmed I, and drew ahead of more senior wives in the palace. She bore the sultan four sons – Murad, Süleyman, Ibrahim and Kasim – and three daughters – 'Ayşe, Fatma and Djawharkhan. These daughters she subsequently used to consolidate her political influence by strategic marriages to different viziers.
  5. ^ a b Peirce 1993, p. 246.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Sakaoğlu 2008, p. 232.
  7. ^ Naima 1832, p. 426.
  8. ^ Börekçi 2010, p. 240.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Uluçay 1985, p. 51.
  10. ^ a b Evliya Celebi. The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman Albany: State University of New York, 1991. P.134.
  11. ^ Demircanlı, Y.Y. (1989). İstanbul mimarisi için kaynak olarak Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi. Seyahatname. Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü. p. 450. ISBN 978-975-19-0121-7.
  12. ^ Peirce 1993, pp. 147–148.
  13. ^ a b Gibb, E.J.W. (1901). Ottoman Literature: The Poets and Poetry of Turkey. Universal classics library. M.W. Dunne. pp. 236–237.
  14. ^ Freely, John (1999). Inside the Seraglio: Private Lives of the Sultans in Istanbul. Viking. ISBN 978-0140270563. Such serial marriages of a princess occurred frequently in the Osmanlı dynasty in the century after Süleyman, allowing the royal family to establish a network of alliances with the most powerful of the pashas. Kösem, in particular, used her daughters to help maintain herself in power for nearly half a century. As she wrote to the Grand Vizier Hafiz Ahmed Pasha in 1626, a few months before he became her daughter Ayşe's third husband: 'Whenever you're ready, let me know and I'll act accordingly. We'll take care of you right away. I have a princess ready. I'll do just as I did when I sent out my Fatma'
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Sakaoğlu 2008, p. 233.
  16. ^ Bournoutian, G.A. (2004). The Chronicle of Deacon Zakʻaria of Kʻanakʻer. Armenian studies series. Mazda Publishers. pp. 113, 119. ISBN 978-1-56859-121-6.
  17. ^ a b c Dumas, Juliette (2013). Les perles de nacre du sultanat: Les princesses ottomanes (mi-XVe – mi-XVIIIe siècle). p. 464.
  18. ^ a b Miović, Vesna (2018-05-02). "Per favore della Soltana: moćne osmanske žene i dubrovački diplomati". Anali Zavoda Za Povijesne Znanosti Hrvatske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti U Dubrovniku (in Croatian). 56 (56/1): 147–197. doi:10.21857/mwo1vczp2y. ISSN 1330-0598.
  19. ^ a b Mustafa Naima Efendi (1968). Naîmâ Târihi - Cilt 4. Zuhuri Danişman Yayinevi. pp. 1569, 1781.
  20. ^ Gülsoy 2004, pp. 95, 96.
  21. ^ Çelebi 1991, p. 52.
  22. ^ Peirce 1993, p. 128.
  23. ^ a b Sakaoğlu 2008, p. 235.
  24. ^ Gülsoy 2004, p. 96.
  25. ^ Uluçay 1956, p. 101.
  26. ^ Evliya Celebi. The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman Albany: State University of New York, 1991. P.146.
  27. ^ Evliya Celebi. The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman Albany: State University of New York, 1991. P.128.
  28. ^ Peirce 1993, p. 147.
  29. ^ *Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha (2012). Zeyl-i Fezleke (1065-22 Ca.1106 / 1654-7 Şubat 1695). pp. 24–25.
  30. ^ Vergili, Muhammed (December 7, 2020). "Atik Şikâyet Defteri (7 numaralı H.1081-1083/ M.1671-1672) Transkripsiyon- değerlendirme". Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü. pp. 208, 267.
  31. ^ Halman, Talât Sait; Warner, Jayne L. (2008). I, Anatolia and Other Plays. Syracuse University Press. p. 205,233–234. ISBN 9786059306409.

Sources

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  • Börekçi, Günhan (2010). Factions And Favorites At The Courts Of Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603-17) And His Immediate Predecessors. Ohio State University. p. 303.
  • Çelebi, Evliya (1991) [1659]. "Kaya Sultan (1659)". In Robert Dankoff (ed.). In The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman: Melek Ahmed Pasha (1588–1662) As Portrayed in Evliya Çelebi's Book of Travels (Seyahat-Name). Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 221–236. ISBN 9781438400495.
  • Freely, John (1999). Inside the Seraglio: Private Lives of the Sultans in Istanbul. Viking. p. 360. ISBN 978-0140270563.
  • Gülsoy, Ersin (2004). Girit'in fethi ve Osmanlı idaresinin kurulması 1645–1670. Tarih ve Tabiat Vakfı. p. 383.
  • Halman, Talât Sait; Warner, Jayne L. (2008). I, Anatolia and Other Plays. Syracuse University Press. p. 256. ISBN 9786059306409.
  • Naima, Mustafa (1832). Annals of the Turkish Empire from 1591 to 1659 of the Christian Era: Volume 1. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 471.
  • Peirce, Leslie P. (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-195-08677-5.
  • Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 303.
  • Singh, Nagendra Kr (2000). International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties (reproduction of the article by M. Cavid Baysun "Kösem Walide or Kösem Sultan" in The Encyclopaedia of Islam vol V). Anmol Publications PVT. pp. 423–424. ISBN 81-261-0403-1.
  • Uluçay, M.Cağatay (1956). Harem'den mektuplar I. Vakit matbaasi. p. 206.
  • Uluçay, Mustafa Çağatay (1985). Padışahların kadınları ve kızları. Türk Tarihi Kurumu Yayınları. p. 220.
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