Axis powers negotiations on the division of Asia
As the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan cemented their military alliance by mutually declaring war against the United States on December 11, 1941, the Japanese proposed a clear territorial arrangement with the two main European Axis powers concerning the Asian continent.[1] On December 15, they presented the Germans with a drafted military convention that would delimit the continent of Asia into two separate "operational spheres" (zones of military responsibility) by a dividing line along the 70th meridian east longitude, going southwards through the Ob River's Arctic estuary, southwards to just east of Khost in Afghanistan and heading into the Indian Ocean just west of Rajkot in India, to split the Lebensraum land holdings of Germany and the similar spazio vitale areas of Italy to the west of it, and the Empire of Japan (and the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere) to the east of it, after a complete defeat of the Soviet Union by the Third Reich.[1]
The Germans initially disliked this proposal, as its diplomats feared that it was a front for establishing a precedent for the specific delimitation of political spheres. The German Army was also disappointed that it failed to contain any promises for Japan entering the war against the Soviet Union, or even to halt shipments of U.S. supplies through the Soviet Pacific port of Vladivostok.[1]
The arbitrary border was further criticised by the Wehrmacht's office of military economy (Wi Rü Amt) because it cut through territories and states that comprised organic economic units whose parts were mutually dependent on each other.[1] It instead proposed a division that would follow existing international boundaries, along the eastern border of Iran, the northern border of Afghanistan, the western border of China up to Tannu Tuva, and then northwards along the Yenisei River to the Arctic Ocean. Despite assigning all of British India and Afghanistan to Japan, this would give Germany a better and more easily defensible frontier in Siberia, and also grant it control over the Kuznetsk industrial basin in addition to the rich iron ore deposits of the eastern Ural mountains.[1] Adolf Hitler found the Japanese proposal acceptable and approved it in full, possibly because he did not envisage Germany seizing much, if any, Soviet territory beyond the Ural Mountains.[2]
The plan of the Third Reich for fortifying its own Lebensraum territory's eastern limits, beyond which the Co-Prosperity Sphere's northwestern frontier areas would exist in Northeast Asia, involved the creation of a "living wall" of Wehrbauer ("soldier-peasant") communities defending it. However, it is unknown if the Axis powers ever formally negotiated a possible, complementary second demarcation line that would have divided the Western Hemisphere.
The 70th meridian did become a frontier between two "operational spheres" but different ones:
Eventually, this meridian east was crossed by the frontier between USCENTCOM and USPACOM. In the Indian Ocean, the Axis "missed" just by 2 meridians: The 2008 Unified Command Plan divided the Ocean between USPACOM and the newly formed AFRICOM along the Meridian 68th East. As Franklin Delano Roosevelt had promised, Hitler got lebensraum, a global American one.[3]
See also
[edit]- A-A line
- Germany–Japan relations during World War II
- Hakkō ichiu
- Hokushin-ron and Nanshin-ron
- Italian imperialism under fascism
- Monsun Gruppe, German–Japanese naval cooperation in the Indian Ocean theatre
- New Order (Nazism)
- Operation Orient
- Treaty of Tordesillas – 1494 treaty dividing the unclaimed world between Spanish and Portuguese sovereignty
- Ural Mountains in Nazi planning
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Rich, Norman (1973). Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion. W.W. Norton & Company Inc., p. 235
- ^ Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1]
- ^ Max Ostrovsky, (2018). Military Globalization: Geography, Strategy, Weaponry, (New York: Edwin Mellen Press), p 249, https://archive.org/details/military-globalization/page/249/mode/2up?view=theater
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