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Aviadvigatel PD-14

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PD-14
Side view
Type Turbofan
National origin Russia
Manufacturer Aviadvigatel / UEC-Perm Engines
First run Summer 2014[1]
Major applications Yakovlev MC-21
Number built More than 13 (2018)[2]
Developed from Aviadvigatel PS-90

The Aviadvigatel PD-14 (previously known as PS-12) is a high-bypass turbofan that was developed by Aviadvigatel to power the Yakovlev MC-21 twin-jet airliner. It is a 14 tf (30,865 lbf) thrust powerplant.

Development

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Flight testing on an Il-76
External media
Images
image icon PD-14 engine with chevrons on the plane Il-76LL. Oktober 2015.
image icon PD-14 engine in the assembly. Augustus 2015.
Video
video icon PD-14: Flight tests of the engine. November 2015. (in Russian)

In December 2009, the PD-14 was developed to be 15% more efficient than its PS-90A2 predecessor and to be installed on the MC-21 and the Ilyushin Il-276.[3]

The PD-14 was announced in early 2010 with its development cost estimated at RUB 35 billion (US$1.1 billion).[4] In April 2010, Aviadvigatel was expecting to start its certification procedure in 2012.[5] Its core was first tested on 26 November 2010.[6] It was displayed for the first time at the 2013 MAKS air show.[7]

Flight tests began in 2015 on an Ilyushin Il-76.[8] Between December 2016 and May 2017, the PD-14 operational performance and working efficiency at all altitudes and speeds were assessed on the Il-76 testbed aircraft at Gromov Flight Research Institute near Moscow.[9] After two years exploring performance at most altitudes, airspeeds and operating modes, the first and second testing stages confirmed its basic operating parameters. A third phase of flight tests debuted in January 2018 from the GFRI Zhukovsky Airfield, conducted in co-operation with certification specialists to formally confirm the pre-certification efforts findings.

Ground tests will continue in parallel, and United Engine Corporation claims that the engine matches the performance of products from foreign competitors and surpasses them for noise and emissions.[10] Bird strike tests on the fan, including high-speed video and vibration measurements, were conducted together with fan blade strength tests. The successful results are expected to reduce the time and cost of attaining full certification status.[11]

United Engine was to deliver five PD-14s to Irkut by the end of 2018, and after Rosaviatsia certification, to start flight tests on the MC-21 in 2019 for type certification of the variant in 2021.[12] EASA certification is expected when it will enter series production.[2] In October 2018, Rosaviatsia granted certification to the PD-14, and deliveries of the first engines for two MC-21s were expected by the end of 2018. European certificate validation was planned for 2019.[13]

In January 2020, Irkut received the first PD-14 engines to be installed on the MC-21 airliner,[14] and the first PD-14-powered MC-21-310 made its maiden flight on 15 December 2020 from Irkutsk.[15]

In October 2021, the engine successfully passed landmark volcanic ash exposure tests. According to Anatoly Serdyukov, the thrust of the PD-14 “practically did not decrease” after the engine was exposed to the presence of the ash for 1 hour.[16]

Design

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Front view

The 1.9 m (75 in) fan has 18 titanium alloy blades, providing an 8.5:1 bypass ratio significantly improved from previous Russian engines, but below the CFM LEAP's 10:1 or the Pratt & Whitney PW1000G's 12:1 for the MC-21 from 2017. The 3D aerodynamics shaped first high-pressure turbine stage has advanced cooling channels.[7] Twenty new materials were developed for the powerplant, including monocrystalline alloys for vanes, and high-strength nickel and titanium alloys for shafts and disks.[13]

Separated rear exhaust, ILA Berlin Air Show 2012

Developed from the PS-12 (an uprated PS-90A), the 122–153 kN (27,500-34,500 lbf) thrust powerplant is designed by Aviadvigatel and manufactured by the Perm Engine Company. The two-shaft turbofan has a high-pressure core from the PS-12 with an eight-stage compressor and a two-stage turbine, and four low-pressure stages. The high-bypass engine does not employ an exhaust mixer, fuel burn should be reduced by 10–15% from the CFM International CFM56 and it could power an upgraded Tupolev Tu-204.[citation needed]

Proposed derivatives

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PD-35

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Launched in the summer of 2016 by United Engine Corporation through Aviadvigatel and NPO Saturn, the 35 tf (77,000 lbf) thrust PD-35 was to be developed until 2025[28] for 180 billion rubles ($3 billion) including 60 billion for test benches and laboratory equipment, to power future wide-body aircraft including the since-shelved Russo-Chinese CRAIC CR929. The 8 m (26 ft) long engine will weigh 8 t (18,000 lb), its fan was planned to be 3.1 m (10 ft) in diameter and its scaled up PD-14 core to have a nine-stage high-pressure compressor and two-stage turbine.[29]

On 19 January 2018, the Russian government awarded UEC-Aviadvigatel a ₽64.3 billion ($1.13 billion) contract to develop a PD-35-1 demonstrator by 2023, including wide-chord composite fan blades and fan case, a 23:1 compressor pressure ratio, ceramic matrix composites – silicon carbide-silicon carbide (SiC-SiC) and carbon-silicon carbide (C-SiC) – and advanced cooling for 1,450 °C (2,640 °F) temperatures. It could power the Ilyushin IL-96-400, the Il-76 airlifter, Il-78 tanker and an Antonov An-124 replacement Ilyushin Il-106 PAK VTA.[30] A de-rated version would meet the An-124 thrust requirements.[31]

At the end of 2022, the PD-35 was postponed until at least 2029.[32]

