Awlad Muhammad

Awlad Muhammad (or Ouled Muhammed) was a tribe that ruled over the Fezzan region from 1550 to 1812.^[1]^[2] At their height, their domain extended from Sokna in the north to Murzuq in the south.^[3]

Starting in 1577, the sultanate had to fend off against various attacks by the Ottoman and the Karamanli dynasty which often resulted in the looting, capture or vassilization of Fezzan. Some of these campaigns were conducted in 1679-1682, 1690, 1716, 1718 and 1811/1812.^[4]^[1]^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b Willis, John Ralph (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: The servile estate. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-3201-8.
^ ^a ^b الآن, تركيا (2021-02-24). "ذبحوا الأبناء الرضع لزعيم القبيلة: عن حرب العثمانيين وأولاد امحمد في ليبيا". تركيا الآن (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-01-26.
^ Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1971). A history of the Maghrib. Internet Archive. Cambridge [Eng.] University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07981-5.
^ Trousset, P.; Despois, J.; Gauthier, Y.; Gauthier, Ch; E. B (1997-08-01). "Fezzân". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (18): 2777–2817. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2083. ISSN 1015-7344.

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[:0-1] Willis, John Ralph (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: The servile estate. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-3201-8.

[:1-2] الآن, تركيا (2021-02-24). "ذبحوا الأبناء الرضع لزعيم القبيلة: عن حرب العثمانيين وأولاد امحمد في ليبيا". تركيا الآن (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-01-26.

[3] Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1971). A history of the Maghrib. Internet Archive. Cambridge [Eng.] University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07981-5.

[4] Trousset, P.; Despois, J.; Gauthier, Y.; Gauthier, Ch; E. B (1997-08-01). "Fezzân". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (18): 2777–2817. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2083. ISSN 1015-7344.

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See also

References