Applications

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Specifications

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The PD-14 Engine and Advanced Engines Family[23]
Model PD-8 PD-10 PD-14A PD-14 PD-14M PD-35
Configuration Twin-spool high bypass turbofan
Take-off thrust 78 kN; 18,000 lbf 107 kN; 24,000 lbf 123 kN; 28,000 lbf 137 kN; 31,000 lbf 153 kN; 34,000 lbf 343 kN; 77,000 lbf
Dry weight 2,350 kg (5,180 lb) 2,870 kg (6,330 lb) 2,970 kg (6,550 lb) 8,000 kg (18,000 lb)
Fan diameter 1,677 mm (66.0 in) 1,900 mm (75 in) 3,100 mm (120 in)
Compressor 1 fan + 1 LP + 8 HP 1 fan + 3-stage LP + 8-stage HP 1 fan + 4 LP + 8 HP
Combustor Annular
Turbine 2 HP + 5 LP 2-stage HP + 6-stage LP
BPR[33] 8.6 8.5 7.2
OPR[33] 38 41 46
TSFC[33] 14.9 g/kN/s; 0.526 lb/lbf/h in cruise
Thrust-to-weight ratio 4.64 4.36 4.88 5.25
Application SSJ-New Superjet 130 МС-21-200 MC-21-310 MC-21-400 Comac C929

See also

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Related development

Comparable engines

Related lists

References

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  1. ^ "Russia's PD-14 Engine Nears First Flight". Aviation Week. Nov 12, 2014.
  2. ^ a b "MC-21 narrowbody to sport Russian PD-14 engines from 2019". Russian Aviation Insider. March 8, 2018.
  3. ^ "Russian aircraft designers tested yesterday's engine". RusBusinessNews. 16 Dec 2009.
  4. ^ Tom Zaitsev (2 Feb 2010). "Russia firms 'PD-14' domestic engine concept for MS-21". Flight Global.
  5. ^ "In 2011 Aviadvigatel OJSC will develop PD-14 engine demonstrator" (Press release). UEC-Aviadvigatel. 19 April 2010.
  6. ^ "PD-14: core engine tests launched". Take-off. Feb 2011.
  7. ^ a b c Stephen Trimble (29 Aug 2013). "MAKS: Russia lifts veil on PD-14 demonstrator, latest engine technology". Flightglobal.
  8. ^ Karnazov, Vladimir (October 18, 2018). "Russian Engine for Irkut MC-21 Wins Certification". AINonline.
  9. ^ Polina Montag-Girmes (May 26, 2017). "UAC completes PD-14 second-stage flight testing for MC-21". Aviation Week Network.
  10. ^ David Kaminski Morrow (2 Jan 2018). "New round of flight tests take PD-14 closer to certification". Flightglobal.
  11. ^ David Kaminski Morrow (18 Jan 2018). "PD-14 fan undergoes bird-strike testing". Flightglobal.
  12. ^ David Kaminski Morrow (26 Jan 2018). "Irkut signs for MC-21's initial PD-14 flight-test engines". Flightglobal.
  13. ^ a b David Kaminski Morrow (19 Oct 2018). "PD-14 engine for MC-21 secures Russian certification". Flightglobal.
  14. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (29 January 2020). "Irkut receives first PD-14 engines for installation on MC-21". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  15. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (15 December 2020). "MC-21 with Russian-built PD-14 engines carries out maiden flight". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  16. ^ "PD-14 engine for MC-21 passes landmark volcanic ash exposure test". flightglobal.com. 28 October 2021.
  17. ^ "Rostec continues working in the PD-8 engine and it may power the Beriev BE-200". Ismael Awad-Risk, Aviacionline, January 2, 2022. February 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
  18. ^ "Powerful and light: details about the new military transport aircraft Il-212 become known". www1.ru, October 14, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
  19. ^ "IL-112V aircraft will receive PD-8 engine". RuAviation, July 19, 2023. 19 July 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
  20. ^ "Sukhoi tests 100% Russian Aviadvigatel PD-8 engine on an Ilyushin Il-76". Pable Diaz, Aviacionline, May 14, 2022. 14 May 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  21. ^ "Sukhoi Начались лётные испытания двигателя ПД-8". addministr, arscomp.ru, May 14, 2022. Retrieved Dec 27, 2022.
  22. ^ "Digital twin will speed up certification of the PD-8 engine". RuAviation, May 7, 2024. 7 May 2024. Retrieved July 15, 2024.
  23. ^ a b "The PD-14 Engine and Advanced Engines Family". UEC-Aviadvigatel.
  24. ^ "PD-12V helicopter engine project discussions in Aviadvigatel" (Press release). UEC-Aviadvigatel. 28 April 2016.
  25. ^ "New Engines For Russia's Heavy-lift Helicopter". Aviation International News. 2 June 2016.
  26. ^ a b Vladimir Karnozov (August 19, 2019). "Aviadvigatel Mulls Higher-thrust PD-14s To Replace PS-90A". AIN Online.
  27. ^ "Information and Technical Newsletter" (PDF). Perm Aircraft Engines. January 2011. p. 11.
  28. ^ "Moscow starts developing heavy engine for joint Chinese-Russian airliner". TASS. June 20, 2016.
  29. ^ "Russian PD-35 engine to enter market in six years". Russian Aviation Insider. June 8, 2017.
  30. ^ Stephen Trimble (19 Jan 2018). "Contract docs reveal plans for Russia's new widebody engine". Flightglobal.
  31. ^ Guy Norris (Oct 10, 2018). "Freighter Growth And Possible An-124 Reengining Boost CF6 Prospects". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  32. ^ "Russia: PD-35 engine postponed until at least 2029". Aviation Direct. 5 December 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
  33. ^ a b c Fomin, Andrey (December 2011). "PD-14: New generation engine for MC-21". Take-off. pp. 20–21.
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